LONG SEMINAR ON .

Alternative
Modalities of
Care
Subject : Advanced Nursing Practice

Unit : 10

Nursing Practice

Name of the topic : Alternative Modalities of Care, Alternative systems of

health and Complimentary therapies

Method of Teaching : Lecture cum Discussion

Medium of Instruction : English

Group : MSc (N) First yr students

Place : Government College of Nursing

Date of Presentation : 27-05-2019

Time : 9 – 10am

Duration : 3 hours

AV aids : Blackboard – for headings ; OHP – definitions

Chart–classification ; Flash cards – techniques of yoga

PPT : other therapies : Handout – studies related to use

of Alternative and Complementary therapies

Name of the Presentor : Mrs. Kessiah Roseline Parse

MSc (N) first year

Guide : Mrs. Dr. Tryphena Sheeba

HOD : Advanced Nursing Practice.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

By the end of the seminar the students will be able to gain indepth knowledge regarding
the various alternative modalities of care available and the complementary therapies that
are being practiced in the world today thereby enhancing their wellbeing and thus
promoting optimal level of health.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES :

At the end of the seminar the students will be able to :

 Enumerate the philosophies of Complementary and Alternative therapies

 Define alternative modatities and complementary therapies of care
 Define the basic terms and concepts
 compare complementary and alternate therapy
 List out the reasons for increasing use of Complementary and alternative therapies
 Classify Complementary and Alternative medicines according to according to
National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
 Explain the various practices under Whole medical systems
 Enlist the mind-body interventions
 Discuss the biologically based therapies
 Enlist the various manipulative and body based methods
 List out the energy therapies
 Enumerate the other therapies
 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the various therapies
 Discuss the cultural considerations
 Assess the need for application of these therapies
INTRODUCTION

A variety of terms have been used to describe health-related approaches that are
considered outside the mainstream of the dominant system of health care. The terms
currently used in Western cultures to describe such approaches are alternative,
integrative, nontraditional, unconventional, holistic and natural. Currently, the most
frequently used term to refer to such modalities and practices is complementary and
alternative therapies.

The alternative medicine means practices and healing techniques that are not generally
taught in medical schools, thus alternating with prevailing view.The word complementary
gained popularity in the field conveying the idea that the modalities or techniques could
be used to complement and enhance the biomedical treatments.

Nursing, however is a holistic approach as its essence. Likely, it is because nursing is a

holistic discipline that nurses have demonstrated great enthusiasm for the techniques and
modalities associated with the field of complementary and alternative care as these
techniques assist nurses to address the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual
dimensions of care.

PHILOSPOHIES OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE

THERAPIES

 Illness occurs if the body is out of balance

 The body can heal itself and maintain a healthy state if given the right conditions
 The whole person should be treated, not just the disease or the symptoms
 There is no quick fix, since healing and balance take time
 Natural products are preferable to synthetic ones.
DEFINITION

Alternative/Complementary modalities have been defined as treatment techniques whose

goals are to evoke healing, taking into account the body-mind-spirit into connection of
every individual.

Dossey , 1995.

Any type of treatment that does not use the usual scientific methods of Western medicine,
e.g., using plants instead of artificial drugs

Navdeep Kaur, 2012

Alternative/Complementary/Natural therapies are the treatments that do not use

traditional drugs

Oxford Dictionary

Alternative therapy are the therapies that emphasize on working with internal natural
forces to achieve a harmonic state of mind and body which can promote a sense of well
being and comfort.

Shebeer Basheer. 2015

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Holism : it refers to the whole of the sick person including his mind, body and the way of
his living . which means all these should be considered while treating the sick person and
not just the symptoms of the disease.

Humanism : a system of thought that considers solving of the human problems with the
help pf the religious beliefs. It emphasizes that the basic nature of humans is good.

Balance : a situation in which all things exist in equal, correct or good amount.

Energy : the ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an activity, work, etc.

Healing : the process of returning to normal function after a period of disease or injury.

CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Enters the health-care process after an
injury, ailment or disease, has progressed to patient is injured or ill.
a level where an accurate diagnosis ccan be
made
Exit the healthcare process once the
problem is cured
Complementary theory together with
conventional medicine example is using
medication to help patient lessen a patients
discomfort following a surgery.
Enters the healthcare process before the
When the frontline is penetrated by injury
or disease, alternative medicine makes
every attempt to assist the body in healing
itself, via natural means, wherever and
whenever possible.
Used in place of conventional medicine.
Example is using a special diet to treat
cancer instead of undergoing surgery,
radiation or chemotherapy that can be
recommended by a conventional doctor
 ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

Alternative therapies are used in conjunction with or instead of mainstream medical

modalities. Alternative therapies refer to a broad group of natural and spiritual healing
methods that are different than the conventional western medicine. Many of these have
been in use since centuries by many different cultures.

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY ALTERNATE THERAPY

Used together with conventional medicine Used in place of conventional medicine
Example : medication to help lessen Example : using a special diet to treat
discomfort following a surgery instead of undergoing surgery, radiation or
chemotherapy that has been recommended
by a conventional doctor
Defining Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)is difficult because it is
constantly changing. The National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
describes CAM as a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices and
products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine.

REASONS FOR INCREASING USE OF CAM

 Allopathic medicine is less effective in preventing disease and conditions like

decreasing stress induced illnesses, managing chronic pain.
 Perception that conventional treatment does not provide relief from common
ailments.
 Increase interest of clients in taking active role in their treatment.
 Increased number of articles in journals.
 Programmes seen on TV.
 Attraction to a holistic approach to health care.
 Focus of care is comfort not cure.
 Reduces side effects of treatment
  Desire to cover all options
 Suggestions from family, friends and society.
 Philosophical of cultural orientation.
 Less expensive than conventional medicine.
 Dissatisfaction or loss of trust in conventional medicine.
 Desire the get the disease treated in a natural way.
 Decrease the feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.
 Improve the immune system
 Improve the quality of life

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATIONAL CENTRE

FOR COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

1 2 3 4 5
Whole Mind-body Biologically Manipulative Energy therapies
medical interventions based and body-
systems therapies based
methods
Ayurveda Meditation Dietary Chiropractice Biofield therapy
Unani Relaxation supplements Osteopathy Bioelectromagnetic
Traditional Imagery Herbs Massage therapy
Chinese Biofeedback Foods Tai chi
Medications Hypnosis Vitamins
Homeopathy Yoga Natural
Siddha Aromatherapy substances
Naturopathy
WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEM

Alternative medical system involves complete methods of health-related theory and

practice that have been developed within a specific culture.

It includes the following,

 Ayurveda
 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) : Acupuncture and Acupressure
 Unani
 Siddha
 Homeopathy and
 Naturopathy

AYURVEDA

It is a system of trational medicine native to India and practiced in other parts of the
world.

In Sanskrit, the word Arurveda consists of Ayus meaning Longevity and Veda refers to
knowledge or science.

Evolving through history Ayurveda remains an influential system of medicine in South

Asia. Its focus is on the balance of mind, body and spirit. Disease is viewed as an
imbalance between a persons life force (prana) and basic metabolic condition (dosha).
Over the centuries ayruvedic medical pratitioners developed a number of medicinal
preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments.

Ayurveda empowers the individual to take control of their own health and well-being.

E.g., Terminalia arjuna and Black pepper with ginger

Interventions included :

 Diet
 Medicinal herbs
 Detoxification
 Breathing exercises
 Meditation and
 Yoga

Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments.

Some animal products may be used , for example milk, bones and gall stones.

In addition, fats are used both for consumption and external use.

Minerals including sulphur, arsenic, lead, copper sulfate and gold are also consumed as
prescribed. This practice of adding minerals to herbal medicine is called rasa shastra.

In 1970, The Indian Medical Central Council Act aims to standardize qualifications for
Ayurveda and provide accredited institutions for its study and research are passed by the
Parliament of India.

UNANI

Unani medicine is based on Greek philosophy. Unani has found favour in Asia,
especially in India. Indian Government approves the practice of the qualified Unani
pratitioners. Practice is very close to Ayurveda.
According to the basic principles of Unani, the body is made up of the four basic
elements : Earth, Air, Water and Fire which have different temperaments i.e, Cold, Hot,
Wet and Dry.
  Treatment depends on the Temperaments (Mizaj), hereditary effects, signs and
symptoms, external observations, examination of the pulse (Nubz), Urine and
Stool.
 Dietotherapy (Ilaj-bil-Ghiza)
 Climate therapy (Ilaj-bil-hawa)
 Regimental therapy (Ilaj-bil-Tadbir) includes venesection, diaphoresis, diuresis,
massage, cauterization, emesis and exercise.
 Pharmacotherapy (Ilaj-bil-dawa) : Local herb drugs
 Only minor surgeries are vogue in this system

TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICATION (TCM)

It is one of the most comprehensive medical systems. Practitioners of TCM view
human beings in terms of five dimensions. These include : Qi (energy resulting from
interaction between,
 Yin (cold, heavy, moist and negative)
 Yang (hot, dry, light and positive)
 Jing (genetic material of the physical body)
 Shen (spirit)
 Blood and
 Yin Ye fluids (lubricates the organs)
Additionally, the body is considered to be a series of energetic pathways known as the
Treatment includes :
 Acupuncture
 Chinese herbal medicines
 Diet
 Physical therapy, exercise and medications.
 The most commonly used is the Acupuncture
Acupuncture : It is an alternative medicine that treats patients by insertion and
manipulation of needles in the body. It is one of the most widely accepted therapies in
the Western world. Specific points in the body are stimulated usually by inserting needles
into the skin and underlying tissues.

Sometimes additional stimulation is added by using a very low range of electric current,
by twisting the needle or by warming the needle. Stimulating these points is believed to
unblock the flow of qi along the pathways and thus restore the balance between yin and
yang. The procedure is not painful but causes a tingling sensation.

Its proponents variously claim that it relieves pain, treats infertility, treats disease,
prevents disease, promotes general health or can be used for therapeutic purposes.
Acupuncture typically incorporates TCM as an integral part of its practice and theory. It
dates back to prehistoric times with written records from the second century BC.
Different variations of acupuncture are practiced and taught throughout the world.

There are numerous theories about how acupuncture works :

 It stimulates the release of pain-relieving endorphins

 It influences the release of neurotransmitters
 It influences the automonic nervous system
 It stimulates circulation
 If influences the electrical currents of the body.

Conditions that are benefitted from acupuncture :

 Neurologic disorders : Migraine headaches, peripheral neuropathy and trigeminal

neuralgia
 Gastrointestinal disorders : Colitis, constipation and gastric ulcers
  Respiratory conditions : asthma, rhinitis and bronchitis
 Eye disorders : myopia, conjunctivitis
 Musculoskeletal disorders : tennis elbow, sciatica

Acupressure : It is an ancient healing art that uses the fingers to press key points on
the surface of the skin to stimulate the body’s natural self-curative abilities. When these
points are pressed, they release muscular tension and promotes the circulation of blood ad
the body’s life force and healing. Acupressure and acupuncture use the same points, but
acupuncture uses needles and acupressure uses gentle but firm pressure of hands or even
feet.

Acupunctrists are licensed to practice after 3000 hours of training and passing a state
board examination. Adverse effects are rare if the procedure is done incorrectly.
Worsening of symptoms or fainting may occur. Infection is extremely rare.

HOMEOPATHY

Homeopathy is based on the concept that disease can treated with drugs in minute doses
which are capable of producing the same symptoms in healthy people as the disease
itself. Developed in Germany in the late 1700’s, is based on the principle that a substance
that is given in large doses causes an asset of symptoms is believed to cure the symptoms
when given in minute doses.

It is a form of alternative medicine in which practitioners treat patients using highly

diluted preparations that are believed to cause healthy people to exhibit symptoms that
are similar to those exhibited by the patient. The basic principles of homeopathy known
as the “Law of similar”, is taken on the word as an unproven assertion and is not true law
of nature based on the scientific method.
Homeopathic remedies are prepared by serial dilution with shaking by forceful striking
on an elastic body, which is called succession. Each dilution is followed by succession is
assumed to increase the effectiveness. Homeopaths call this potentization. Dilutiiion
often continues until none of the original substances remains. Apart from the symptoms,
homeopaths examine aspects of the patients physical and psychological state, then
homeopathic reference books known as repertories are consulted and a remedy is
consulted and a remedy is selected based on the totality of symptoms.

Remedies used in homeopathy are derived from naturally occurring substances such as
plant extracts and minerals. Homeopathic remedy Rhus toxicodendron derived from
poison ivy substance prepared with a particular procedure and intended for treating
patients. Examples include :

Arsenium album – Arsenic oxide

Natrum Muraiticum – Sodium chloride

Thyroidinum - thyroid harmone

Nodosus made from diseased or pathological products such as fecal, urinary, respiratory
discharges, blood and tissue.

Homeopathic remedies prepared from healthy specimen are called sarcodes.

SIDDHA

Siddha medicine is a form of South Indian Tamil traditional medicine and part of the trio
Indian medicines – Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. The siddha system of medicine is
believed to the oldest systems of medicine in the universe. It involves medical treatment
of diseases using substances of all possible origins in a way that balances the possible
harmful effect of each substance. This form of medicine was professed and practiced by
siddhars who wrote their recipes on the palm-leaves for the use of future generations.
Siddha medicine was developed by outstanding Dravidians locally called Cittars.
Preparations are made mainly out of the parts of plants and trees such as leaves, bark,
stem, root, etc. but also includes some mineral and some animal substances.siddha system
is believed to be handed over to the Siddhar by the Hindu God – Lord Shiva and Goddess
Parvathi.

The Siddharas practice yogic practice including years of fasting and medidation and
believed to achieve supernatural powers and gained supreme wisdom and overall
immortality. It is believed that the normal equilibrium of three humors – vatha, pitha abd
kapha is disturbed disease is caused.

This type of medicine is well known in South India. The use of metals like gold, silver
and iron powders in some preparations is a special feature of Siddha medicine which
claims to detoxify metals to enable them be used for certain stubborn diseases. This claim
is especially relevant in the case of mercury which is relatively often used in the system;
medicines containing purified mercury should only be received, if at all from a highly
qualified practitioner of the art.

NATUROPATHY

Naturopathy is a system of man building in harmony with the constructive principles of

Nature on physical, mental, moral and spiritual planes of living. It is a system based on
preventive care, and on the use of heat, water, light, of the whole patient and use of the
body’s natural healing abilities. It focuses on finding the cause of the disease rather than
merely treating the symptoms.

According to the manifesto of British Naturopathic Association, “Naturopathy is a system

of treatment which recognizes the existence of vital curative force within the body. It
therefore, advocated adding human system to remove the cause of the disease i.e, toxins
by expelling the unwanted and unused matters from the human body for curing diseases.
The following therapies are considered important in naturopathic treatments :

 Nutrition
 Fasting
 Structural adjustment
 Hydrotherapy
 Healthy lifestyle and
 Education

II. MIND BODY INTERVENTIONS

Mind-body medicine uses the power of thoughts and emotions to influence physical
health.As Hippocrated wrote, “the natural healing force within each one of us is the
greatest force in getting well.” Methods by which an individual can independently or with
, assistance consciously control some functions of the sympathetic nervous system.

E.g., Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure.

Leading mind-body techniques are:

Meditation

Relaxation

Imagery

Biofeedback

Hypnosis

Yoga

Aromatherapy
MEDITATION

It often involves invoking or cultivating a feeling or internal state, such as compassion, or

attending to a specific focal point. Meditation is generally an internal, personal practice
and done without any external involvement, except perhaps prayer beads to count
prayers, though many practitioners of meditation may rely on external objects such as
candle flames as points on which their attention is focused as an aid to the process.

It is quieting of the mind by focusing attention on sound or image or own breathing.

Health benefits of medidation :

 Decreased respiration
 Decreased blood pressure
 Improved mood
 Heightened awareness
 Relaxation
 Improved functioning of the immune system
 Slowed heart rate
 Efficient and effective oxygen consumption
 Spiritual calm
 Stress relief
 Reduced level of lactic acid

RELAXATION

Stands quite generally for release of tension. A return to equilibrium. It is any method
process, procedure or activity that helps a person to relax. To attain a state of increased
calmness.or otherwise to reduce the levels of anxiety, stress or anger.
Relaxation techniques are often employed as one element of wider stress management
programme, and can decrease muscle tension, Lowering blood pressure, slows heart rate
and breath rates. Among other health benefits it is a therapeutic process incorporating the
basic elements of medidation.

Basic elements of relaxation techniques :

 A quiet environment
 A comfortable position
 Focused attention
 A passive attitude, practice

It involves progressive muscle relaxation. It is the alternate tensing and relaxing of

muscles. Nurses can use relaxation techniques to reduce pain and stress in clients.

GUIDED IMAGERY

A technique of using imagination to visualize soothing , pleasant images. It uses mental

images to promote relaxation and wellness, reduce pain, or facilitate healing of a
particular ailment such as cancer or psychological trauma. Claims to have success with it.

Benefits of the technique include :

Decreased physical tension

Decreased anxiety

Decrease the adverse effects of chemotherapy

E.g., a person with cancer maybe adviced to imagine an army of white blood cells
fighting against the cancer cells.
BIOFEEDBACK

Biofeedback is a method of bringing unconscious biologic processes under conscious

control. In this people are trained to control certain bodily processes that normally occur
involuntary such as heart rate and blood pressure. These processes can be measured and
displayed on a monitor that the person watches. The monitor provides feedback about the
internal working of the body.

You can then use the display to gain control over this involuntary activities lowering your
blood pressure for example : biofeedback is effective for a number of conditions but it is
most often used to treat tension headaches, migraine and chronic pain. The measurement
of psychological repsonses that yields information about the relationship about the body,
mind and helps clients learn ways to manipulate those responses through mental activity.
It measures psychological responses such as muscle tension, skin temperature and heart
rate to improve health by using signals from clients own body.

It is effective for a number of conditions including headaches, urinary inconsistency,

hypertension, chronic pain, etc.

Uses of biofeedback :

 A restorative method in rehabilitation settings for clients who have lost sensation
and function as a result of injury or illness.
 To relieve tension headaches, migraines or backache.
 To lower blood pressure

HYPNOSIS

This is derived from Western world. In hypnotherapy people are guided into an advanced
state of relaxation and heightened attention. Hypnotized people become absorbed into
images suggested by the hypnotherapist and are able to suspend disbelief. Because their
attention is more focused, they are more open to suggestions.

The earliest definition of hypnosis was given by Braid who coined the term Hypnotism as
an abbreviation for ‘Neuro hypnotism’ or nervous sleep which he opposed to normal
sleep and defined as , “ a peculiar condition of the nervous system, induced by a fixed
and abstracted attention of the mental and visual eye, on one object, not of an exciting
nature.

Therapeutic hypnosis : it induces an altered state of consciousness or awareness

resembling sleep during which the person is more receptive to suggestion. Hypnosis also
enhances client’s ability to form images.

Uses of hypnosis :

 Pain management
 Anesthesia
 Skin disease
 Phobias
 Habit control
 Quit smoking
 IBS
 Weight loss
 Anticipatory nausea and vomiting
 Headaches
 High blood pressure
 Soothing anxious patients
 Sports performance
 Anxiety
 Asthma
YOGA

The fundamental idea behind the practice of Yoga is to unite the individual self (Jiva)
with the supreme pure consciousness (Brahma). The factual connotation of yoga is
unification. Merging this static reliasm liberates the spirit from all senses of separation. It
liberates the mind from the ignorance of time, space and causation. Therefore the
fundamental to Yogic philosophiphy are the concepts of Karma-cause and effect relations

The eight limbs of yoga are :

 Yamas – social ethics

 Niyamas – personal practices
 Asnas - postures
 Pranayama – mindful breathing
 Pratyahara – turning inward
 Dharana - concentration
 Dhyana – de-concentration
 Samadhi – pure bliss

Benefits of Yoga:

 Treats depression
 Controls premature ventricular contractions
 Post operative wellness
 Mood disturbances
 Prevention of cancer
 Lowers blood sugar
 Improves nerve function
 Increases hand grip
 Asthma
 Back pain
 Weight reduction
AROMATHERAPY

Uses volatile plant materials (essential oils) and similar compounds for the purpose of
improving a person’s mood, cognitive function of health.

Aroma therapy is a generic name used by manufacturers ( of personal care and hygiene
products), massage therapists, chiropractors, nurses and doctors.

OTC products that make use of essential oils (menthol) include mouth washes or rubbing
ointments (vicks vaporub). Essential oils are useful in treatment of infectious diseases.

Used as medicines with other herbal preparations, by doctors in France commonly.

Used in pain management, anxiety / depression and alzeimer’s disease.

BIOLOGICALLY-BASED THERAPIES

Most commonly used biological-based therapies are :

Dietary supplements

Herbs

Foods

Vitamins

Natural substances

DIET THERAPY

According to this therapy, the food must be taken in a natural form. Fresh seasonal fruits,
fresh green leafy vegetables and sprouts are excellent. These diets are broadly classified
into three types :
Eliminative diet : liquids, citrus juices, lemon, tender coconut water, vegetable soups,
butter milk, wheat grass juices etc.

Soothing diet : Fruits, salads, boiled/steamed vegetables, sprouts, vegetable chutney,

etc.

Constructive diet : wholesome flour, unpolished rice, little pulses, sprouts, curd, etc.

Other types are -

Macrobiotic diet – predominantly a vegan diet (no animal products except fish).
Initially used in the management of a variety of cancers. Emphasis is placed on whole
cereal grains, vegetables and unprocessed, depending on the disea foods.

Orthomolecular medicines – increased intake of nutrients such as Vitamin C and beta

carotene. Diet used in treatment of cancer, schizophrenia and certain diseases such as
hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease.

AYURVEDIC HERBS

Traditional Hindu system of herbs used for 2000 years. The herbal products are used in
the form of powder, tonic, etc. these could be a single herb or a mixture of many herbal
products, depending on the diseases and the treatment required. Some common herbal
remedies include :

 Garlic
 Peppermint
 Chamomile

Phytochemicals : these are non-nutritive, physiologically active compounds present in

plants in very small amounts. They protect against cancer and prevent heart disease,
stroke and cataracts. Main source for phytochemicals is fruits and vegetables.
Consumptions of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables provides best supply.

ANTIOXIDANTS AND FREE RADICALS

Antioxidants : substances that prevent or ihibit oxidation, a chemical process whereby a

substance is joined to oxygen.

Free Radicals : antioxidants prevent tissue damage related to these, which are unstable
molecules that alter generic codes and trigger the development of cancer growth.

MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED METHODS

These methods use techniques of manipulating or moving various body parts to achieve
therapeutic outcomes.

It includes :

Chiropractice

Osteopathy

Massage

Taichi

CHIROPRACTICE

It emphasizes on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the

musculoskeletal system, especially the spine, under the hypothesis that these disorders
affect general health via the nervous system. The main chiropractic treatment technique
involves manual therapy, including manipulation of the spine, other joints and soft
tissues; treatment also includes exercises and health and lifestyle counseling. It is based
on the principle that the brain sends vital energy to every organ in the body via the nerves
originating I the spinal column. The body is rebalanced and realigned using “spinal
adjustment” techniques.

MASSAGE

It is the use of hands to direct or redirect the flow of the body’s energy fields and enhance
balance within those fields. It encourages healing by promoting the flow of lymph,
stimulating the nerves, stretching and loosening the muscles and connective tissue and
keeps them elastic.

The various equipment used are : the massage chair, the massage table and the massage
oils like the fractionated coconut oil, grape seed oil, sesame oil, pecan oil, mustard oil,
olive oil, almond oil, etc.

The various types of massages practiced are :

 Ayurvedic abhyanga massage

 Bare foor deep tissues
 Bowen therapy
 Breema
 Chair massage
 Chamissage
 Medical massage
 Stone massage
It includes :

 Therapeutic touch
 Healing touch
 Acupressure
 Reflexology.

Involves the means of perceiving or experiencing through tactile sensation.

Touch in Nursing practice

 Integral part of aseessment

 Promotes bonding
 An important means of communication
 Assists in soothing, calming and comforting
 Helps keep the client oriented

Cultural considerations of touch

 Seek permission before touching the client

 Tell the client what is going to happen and how the client might feel
 The meaning to touch and the body areas acceptable to touch may vary from
culture to culture

Therapeutic massage

 An application of hand pressure and motion to improve the recipients well being
 A back rub or massage results in relaxation, increased circulation of the blood and
lymph and relief from musculoskeletal stiffness, spasm and pain.

Therapeutic touch

 Based on the ancient practice of laying on hands and using the hands to direct
energy to achieve a balanced state.
  Non-contact therapeutic touch or Healing touch or Distance healing is an energy
therapy that practitioners say promotes healing and reduces pain and anxiety.
Practitioners of therapeutic touch state that by placing their hands on or near a
patient they are able to detect and manipulate the patient’s energy field.

Reflexology

Art and science of enervating over 7,000 nervesin the feet believed to correspond to
every muscle system and organ in the body

Promotes health by relieving pressures and accumulation of toxins in the corresponding

body part.

Reflexology ,or zone therapy is an alternative mecine involving the physical act if
applying pressure to the feet, hands, or ears with specific thumb, finger, and hand
techniques without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on what reflexologists claim to be a
system of zones and reflex areas that they say reflect an image of the body on the feet and
hand, with the premise that such work effects a physical change to the body.

ENERGY THERAPIES

These are alternative therapies that involve the use if purported energy fields.There are
two main types-biofield therapies, and bioelectromagnetic- based therapies.

 Biofield therapy
 Bioelectromagnetic therapy

BIOFIELD THERAPY

They are intended to affect energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate
the human body .The Existence of such fields has not yet been scientifically
 proven. Some forms of energy theraphy manipulate biofields by applying pressure
and/or manipulating the body by placing the hands in , or through, these field.
Example include Qigong, Reiki, and Therapeutic touch.

Reiki is a spiritual practice developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao usui.it

uses a technique commonly called pal healing as a form of complementary and
alternative medicine and is , sometimes, classified as oriental medicine by some
professional bodies
.

Steps of palm healing:

 Recipients lay down on a massage table and relax with loose, comfortable
clothing.
 Practitioner enters a calm state of mind and mentally prepared for the treatment
without talking.
 Practitioner placing his hands on the recipient in various positions.
 Hands kept still for 3 to 5 minutes before moving to the next position.
 General coverage of the head , front and back of the torso, the knees, and feet.
 12-20 positions are used , with the whole treatment lasting 45to 50 minutes.
 Some use a fixed set of hand positions , while others use their intuition to guide
them as to where treatment is needed, sometimes starting the treatment with a
“scan”.
 Recipient often feels warmth or tingling , even when a non-touching approach is
used.
Instantaneous “cures “of specific health problems are not usually observed.
ELECTRO MAGNETIC THERAPY
It is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice involving the use of static magnetic
fields.
Practitioners claim that subjecting certain parts if the body to magnetostatic fields
produced by permanent magnet has beneficial health effects.
These physical and biological claims are unproven and no effects on health or healing
have been established.
Although hemoglobin , the blood protein that carries oxygen, is weakly diamagnetic
(when oxygenated)or paramagnetic(when deoxygenated ) the magnets used in magnetic
therapy are many orders of magnitude too weak to have any measurable effect on blood
flow.
In these process, the different positive forces of a magnet are taken into account to cure
any kind of diseases. It is used to counter wrought by bleeding and for countering
infertility among women. Products include magnetic bracelets and jewelry ; magnetic
straps for wrists , ankles ,knees, and the back ; shoe insoles ; mattresses ‘ magnetic
blankets (blankets with magnets woven into the material ) ;
Magnetic creams ; magnetic supplements ; plasters/patches and water that has been
“magnetized”.
Application is usually performed by the patient.

Biological Effects

Electromagnetic force or charge is a fundamental power of the universe. It determines

the structure of all atoms and molecules and how they interact .Charge may be positive
or negative , attracting or repelling. Since all chemical , biological and molecular
interactions are fundamentally electromagnetic , an externally applied EM field might be
expected to have profound biological effects at many levels.
Some of the documented effects of electromagnetic fields include accelerated healing,
vasodilation increased blood flow, reduced inflammation and edema, muscle relaxation,
cell membrane changes, enhanced movement of calcium , sodium and other ions, bone
formation , improved oxygenation , better sleep ,lysis of clots , reduction in platelet
adhesion , increased fertility, enhanced cognitive ability, improved central and
peripheral nerve function, reduced stress and better mood.

OTHER THERAPIES

1. Curanderismo
2. Spiritual therapy
3. Music therapy
4. Humour and laughter
5. Photo energy therapy
6. Detoxification therapy
7. Animal assisted therapy
8. Horticulture therapy
9. Art therapy
10. Roffling
11. Hydrotherapy
12. Apitherapy
13. Color therapy
14. Bowen therapy
15. Breema
16. Shiatsu
17. Dance therapy
18. Drum therapy
CURANDERISMO

It is a cultural healing tradition found in Latin America and United States. It utilizes
western biomedical belief, treatment and practices. Three levels of care are practiced
among curanderos (man) and curanderas (woman).

They are :
 The material level
 The spiritual level
 The mental level

The majority of healers work at the material level and mostly combine spiritual healing
with herbal medicine and first techniques.

SPIRITUAL THERAPY

This is a regimen designed to heal one’s spirit and psyche as well as the body. In many
traditions it is believed of one’s spirit is ailing one’s whole being suffers. It includes :

 Faith and Prayer

 Bahai’s faith
 Prayer

a. Faith and Prayer : Faith is the confident belief or trust in the truth or
trustworthiness of a person, idea or thing. Faith is often used in a religious context
as in theology, where it almost universally refers to a trusting belief in a
transcendent reality orelse in a Supreme being.Faith is in general the persuasion of
the mind that a certain statement is true. Informal usage of the word Faith is quite
broad and may be used in place of trust or belief.
 b. Baha’I Faith : In the Bahai faith , the acceptance of divine authority and the
manifestations of God. In the religious view, faith and knowledge are required for
spiritual growth. Faith invlolves more than outward obedience. It is based on deep
personal understanding of religious teachings. By faith means forst conscious
knowledge and second, the practice of good deeds.

c. Prayer : Prayer is the act of addressing to God or spirit for the purpose of worship
or petition. Specific forms of this may include praise, requesting guidance or
assistance, confessing sins as an act of repentence or expression of one’s thoughts
and emotions.

The words used in prayer may take the form of an intercession, a hymn,
inchantation, words of gratitude or a spontaneous utterance of words. Praying can
be done in public, group or private. Many faiths teach that prayer can be done
spontaneously by anyone at any moment. In some cases the act of prayer is
ritualized while some follow a strict sequel of actions.

MUSIC THERAPY

It is an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music and all of its
facets : physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic and spiritual to help clients
improve or maintain their health.
Music is a sensory stimulus that is processed through the sense of hearing.
Sound vibrations are converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain.
First stress-fighting change that takes place when we hear a tune is an increase in deep
breathing. The body’s production of serotonin also accelerates.
Useful in individuals of all ages and with various conditions including psychiatric
disorders,medical problems, physically handicapped, sensory impairements,
developmental disabilities, substance abuse, communication disorders, interpersonal
problems and aging.
It is also used to improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress, support physical
exercise, etc.
For music therapy to be most effective, it is best to be only instrumental without lyrics.

HUMOUR AND LAUGHTER

Laughing is found to lower blood pressure, reduce stress harmones, increase muscle
flexion and boost immunity by raising levels of infection-fighting T-cells, disease
fighting proteins called Gamma interferon and Beta cells.
Laughter also triggers the release of endorphins, the body’s natural pain killers and
creates a sense of well-being.
In India, there are laughter clubs where people gather early in the morning for the sole
purpose of laughing.
Humour is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and
provide amusement. The sense of humor is the ability to experience humour. Humor is a
universal language. It is a contagious emotion and a natural diversion.
Clients laughter triggers and identified.
It ensures inhalation of more oxygen and makes the client feel better, it decreases stress
leading to lowered stiffness of muscles , gives a sense of well being, relieves arthritic
pain, promotes good sleep and also decreases the incidence of cold and cough.
Since the serotonin levels go up after laughter. It is an effective antidote for depression
too.
Positive qualities are cultivates thereby removing negative emotions such as jealousy,
anger, fear and guilt.

PHOTO ENERGY THERAPY

The photo energy therapy devices emit near infrared light typically at a wave length of
880 nm. The wavelength is believed to stimulate the release of nitric oxide, an
endothelium derived relaxing factor into blood stream, thus vaso dilating the capillaries
and venoules in the microcirculatory system.
It has been proven to be effective in cases of Diabetic neuropathy, poor microcirculation
which leads to pain and numbness of the extremities.

DETOXIFICATION THERAPY

It involves removal of toxic substances. Our body naturally eliminates or neutralizes

toxins but is now affected by industrial revolution.
A brief physical checkup is initially made which includes blood tests, unire analysis and
a chest x-ray. Sometimes sweat and hair are analyzed.
Colonic irrigation, fasting, special diets, hyperthermia, hydrotherapy, lymphatic
stimulation and nutritional supplements are some methods of detoxification.
Nutritional supplements : intake of massive quantities of Vitamin C are recommended.
Vitamin A, B and E, minerals like Magnesium, Potassium, Selenium and Zinc are also
suggested. Herbs such as Cayenne, Echinacea and Garlic are also included.

ANIMAL ASSISTED THERAPY

It is a type of therapy that involves an animal with specific characteristics becoming

Fundamental part of a person’s treatment. It is designed to improve the physical, social,
emotional and cognitive functioning of a patient. Also provides educational and
motivational effectiveness. It can be provided on a individual or a group basis.
The various animals used in this therapy are : dogs, cats, rabbits, elephants, birds,
dolphins, lizards, insects like bees, and other small animals.
 Benefits :
PHYSICAL MENTAL
 Improves fine motor skills  Increases attention
 Improves wheel chair skills  Develops recreation or
 Maintains equilibrium leisure skills
 Lowers blood pressure  Increases self-esteem
 Decreases depression  Reduces anxiety
 Reduces risk of stroke  Reduces loneliness

HORTICULTURAL THERAPY

According to the American Horticultural Therapy Association, it is defined as “a process

of utilizing plants and horticultural activities to improve social, educational,
psychological and physical adjustment of a person thus improving their body, mind and
spirit.”

Horticultural therapists are specially educated and trained members of rehabilitation

teams who involve the client in gardening – from propagation to selling products as a
means of bringing about improvement in their life.

ART THERAPY

A form of expressive therapy that uses art materials such as paints, chalk and markers as
primary mode of communication.
Based the belief that the creative process if art is both healing and life-enhancing.

Helps the client to :

 Increase insight and adjustment

 Cope better with stress
 Increase cognitive abilities
 Have better relationship with family and friends.
Goal : To improve or maintain mental health and emotional well-being.
Drawing, painting, sculpture and photography are used.
Therapists interpret the symbols and metaphors from the creative work.

ROFFLING
Technique of deep massage intended to realign the body by altering the length and tone
of the myofascial tissue
Pressure is applied with fingers, knuckles and elbows
The practitioner manilupates and stretches the body’s fascial tissues to re establish proper
physical alignment of the head, torso, pelvis, legs and feet to promote associated mental
and emotional balance.

HYDROTHERAPY/AQUATHERAPY

Treatment of disease by use of water

Method of treatment that attempts to cure all diseases by the external bath or internal
colonic irrigation of water. Water can be in the form of liquid, vapour or ice. It can be hor
or cold. Types are :
  Packing
 Saunas – hot air baths
 General baths
 Compress

APITHERAPY

Medical use of honey bee products. This can include the use of honey, pollen, royal jelly
and bee venom. Contains active component mellitin, which has a powerful anti-
inflammatory action.

Bee venom is commonly used in treatment of :

 Arthritis, brusistis, tendonitis

 Autoimmune disorders
 Dissolving scar tissue

COLOR THERAPY

Color is simply light in varying wavelengths and as such is a form of energy.

Light energy affects all living cells thus has a profound healing effect on all creation.

Each color has its own specific wavelengths and vibration that resonate with energies in
different areas of the body. There are seven main energy centers (chakras) of the body
which resonate with the seven rainbow colors. Good health and well being is achieved by
a balance of all the energy chakras.

Methods used are :

 Placing color sills on the body

 Directing on coloured light on the body
 Meditation with colors
BOWEN THERAPY

Rolling type of movement over fascia, muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints. It is said
not to involve deep or prolonged contact.

BREEMA

Consists of rhythmical and gentle leans and stretches while lying on the floor.

SHIATSU

Uses thumb pressure ans work along the same energy medians as acupressure ad
incorporates stretching.

Used in anxiety, headache, premenstrual syndrome, etc.

DANCE THERAPY

Also called movement therapy uses movement to help individuals achieve emotional,
cognitive, physical and social integration.

Expressing yourself through movement can help connect the mind and body.

Therapy sessions are focused on movement behavior as it comes forward through the
guided session.

DRUM THERAPY

It is an ancient approach that uses rhythm to promote healing and self expression.
Drumming accelerates physical healing, boosts the immune system and produces feelings
of well-being . a release of emotional trauma and reintegration of self
 NURSING AND ALTERNATIVE MODALITIES OF CARE

Nurses are in an excellent position to adopt complementary/alternative modalities into

practice that addresses assessed client needs and to use these techniques to achieve the
goals of nursing.

Use of theories help nurses and provide a context to use these therapies professionally.

These therapies can take their meaning from within a theory. e.g., Roy’s adaptation
model deals with the concept of focal, contextual and residual stimuli.

Nurse working within the context of this assesses the stimuli and takes action to promote
the clients adaptation to physiological needs, self-concept , role function and relations of
interdependence, health and illness.

Educate the patients regarding the various therapies available

Help them in making choices

Refer to relevant authorized agencies only

Always instruct to discuss with the doctor before starting any kind of treatment.

SUMMARY

Complementary and alternative therapies are various healing approaches and therapies
that originate from around the world. These include health care practices that are not
widely taught in medical schools, however such practices are quite popular and widely
used. Complementary therapies are used alongside conventional medicine or treatments
while alternative therapies are used instead of conventional medicine or treatments. There
is no scientific or medical evidence for some complementary and alternative therapies.
They may be unsafe or cause harmful side effects. Thus should be used with caution. And
talk to your doctor regarding the prescribed medications before opting for other therapies.

CONCLUSION

Conventional medicine is based on rigorous science and evaluation. Historically this has
not been the case for complementary therapies. Some therapies have been tested in good
quality scientific trials, but most have not. They can be used alongside with conventional
medicine but it is very important to tell your doctor and complementary practitioner of all
the medicines, treatments and remedies that you use. Some have the potential to cause
side effects or interact with conventional medicine. Drugs are becoming a human concern
thus more number of people are turning towards these therapies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Navdeep Kaur Brar, H C Rawat . Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice . New Delhi :
Jaypee brothers medical publishers ; 2015.

Shebeer P Basheer, S Yaseen Khan . A Concise Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice

. Bangalore : Emess publishers ; 2017.

Betterhealth.vic.gov.au

http//:www.alternative therapies and medicines.com

________________________________________________________________