8 Strength of Components Under Combined Loading PDF

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
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8. Strength of Components under

Combined Loading
8.1 8.2 8.3
Combination of Combination of Combined Stress
Two Bendings Bending and Axial Load State Analysis
8.4 8.5
Combination of Combination of
Bending and Shear Torsion and Bending
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 1
8.1. Combination of Two Bendings

Three-Dimensional Bending Tasks
Bending deformation is present in both component’ principal planes
Structure
Structure and its Bending F1
Shaft of a Belt Drive
Moment Diagrams Bending Moment My Diagram
zx Principal Plane FBz
Cantilever Beam F2z
FAz
z x
z
F
My diagram
z
x F2
y
y
Mz diagram
zx Principal Plane x Loads do not act at
the same plane Bending Moment Mz Diagram
z
My diagram FAy
xy Principal Plane F2y
F1 FBy
B
Loads act at the same A
x
y plane L1 L L2
xy Principal Plane
But this plane is not
x y
a principal plane Mz diagram
Internal Forces for Two Bendings’

Case
Bending moments (My and Mz) act in both principal planes of the component
Shear forces Qy and Qz, may also be present, but their action is neglected
Cantilever Beam Reduction of Load(s) to the Principal Axes

Critical Cross-  F  Fcos y
z Section Fy 
Centroid F  Fz  Fsin
F
Fz For the cases,
y when the load
L z z
direction line
FyL Mz diagram does not cross
x Principal
F zL z
y Principal
y
Centroidal the centroid
Centroidal Axis Axis
My diagram
Bending Moments at the Critical Section
Torque T is also
y M y  Fz L ( ) acting at the
cross-section
x M z  Fy L ()
Bending Stress Analysis
Bending stresses are normal
Cross-Section
Bending stresses, i.e. they both act
Cross-Section’ Bending Stresses Diagrams perpendicular to the section – this
Moment
My
Min
My diagram My
is ONE-DIMENSIONAL stress
Coordinate
 My  z According to Hooke’ law,
Tension Iy the stresses of each cross-
Compression Cross-Section
Moment of Inertia
section point follow the
value of respective strain
Centroid My
Max Stress at a Cross-
Section Certain Point  My  E My  Mz  E Mz
Mz
Max
Tension
Resultant of the deformations acting in same

direction at some point equals to the sum of these
Mz diagram values (considering the signs +/-)
z
Compression
Resultant of two bending stresses at some

point (y; z) equals to their algebraic sum
Mz
Principal  Mz  y My Mz
Centroidal Iz    My   Mz  z y
Axes y MzMin Iy Iz
Location of Cross-Section Critical

Points
Cross-Section NEUTRAL LINE = projection of the beam’ neutral layer
= line at the beam cross-section, which’ points have
no stress (bending stress equals to zero)
Neutral line divides the section in two: area of
Equation of NEUTRAL LINE tension and area of compression
Cross-Section’ Critical Points
M M The signs (+/-) of both
  z y  y z 0 bending moments Maximum Tensile Stress
Iz Iy and coordinates must
be considered Centroid OT (y1;z1)
Combination of two bendings Maximum

• Neutral Line is straight distance
• Neutral Line crosses the centroid Maximum z
distance
Cross-section criticla points are
those, that are located most OS (y2;z2)
distant from the neutal line Maximum y
Cross-Section
Compressive Stress NEUTRAL LINE
Strength Conditions
Normal Stresses at critical Points
Cross-Section’ Critical Points
Maximum Tensile Stress z-coordinate of  Mz My Maximum
OT (y1 ;z1 )
point OT 
 OT  y 1  z1 Tensile Stress
 Iz Iy at the point OT
y-coordinate of  M
point OT
OT  OS  M z y 2  y z2 Maximum
Compressive Stress
 Iz Iy at the point OS
z
Design Stress for Tension
Maximum
Strength Conditions
Compressive
Stress Cross-Section  diagram
OS (y2 ;z2 ) NEUTRAL  Mz My
y
LINE 
 OT  y 1  z 1   Tension
 I z I y
OS  My
y-coordinate of Mz
z 2   Compr
z-coordinate of
point OS point OS   y 
 OS I
2
I
NB! The signs (+/-) of both bending moments  z y
and coordinates must be considered

Design Stress for Compression
Special Case – Rectangular Section

For all cross-sections, which’s ouside contour is
Stresses of Rectangular Section rectangle, both principal axes are the axes of symmetry
Maximum Compressive Stress I-profile Square
OS Mz
Wz Diagonal corners
are always critical
+
+ Mz diagram
+
Maximum Tensile Stress
z
+
Where in particular th critical points OT and OS are
+ located, depends on the loading
+ Mz
OT + + + + + + + M Wz Value of Maximum Bending Stress
y
Wy Critical points are My Mz
always located at the  Max   Min  
diagonal corners of the Wy Wz
My y My
rectangle
Wy diagram At the critically At the critically
tensioned point OT compressed point OS
Special Case – Circular Section
Stresses of Circular Section
M
Mz  diagram
Maximum W Neutral Line
W Compressive Stress
Mz diagram OS
Neutral Line
is also a
z principal axis
+
+ M
Mz z
+ W
My W + + Circle has an infinite
W + + number of principal
+ +
y Critical points are always + + O+T centroidal axes
My y
My diagram located diametrally on the Maximum Tensile Stress
W
perimeter of the section
Value of Maximum Normal Stress
Bending Moment
RESULTANT BENDING MOMENT – M
can be calculated for CIRCULAR M  M y2  M z2  Max   Min 
section only W
8.2. Combination of Bending and Axial

Loads

Eccentric Tension/Compression
ECCENTRIC TENSION/COMPRESSION= • load is acting parallel to the component axis
• load action line does not coincide with axis
Eccentrically Compressed Bar Eccentrically Tensioned Bar

Short x
Bar F z Loacation of the Load
Principal x Component axis
F Centroidal F
y z Axes
y
Load eccentricity x Centroid

may exceed the bar
cross-section
dimensions
z
y
SHORT Bar = Cross-section dimensions Buckling
and bar length have the same magnitude will be
studied later
Slender bars have may fail by buckling due to cmpression
Internal Forces due to Eccentric Load

Internal Forces at the Principal Planes
zx Principal Plane xy Principal Plane
x F F ey
x
ez
z y
Section
Axial Force N (compression) is
shown at both principal planes Cross-Section
Internal Forces N (-) Axial Force
TENSION (+) or N (-)
My (-) Mz (-)
COMPRESSION (--) N  F  
BENDING may be three- M y  Fe z   Bending Moment

M z  Fe y  
dimensional (My  0 AND Mz  0)
Signs of bending moments My ja
or planar (My = 0 OR Mz = 0) Mz depend on the directions of
axes y ja z
Normal Stresses due to Eccentric Load
Cross- Diagrams of Cross-Section’
N Section Normal Stresses
N  Axial Force
A Cross- N diagram N
Section Area
Axial Stress of Compression
Cross-section Points
Mz
Max
Tension
Cross-Section
My Mz Bending Moment
 My  z  Mz  y
Iy Iz Coordinate of a Point
Compression
Bending Stress at a Point Cross-Section Moment of Inertia
z
Axial Stress and Bending Stress are normal stresses, i.e
they both act perpendicular to the cross-section – this is
ONE-DIMENSIONAL stress state
Resultant of an axial and two bending stresses at MzMin Centroid Load
My
Min
some point (y; z) equals to their algebraic sum: Mz diagram
Tension
N My M Compression
   N   My   Mz   z z y y  diagram
A Iy Iz My
Max
My
Cross-Section Critical Points

Cross-Section NEUTRAL LINE = projection of the beam’ neutral layer
= line at the beam cross-section, which’ points have
no stress (bending stress equals to zero)
Neutral line divides the section in two: area of tension and area of compression
Equation of NEUTRAL LINE The signs (+/-) of both Critical Points of the Cross-Section
N My M internal forces and
  z z y 0 coordinates must be
considered
Maximum Tensile Stress
A Iy Iz OT (y1;z1)
Maximum
Maximum
Distance
Eccentric Tension/Compression Distance
• Neutral Line is straight,
• Neutral Line does not cross the centroid z
Cross-Section critical points are

Cross-Section OS (y2;z2)
te most distant ones from the NEUTRAL Centroid Maximum
neutral line LINE y Compressive Stress

Strength Conditions
Normal Stresses at the Critical Points
Cross-Section Critical Points  N Mz My
 O1 
 OT   y 1  z1
Maximum
Tensile Stress
Maximum Tensile Stress  A I z I y at the Point OT
=  M
y-coordinate of
OT (y1 ;z1 )  diagram  OS  N  M z y 2  y z2 Maximum
point OT  A Iz Iy Compressive
Stress at the
z-coordinate of Point OS
point OT
DesignStress for Tension
z Strength Conditions for Eccentric Load

1
 N Mz My
Maximum
 O2

 OT   y 1  z 1   Tension
Cross-Section
Compressive Stress  A I z I y
NEUTRAL LINE y OS (y2 ;z2 ) 2
z-coordinate of  My
N Mz
y-coordinate of point OS point OS    y  z 2   Compr
 OS A I
2
I
NB! The signs (+/-) of both internal forces and  z y
coordinates must be considered

Design Stress for Compression
Stress Distributions of One Sign

The load is applied FAR from The load is applied NEAR to When the load is applied
the centroid the centroid insede the core
Stress distribution of one

Stress Distribution of TWO Signs Stress Distribution of ONE Sign sign is formed
OT Cross-Section
Maximum Centroid
Tensile Stress
Rectangle’ core
OT Core Centroid
Compressive Stress
h
Minimum
z b/3
h/3
z
OS b
 diagram OS  diagram Circle’ Core
y OS Core
Centroid
Maximum Cross-Section
y O2
OS Maximum
Compressive Stress CORE Compressive Stress
D
Determination of the
Cross-section’ CORE = area around the centroid core is usually not
D/4
Centroid
needed in strength
analysis
Extremities of Eccentric Loading Cases
Increasing distance between the
More resemblance of the case to Neutral line is located
load application point and the
that of bending (two bendings) nearer to the centroid
centroid
Stress Distribution of Stress Distribution of Two
Two Signs  Bendings
OT OT Neutral Line is infinitely distant from the Centoid
OT OT Load is applied at the centroid
Stress Distribution of
ONE Sign Stress Distribution of
Axial Load 
z z
OS OS
 diagram  diagram
y OS y OS
z z
Neutral Line crosses the Centroid
OS  diagram  diagram
Load (Force) is applied infinitely distant from the centroid
y OS y
Nearer the load application More resemblance of the case Increasing distance between
point to the centroid to that of axial loading the neutral line and the centroid
Special Case – Rectangular Section

Stresses of Eccentrically Loaded Cross-sections, which’ outside contour is rectangle
Rectangular Section and both principal centroidal axes are axes of
symmetry
N diagram I-profile Square
N Maximum
A Compressive Stress
OS Critical are the
Mz
diagonal corners
Wz
+ Mz diagram
+
+ z Maximum Normal Stress Values
At the critical point
+ of tension OT OR
  Max  N My Mz
compression OS
+ Mz    
tensile Stress
  Min  A Wy Wz
Maximum
OT + + + + + + Wz
My 
Wy Critical points are always   Min   N

My

Mz
located at the diagonal   A Wy Wz
corners (or in one corner)
 Max 
My y My diagram
Wy At the critical point of
compression OS OR tension OT
Special Case – Circular Section
Stresses of Eccentrically Loaded circular Section
N diagram  N diagram M diagram M Critical points are
N always located
Mz N W Neutral
A Line
W A
This axis
diametrally on the
MaximumOS perimeter
Mz diagram Compr. +
is also a
principal
Stress + centroidal
z axis
+ + M
z Resultant
Mz + + W
+ bending
My W + Circle has an infinite
+ + + O+ number of principal moment is
W T centroidal axes
y Maximum Tensile Stress calculated only
My y My diagram for circular
W sections
Maximum Normal Stress Values
At the critical point of tension OT
OR   Max  N M
compression OS   
  Min  A W Bending Moment

At the critical point of compression OS   Min   N

M M  M y2  M z2
OR   Max  A W
tension OT 
8.3. Combined Stress State Analysis

Strength Analysis Problem of a
Combined Stress State
STRENGTH CONDITION compares the value of actual stress to that of design stress
THREE_DIMENSIONAL
Classical Strength Condition PLANE and ONE-
and ONE-DIMENSIONAL
DIMENSIONAL stresses
ACTUAL STRESS  DESIGN STRESS stresses CAN NOT be
CAN NOT be compared
compared
ONE-DIMENSIONAL stress CAN be compared

ACTUAL STRESS DESIGN STRESS
with another ONE_DIMENSIONAL stress
Is dependent on Is dependent on
the component the material limit
geometry and state stress
loading
Limit state stress
ONE- is determined by
DIMENSIONAL, the tensile test
PLANE or
THREE-
DIMENSIONAL ONE-DIMENSIONAL
stress is acting Stress is acting in
in the component the test specimen
Equivalent Stress of the Combined

Stress State
Strength of components, that have
KNOWN ARE the strength conditions for PLANE or THREE-DIMENSIONAL
ONE-DIMENSIONAL stress state stress state NEED TO BE ANALYSED
Reduction of THREE-DIMENSIONAL Stress State COMBINED stress state must be reduced to

THREE-DIMENSIONAL the ONE-DIMENSIONAL one
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
Stress at the Point K
Stress at the Point K
3 EQUIVALENT STRESS = ONE-
K
K DIMENSIONAL stress, that has equal
criticality with the given COMBINED
Eq stress state
1 2
Equivalent Stress of Three-Dimensional Stress State
Strength Condition for COMBINED Stress State  Eq  f ( 1; 2 ; 3 )

 Eq  f ( 1; 2 ; 3 )    Equivalent one-dimensional Function of principal
stress of a combined stressstate stresses
Design stress (Permissible stress) for one-dimensional case Stress states of equal criticality
General Principles of Strength Theories
STRENGTH THEORY (or Limit State Theory) = Theoretical concepts for the
stress state criticality analysis
• is based on some hypthesis for limit state appearance:
STRENGTH THEORY 
“What kind of stress state causes the material limit
state to occur?”
Hypothesis of limit state • gives a formula for equivalent stress value calculation
occurance depends on the
type of limit state and the
stress state in question
STRENGTH THEORIES
Older Criterial Theories

Newer Phenomenological Theories
• Maximum Normal Stress Theory
• Maximum Strain Theory • Mohr’ Theory, etc
• Maximum Shear Stress Theory
• Strain Energy Theory
Are based on the mathematical processing
results of test data, with no further analysis of
They give theoretical hypothesis about the general physical phenomena
cause of the limit state occurance (limit state criterion)
Material Ductility and Brittleness

Material Ductility
Limit State of DUCTILE Limit State of BRITTLE
and Brittleness
Material = YIELDING Material = FRACTURE
depend on
Elastic Elongation Elstic Elongation TEMPERATURE
Stress-Strain Diagram
Dependence of Steel
Ductility on the Temperature
Ductility
Malleable Ductile
Steel
Yielding Fracture
Stress-Strain Diagram
Brittle
Temperature
Ductility of many steels start to decrease at the temperatures (0…-10)ºC

Theory of Maximum Normal Stress
Applicable for BRITTLE MATERIALS under TENSION A.K.A. I (first) Strength
Theory
W.J.M. Rankine 1820…1872 G. Galilei 1564...1642
Cast Iron, Concrete, Rock, ...
HYPOTHESIS:
Brittle material fractures, when the principal stress of maximum absolute value
exceeds a certain limit value, independent on the values of other principal
stresses at that point
Ultimate Strength of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
Verified in practice by tensile
Value of Equivalent Stress and pure torsion tests
According to I (first)
Strength Theory
 if  1   3
 Eq
I
 1
  3 if  1   3
Maximum Compressive Stress Maximum Tensile Stress
Theory of Maximum Strain

Applicable for BRITTLE MATERUIALS under COMPRESSION A.K.A. II (second)
Strength Theory
B. de Saint-Venant 1797…1886
Cast Iron, Concrete, Rock, ...
J.V. Poncelet 1788…1867
HYPOTHESIS:
Brittle material fractures, when the strain of maximum absolute value exceeds a
certain limit value, independent on the values of other strains of that point
Strain, that corresponds to the Ultimate Strength of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
According to II (second)
Maximum Strains of the Stress State
Strength Theory
 1 Values of Equivalent Stress
   1    2   3 
    2   3  if  1   3
1
 E
1  Eq
II
 1
 3   3    1   2 
 E   3    1   2  if  1   3
Theory of Maximum Shear Stress
Applicable for DUCTILE MATERIALS, if the limit A.K.A. III (third) Strength
state is yielding Theory
H. Tresca, 1868 J.J.Guest, 1900 Steels

Yielding = Shear of material layers
HYPOTHESIS:
Ductile material starts to yield, when the maximum shear stress of the stress
state exceeds a certain limit value, independent of the values of principal
stresses at that
Maximum shear stress, corresponding to the tensile yield strength of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
Maximum Shear According to III (third) Strength

Stress of Equivalent Theory
Stress State
Value of Equivalent
Maximum Shear Stress
of Three-Dimensional  Eq Stress
 Max 
Stress State
2  Eq
III
 1 3
1  3
 Max 
2
Strain Energy Theory

Applicable for DUCTILE MATERIALS, if the limit A.K.A. IV (fourth)
state is yielding or plasticity Strength Theory
R. von Mises, 1913 E. Beltrami, 1903 M.T. Huber, 1904 Metals, incl. Steels
H. Hencky, 1925
HYPOTHESIS:
Ductile material starts to deform plastically or yield, when the strain
energy density of the stress state exceeds a certain limit value
Strain energy density, that corresponds to the elastic limit stress of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
Strain Energy of a Three-Dimensional Stress State Strain Energy of Equivalent Stress State
1  2
uD 
3E

 1   22   32   1 2   2 3   3 1  uD 
1  2
 Eq
3E
Value of Equivalent Stress
According to IV (fourth) Strength
Theory
 Eq
IV
  2
1   22   32   1 2   2 3   3 1 
Mohr’ Strength Theory
Applicable for both DUCTILE and BRITTLE materials
Phenomenological
C.O. Mohr, 1835…1918 Does not have theoretical hypothesis Theory
In the cases of combined stress state, the Each three-dimensional

From tests with most critical, for the limit state to occur, stress state can be
brittle materials are the principal stresse of extremal value regarded as a plane
1 and 3 (influence of 2 is negligible) stress state
According to Mohr’ Strength Theory
Material Limit State Stresses from Ordinary Tests
Value of Equivalent Stress
 1Lim   Tension
U  3Lim   Compr
U  1Lim
 Eq
M
 1  3 Mohr’ Strength
 3Lim Theory
Maximum possible Maximum possible

value of 1 value of 3 When the Tensile and III Strength
Compressive Strengths are Equal Theory
Material tensile Strength Material Compressive
form the tensile test Strength form the  UT   UC  1Lim   3Lim  Eq
M
  Eq
III
compression test
General Metod for Combined Stress

State Strength Analysis
COMBINED STRESS STATE = any PLANE and THREE-DIMENSIONAL
Stress State Stresses of different directions are
acting at the same point
There could be many of them Stresses of different types are acting at the same point
1. Location of critical section is
determined using internal force diagrams There could be many Point, where the
of them
equivalent stress
2. Location of cross-section maximum value is
Cross-sections
Cross-sections, where critical points is determined acting
with decreased
the maximum internal surface area using stress diagrams Points, where some
force values are acting
stress maximum
value is acting
Strength Condition 3. Application of strength condition at
by Safety the critical point(s) of critical section(s)
 Lim
S  S   Eq  f ( 1; 2 ; 3 )    One-dimensional
design stress
 Eq
Function of stess
Equivalent one- state’ principal
Real Value of Value of dimensional stress of
Safety Factor Design Factor stresses
the given stress state
Equivalent Stress of a Plane Stress
State
Stress Theory
from previous
Principal Stresses of Planar Stress State
   y  x  y 
2
 1  x      xy
2
 2  2 
 2
  x y  x  y 
 3       xy
2
 2  2 
According to Strain Energy’ Strength Theory (von Mises)
 Eq
IV
  2
1   32   1 3   Eq
IV
  x2   y2   x  y  3 xy
2
According to Maximum Shear Stress’ Strength Theory (Tresca) Cross-Section Cross-Section
   y   4 xy
Normal Stress Shear Stress
 Eq
III
 1 3  Eq
III
 x
2 2
Longitudinal Section
Normal Stress
8.4. Combination of Bending and Shear

Internal Forces and Cross-Section
Stresses
Combination of Bending and Shear = Interaction of
Põikpaindes
Cantilever konsool
beam Bending moment M and Shear Force Q
Criticalristlõige
Ohtlik Section
z Cross-Section Stresses Bending Stress
M
F MMax M diagram Q diagram M  y
y I
x Shear Stress
z  Max
Q QSy
y
M
M diagram
epüür Q 
K Iby
y
MMax Stresses of IPE-Section
Q diagram
Q epüür
Bending Moment
Shear Force Thinwalled Section
Combination of Bending and Shear is Important:

Shear force Q has high
Component is relatively short
value compared with
bending moment M
Component has thin walls
Maximums of normal and shear stresses act in close vicinity
Equivalent Stress
Stresses
x M Principal Stresses at a Point
 xy   Q  M  M 
2
 1     Q
2
y  0  2  2 
According to the maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca)  2
 M M 
 2  2   2    Q
2
 Eq
III
 1 3  Eq
III
  M2  4 Q2  

According to the Strain Energy Theory (von Mises)
 Eq
IV
  2
1   32   1 3   Eq
IV
  M2  3 Q2

Example: Strength Analysis of a IPE-
Beam (1)
Determine the apropriate IPE-profile! Material: Steel S235 DIN 17100
Critical Section y = ReH = 235 MPa Yield Strength
Transversely Loaded Beam MC  6 kNm [S] = 2,5 Design Factor
F = 40 kN 
Critical Section Q  20 kN
 C
For a Combination of Bending and Shear
FA = 20 kN FB = 20 kN
A C B Maximum bending stress is a function of W, [m3]
x
Maximum shear stress is a function of A, [m2]
300 300
y Complex cubic equation is to be solved
20
Q diagram, kN The relation of A and W is not apparent
Dimensioning for the combination of

20 M diagram, kNm bending and shear is not easy
Solution
1. Dimensioning for BENDING
6 IPE - Beam
2. Check for adequate strength under the
combination of bending and shear

Beam (2)
Dimensioning for BENDING
Strength Condition for Bending
For Moment of Resistance
M y M
 Max   W  W   S 
W S  y
6  10 3
W   M S    2.5  63.8  10 6 m3  64 cm3
y 235  10 6
Table of IPE Steel Profiles
Profilele IPE 140 fulfills the

strength condition for bending
W x  77.3 cm3  W   64 cm3
A  16.4 cm2 I x  541 cm4

Example: Strength Calculation (3)
Check for adequate strength for the COMBINATION OF BENDING
AND SHEAR at the critical points of IPE 140 cross-section
Critical Points of the Stress Distributions of the IPE 140 Cross-Section
Cross-Section
Critical
Critical Points O3 Points
Max  diagram  diagram
 O3  0

 O3   Max
Critical
Points
Critical points O2
 O2  0 Max
 O3 z
 O2
 O2  0
Critical
O2 Points
Critical points O1
 O1   Max O1 Max  O2
 y
 O1  0

Beam (4)
Check for adequate strength for BENDING at the critical points
O1 of the IPE 140 cross-section
Maximum bending stress is
Stress Distributions of the IPE 140 Cross-Section
acting at the critical points O1
 diagram, MPa  diagram
The stress with the same value, but
78 opposite sign is acting at the
symmetrically located points
Shear stress is absent
z
 Max
Q Check for adequate strength under bending
Maximum Bending Stress at the Points O1
y O1 78 M 6  10 3
 O1   Max   6
 77.6  10 6 Pa  78 MPa
W 77.3  10
Factor of Safety at the Points O1
y 235
S   3.01  3.0  S   2.5 Strength is adequate at the
 Max 78 critical points O1
Beam (5)
Check for adequate strength for SHEAR at the critical points O3
of the IPE 140 cross-section Maximum shear stress is
Stress Distributions of the IPE 140 Cross-Section acting at the critical Normal stress
points O3 is absent
73 (b)  diagram, MPa
78
 diagram, MPa
Check for adequate strength under shear
6.9 (t)
4.7 (s)
Maximum Shear Stress at the Points O3
140 (h)
QS0.5 20  10 3  42.9  10 -6
34  O3   Max   
O3 z Is 541 10 8  0.0047
 33.76  10 6 Pa  34 MPa
y 78 Factor of Safety at the Points O3

y 0.5  235
Statical Moment of the Half-Section about z-axis S   3.45  3.4  S   2.5
 Max 34
1 h  
2
S0.5  s   t   bt h  t  
2   2  
1   14 
2
 Strength is adequate at the
  0.47    0.69   7.3  0.69  14  0.69   42.87  42.9 cm3
2   2  
critical points O3

Beam (6)
Check for adequate strength for the COMBINATION of BENDING and SHEAR at
the critical points O2 of the IPE 140 cross-section
Stress Distributions of the IPE 140 Cross-Section At the critical points O2 is acting:
- bending stress value, close to the maximum;
73 (b)  diagram, MPa  - shear stress value, close to the maximum.
diagram, MPa
78
27
This is the combination of bending and shear
6.9 (t)
4.7 (s)
140 (h)
34 Check for adequate strength under the

z combination of bending and shear
63.1 (y)
O2 70 Bending Stress at the Points O2

27 M 6  10 3
y Flange
78  O2  y 8
 0.0631  69.9  10 6 Pa  70 MPa
I 541 10
Flange’ Statical Moment about z-axis Shear Stress at the Points O2

1 1 QS Flange 20  10 3  33.5  10 -6
SFlange  bt h  t    7.3  0.69  14  0.69    O2    26.34  10 6 Pa  27 MPa
2 2 Is 541  10  8  0.0047
 33.52  33.5 cm 3

Beam (7)
Check for adequate strength for the COMBINATION of BENDING and SHEAR at
the critical points O2 of the IPE 140 cross-section
Equivalent Stress at the Points O2 Factor of Safety at the Poinys O2
 III
  2
 4 2
 70  4  27  88.4  89 MPa
2 2
 y 235
Eq,O2 O2 O2
S   2.64  2.6  S   2.5
 Eq
III
89
ALL strength conditions are fulfilled
Strength is adequate at the
points O2
IPE 140 profile is
adequate for the
given application
8.5. Combination of Torsion and Bending

Combination of Torsion and Bending for
the Circular Cross-Section
Stress Distributions
Combination of bending and torsional stress
O2 Mz MAXIMUMS is acting at the points O1 ja O2
M diagram W
This is a plane stress state
T diagram M  epüür
diagram
MzMz
W
T Maximum Bending Stress
Neutral z
W0 Line
O1 M M y2  M z2
Mz  Max
M  
My W
W W
W
My y Maximum
My diagram
epüür
W Torsional Stress For a Circular Section
Resultant Bending moment for a
M T T D 3 D 3
W
CIRCULAR Section
 TMax   W  W0 
M  M y2  M z2 W0 2W 32 16
T
W0
Moment of Resistance
Maximum torsional Maximum bending
stresses are acting at the stresses are acting at the Polar Moment of Resistance
edge of the cross-section edge of the cross-section
Maximum Equivalent Stress for

CIRCULAR Section
At the points
O1 and O2
Stresses
 x   ΜMax
 xy   ΤMax
y 0
According to the Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca) According to the Strain Energy Theory (von Mises)
 Eq
III
  x   y   4 xy
2 2
 Eq
IV
  x2   y2   x  y  3 xy
2
M y2  M z2  T 2 M y2  M z2  0.75T 2
 III
Eq    Max 2
Μ 4  Max 2
T  
W
 IV
Eq   
Max 2
Μ 3  T 
Max 2

W
Equivalent Bending Moment
Maximum Equivalent Stress for a Circular Section
M y2  M z2  T 2 M y2  M z2  0.75T 2
 III
Eq   IV
Eq 
W W
Maximum Bending Stress for a

Circular Section
M Eq

M M M2 2  Eq 
W
or 
y z
W
W
NB! Apliccable only for CIRCULAR sections!!!

Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca) Strain Energy Theory (von Mises)
III
M Eq  M y2  M z2  T 2 IV
M Eq  M y2  M z2  0.75 T 2
Critical section of a uniform circular bar is located, where the equivalent bending moment has
maximum value
Example: Strength Analysis of a

Circular Uniform Shaft (1)
Calculate the diameter of this uniform shaft Material: steel S355 DIN 17100
Y = ReH = 355MPa Yield Strength
Shaft of a Belt Drive
[S] = 2,5 Design Factor
F1 f1
Power to be transmitted: P = 300 W
Frequency of rotation : n = 90 rev/min D1 = 60 mm Ratio of Belt
Sides’ Loads –
D2 = 100 mm calculated using
Shaft Direction of c = F/f = 2,1
D2 Euler’ formula
Rotation
General Scheme of Shaft Strength Analysis
f2 1. Bending and Twisting Loads
D1 2. Internal Forces at the Principal Planes
Driven 3. Equivalent Bending Moment

Driving Pulley
Radial-Thrust
Pulley
Bearing 4. Strength Calculation in Critical
Section(s)
All relevant dimensions are F2
shown on the structural models Radial Bearing 5. Check of Adequate Strength
1. Bending and Twisting Loads
Shaft Angular Velocity

Moment Transmitted by Shaft
2 2  rad P 300
 n  90   9.42  9.4 M    31.9  32 Nm
60 60 s  9.4
Shaft BENDING deformations are caused by: Causes the

• Belts’ tensioning forces, sfaft to TWIST
Loads of the Belts’ Sides • Transmittable loads, that act transversely
F1 f1 Relation of Shaft Twisting Moment and Belts’ Forces
Belt’ Sides’ Tensioning
 D1
 F1  f1  2
f2 Forces
D2
D D
D2 M  cf  f  2  f c - 1 2
M   M
F2  f 2 
D1
f  2
 2  c - 1D
F  cf
F2 Twisting moment is Caused by the Difference
of Belt’ Sides’ Tensioning Forces

1. Bending and Twisting Loads (2) Shaft Loads and the Principal Axes
Tensile Loads of Belts’ Sides
 M 32 FA M Prinsipal
f1  2  2  969.6  970 N Centroidal
 c - 1D1 2.1  1  0.06 Axis
F1  cf1  2.1  970  2037  2040 N
D2
 M 32 z
It is assumed, f2  2  2  581.8  582 N
 c - 1D2 2.1  1  0.10
D1
that the belt sides

F2  cf 2  2.1  582  1222.2  1230 N
are parallel
M FB
Shaft’ bending loads are the resultants of belts’ tensile loads
Prinsipal
Shaft Transverse Loads Centroidal
They cause the y
FA  F1  f1  2040  970  3010 N Axis
shaft’ bending 
deformation FB  F2  f2  1230  582  1812  1820 N The choice of the principal
centroidal axes is free for
Components of Bending Loads about the Principal Centroidal Axes circular shafts
FAy  FA  3010 N FBy  FB cos   1820  cos55   1043.9  1050 N
 
FAz  0 FBz  FB sin   1820  sin55  1490.8  1490 N Sircle has an infinite nuber

of principal centroidal axes

2. Internal Forces Diagrams about Principal Centroidal Axes
Shear forces Q are neglected
Bending Moment Diagram on x-y Plane
FA FCy FBy
FDy
Internal Forces (by the Method of Sections)
A C D B
M Cz  FA AC  3010  0.05  150.5  151 Nm x
 50 250 60
M Dz  FBy DB  1050  0.06  63 Nm 63
M Dy  FBz DB  1490  0.06  89.4  90 Nm
T A  T B  M  32 Nm y
Mz diagram, Nm
Reactions at the 151
bearings can be Bending Moment Diagram on x-z Plane
determined using the Torque Diagram
M M FBz
equations of equilibrium FCz FDz
A C D B A C D B
NB! In this problem, x x
the calculation of My diagram, Nm 90

T diagram, Nm
bearing reactions is 32
not needed!!! z

3. Diagram of Equivalent Bending Diagram of Equivalent Bending Moment
Moment
A C D B
Maximum Shear Stress Theory x
III
M Eq  M y2  M z2  T 2
32
32
Values of Equivalent Bending Moment

MEq diagram, Nm 115
III
155
M III  M A2 y  M A2 z  T A2  0 2  0 2  32 2  32 Nm
 Eq, A
M Eq,
III
C  M C2 y  M C2 z  T C2  0 2  151 2  32 2  154.3  155 Nm Maximum equivalent
 III
M Eq, D  M 2
Dy M 2
Dz T D
2
 90  63  32  114.4  115 Nm
2 2 2
bending moment is acting
 III at the cross-section C
M Eq, B  M 2
By M 2
Bz T B
2
 0 2  0 2  32 2  32 Nm
This is the critical section of UNIFORM shaft
4. Strength Calculation for Cross-Section C

Shaft Diameter for Cross-Section C
Strength Condition III
32M Eq 32  155
 III

III
M Eq

III
32 M Eq

y D3 S   3  2.5  0.0223 m  25 mm
 y   355  10 6
Eq
W D 3 S 
5. Check of Adequate Strength in Cross-Section C Stresses at the Cross-Section C
Mz diagram, MPa T diagram, MPa
Maximum Bending Stress for Cross-Section C
O2
M 32 M z 32  155 101 11
 Ο1   MMax  z    101.0  10 6 Pa  101 MPa
W D 3
  0  025 3
Neutral Line
Maximum Torsional Stress for Cross-Section C
T 16 T 16  32 z
 Ο1   TMax     10.4  10 6 Pa  11 MPa
W 0  D 3   0  025 3 Ø 25
Maximum Equivalent Stress for Cross-Section C y O1 101 11
 Eq
III
  
O1
2
 
 4  O1
2
 1012  4  112  103.3  10 6 Pa  104 MPa Check for Adequate strength via
Normal Stress
Check for Adequate Strength via
Y 355
 3.51  3.5  S   2.5
Equivalent Stress
S 
 Y 355 MMax
101
S   3.41  3.4  S   2.5
 Eq
III
104
Check for Adequate Strength
via Shear Stress
All strength conditins are fulfilled
Y 0.5  355
S  Max   16.1  16  S   2.5
Answer: Diameter of that shaft must be 25 mm T 11
Combination of Torsion and Bending

for the Rectangular Cross-Section
Rectangular Cross-Section Stresses Three Critical Points:
b Max 
Mz diagram  diagram O1 :  My
Max
; Mz
Max - Combination of maximum
Mz Th bending stresses
Corner of a Rectangle This is ONE-
DIMENSIONAL stress
O2 O2 :  Mz
Max
; Th
Max
- Combination of maximum
z  Max
Th Middle Point of bending stress and
h
Longer Edge maximum torsional stress

This is PLANE stress
O1 O3 Mz
Max O3 :  My
Max
; Tb
Max - Combination of maximum
y  Max
bending stress and
My Middle Point of
maximum torsional stress
Shorter Edge
My diagram This is PLANE stress
My
Max Critical points are
Tb diagram always located at the A point of equal criticality is
corners and at the located symmetrically to the
TbMax
middle of edges critical points above

Strength Analysis for Rectangular
Section
According to the
Combination of Normal Stresses at thePoint O1
maximums hear
stress theory
 O1    My
Max
  Mz
Max
One-Dimensional
Stress State
Combination of Normal and Shear Stress at the Points O2 and O3
 III O  
 Ekv 2  
Max 2
My  
 4  TMax
h
2
Plane Stress

   4 
States
 Ekv
III
O3   Max 2
Mz
Max 2
Tb
Strength Calculation for

Strength Condition for the Combination of
the Most Critical Point Bending and Torsion
max O1 ; Eq O2 ; Eq O3    Min Minimum Value
of the Design
Stresses
Minimum Strength Condition via Safety Factors
Safety Factor Minimum Yield
Value  Min Strength Value
SMin  Y
 S 
max O1 ; Eq O2 ; Eq O3 
Options of Strength Analysis

Methodics
Strength analysis general
methodics depend on the shape of
cross-section
Strength analysis in all

Strength analysis using M Eq critical points
equivalent bending moment  Eq 
W Critical points are located at the
corners and middle of the rectangle
Critical points are located somewhere at the circle’ perimeter edges
8.6. Practical Strength Analysis of a

Complex Mechanical Structure
Design a Sub-Frame for aTipper!
Problems
• Complex ladder frame

• Complex loading pattern
• Real loads are not known
• Should be strong enough
• Should be rigid enough
• Should be ligthweighth enough
• Should be cheap enough
NB! Many requiremenst are contradictory

New Machine after Some Period of
Use:
The box
Viltu is skewed
paiknev kast
Viltu
The paiknev kast
box is skewed
The sub-frame
Deformeerunud
is deformed
raam/vaheraam
Rigid Sub-Frame is Reliable and Safe
Kallutatav
Tipper ForceFFTõste
Tõstejõud
Lifting Lift
veokast
Box
Hydraulic cylinder
Tõstesilindri telg
axis must be
on külgsihis
strictly vertical
vertikaalne
Hydraulic
Tõstesilinder
Cylinder
Hydraulic
Cylinder for
Tõstesilinder
Tipper Box
Lifting
Tipper box
Veokast
initial Superstructure
Pealisehituse raam
algasendis
position Frame
ehkor Sub-Frame
vaheraam

Non-Rigid Sub-Frame Caused the
Failure
Kallutatav
Tipper Tõstejõud FTõsteF
Lifting Force Lift
Hydraulic cylinder veokast
Box
Tõstesilindri telg on
axis is inclined
külgsihis vertikaali
aboutkaldu
suhtes vertical
Tõstesilinder
Hydraulic Cylinder
FKülg
Lateral
Force FLat
Külgjõud
Hydraulic
Tõstesilinder
Cylinder
Vaheraami
Rear Part of
tagaosa on–
Sub-Frame
Veokast liigend
Tipper Box pöördunud
Twisted relative
raamiattagaosas
Hinge the Rear esiosa suhtes
to the front
Veokast
Tipper box of Sub-Frame
algasendis
initial Pealisehituse raam
Superstructure Vaheraami
Front Part of
position ehk vaheraam
Frame or Sub-Frame esiosa
Sub-Frame
Where Was the Mistake Made?
In the Cases of: Classical approach of strength analysis

• Complexity of structure and is difficult to apply safely
• Complexity of loading
Empirical (based on engineering experience) knowledge

must be applied
• General engineering handbooks

• Specific handbooks
• Product catalogues
• Standards (ISO, GOST, DIN, ASME, etc)
• Company standards
• Special methods, etc.

Vehicle Body Builder Instructions
were Misunderstood and Violated
Volvo nõuded
Requirements of vehicle
pealisehituse
manufacturer
konstruktsioonile
for
superstructure design
Required
Põiksideme
position of
nõutav asukoht
cross-bar
Kasti stabilisaatori
Required position of box
kinnituse nõutavfixing
stabilizer asukoht Required length
Tagumiste and design of
diagonaal-
Kasti stabilisaatori diagonal
sidemetereinforcement
nõutav ulatus
Actual position of box
kinnituse tegelik fixing
stabilizer asukoht
Actual length
Tagumiste and design
diagonaal-
sidemete tegelik ulatus
of reinforcement
Pealisehituse
Superstucture
raam
Frame ehk
of Sub-
vaheraam
Frame
Eesmine Cross-bar is absent

Front Axle
Eesmine Second Axle
Tagumine Third Axle
Priit Põdra esitelg
(F) (F) (G)(G)
esitelg tagatelg (H)
(H)of Components under Combined Loading
8. Strength 61
Mehhanosüsteemide komponentide õppetool
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Mehhanosüsteemide komponentide õppetool

8. Strength of Components under

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 1

8.1. Combination of Two Bendings

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 2

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 3

Internal Forces for Two Bendings’

Cantilever Beam Reduction of Load(s) to the Principal Axes

Resultant of the deformations acting in same

Resultant of two bending stresses at some

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 5

Location of Cross-Section Critical

Combination of two bendings Maximum

Maximum Tensile Stress z-coordinate of  Mz My Maximum

and coordinates must be considered

Special Case – Rectangular Section

8.2. Combination of Bending and Axial

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 10

Eccentrically Compressed Bar Eccentrically Tensioned Bar

Load eccentricity x Centroid

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 11

Internal Forces due to Eccentric Load

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 13

Cross-Section Critical Points

Cross-Section critical points are

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 14

z Strength Conditions for Eccentric Load

coordinates must be considered

Stress Distributions of One Sign

Stress distribution of one

OT OT Load is applied at the centroid

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 17

Special Case – Rectangular Section

8.3. Combined Stress State Analysis

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 20

ONE-DIMENSIONAL stress CAN be compared

Equivalent Stress of the Combined

Reduction of THREE-DIMENSIONAL Stress State COMBINED stress state must be reduced to

Strength Condition for COMBINED Stress State  Eq  f ( 1; 2 ; 3 )

Older Criterial Theories

Material Ductility and Brittleness

Ductility of many steels start to decrease at the temperatures (0…-10)ºC

Maximum Compressive Stress Maximum Tensile Stress

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 25

Theory of Maximum Strain

H. Tresca, 1868 J.J.Guest, 1900 Steels

Maximum Shear According to III (third) Strength

Strain Energy Theory

In the cases of combined stress state, the Each three-dimensional

General Metod for Combined Stress

According to Strain Energy’ Strength Theory (von Mises)

According to Maximum Shear Stress’ Strength Theory (Tresca) Cross-Section Cross-Section

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 31

8.4. Combination of Bending and Shear

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 32

Combination of Bending and Shear is Important:

Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 34

Dimensioning for the combination of

Example: Strength Analysis of a IPE-

Table of IPE Steel Profiles

Profilele IPE 140 fulfills the

A  16.4 cm2 I x  541 cm4