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THE SATAVAHANAS

selfstudyhistory Posted on March 7, 2015 5


THE SATAVAHANAS
In the north-western Deccan on the ruins of the Mauryan empire arose the
kingdom of the Satavahanas in the first century B.C., with its centre at
Pratishtana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra).
The Satavahana was based from Dharanikota and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh
as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra.

Origin:

The Puranas speak only of the Andhra rule and not of the Satavahana rule. On
the other hand the name Andhra does not occur in the Satvahana inscriptions.
There is a lot of controversy regarding the original home of the Satavahanas.
The kings represented in epigraphic records are mentioned in the Puranas as
Andhras, Andhra – bhrityah and Andhrajatiyah. The Aitareya Brahmana speaks
of them as the degenerate sons of Visvamitra.
Pliny the Elder(a Roman author) , quoting Megasthenes, refers to the Andhras
as a powerful race which supplied the king with an army of 1, 00,000 infantry,
2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants.
On their coins the dynasty is variously referred to as the Satavahanas or
Salavahaṇa, Satakarnis.
The Satavahanas were also called the Andhra dynasty, which has led to the
assumption that they originated in the Andhra region, the delta of the Krishna
and Godavari rivers on the east coast, from where they moved westwards up
the Godavari river, finally establishing their power in the west during the
general political confusion on the breaking up of the Mauryan empire.
A contrary opinion has also been put forward that the family originated in the
west and extended its control to the east coast, finally giving its name, Andhra,
to this region. Since the earliest inscriptions of the Satavahanas are found in
the Western Deccan, the later view may be correct. Probably, Satavahanas
declared independence some time after the death of Ashoka (232 BCE), as the
Maurya Empire began to weaken
The Satavahanas seems to begin as feudatories to the Mauryan Empire. They
seem to have been under the control of Emperor Ashoka, who claims in Rock
Edict 13 that Andhras were in his domain. among them.

Early Satavahanas:

The Early Satavahanas ruled Telangana and Andhra Pradesh


regions which were always their heartland. The Puranas list 30
rulers. Many are known from their coins and inscriptions as well.
The founder of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka. 

Simuka (230–207 BCE):

After becoming independent around 230 BCE, Simuka, the founder


of the dynasty, conquered the present-day Maharashtra and parts
of Madhya Pradesh (including Malwa).
He and his successors established their authority from the mouth
of the Krishna to the entire Deccan plateau.
Later, Simuka made srikakulam as his capital.He was succeeded
by his brother Kanha (207–189 BCE), who further extended his
state to the present day Andhra Pradesh.

Satakarni (180–124 BCE):

The earliest of the Satavahana kings to receive wide recognition


was Satakarni I, and this was due to his policy of military
expansion in all directions. He is the Lord of the west who defied
Kharavela of Kalinga(mentions him in the Hathigumpha
inscription). According to the Yuga Purana he conquered Kalinga
following the death of Kharavela. He extended Satavahana rule
over Madhya Pradesh and pushed back the Sunga from
Pataliputra (he is thought to be the Yuga Purana’s “Shata”, an
abbreviation of the full name “Shri Sata” that occurs on coins
from Ujjain), where he subsequently ruled for 10 years. His
conquests took him north of the Narmada into eastern Malva,
which at the time was being threatened by the Shakas and the
Greeks.
Satakarni I gained control of the region of Sanchi, and an
inscription there refers to him as Rajan Shri Satakarni.
His next move was in the southerly direction and on conquering
the Godavari valley he felt entitled to call himself Lord of the
Southern Regions’ (Dakshina – pathapati).
The description of Satakarni I as ‘Dakshina -pathapati in the
Nanaghat inscription of Nayanika proves that the Satavahana
dominion was not confined to western Deccan alone, but included
other areas of the Deccan and beyond.
Satakarni I performed two Asvamedha sacri ces and one Rajasuya
sacri ce.
By this time the dynasty was well established, with its capital at
kotilingala and Pratishthanapura (Paithan).
Many small rulers succeeded Satakarni, who are thought to have
been under the suzerainty of the Kanva dynasty.
Hala was one more great king of the Satavahanas who was 17th
King of the Satavahana line. He had compiled the “Gatha saptasati”
or Gaha Sattasai which mainly a text on love theme. Gatha
saptasati is in Prakrat. He is also mentioned in another text Lilavati
According to the Puranas (Matsya Purana, Vayu Purana,
Brahmanda Purana,Vishnu Purana), the Satavahana king killed
the last Kanva ruler of Magadha and presumably took possession of
his kingdom. This feat is usually thought to have been
accomplished by Pulomavi (30–6 BCE), who then ruled over
Pataliputra.

Later Satavahanas:

The 1st century CE saw another incursion of the Sakas of Central


Asia into India, where they formed the dynasty of the Western
Kshatrapas. During the reign of the Western Satrap Nahapana, the
Satavahanas lost a considerable territory to the satraps, including
eastern Malwa, Southern Gujarat, and Northern Konkan, from
Broach to Sopara and the Nasik and Pune. Coins and inscriptions
of the Shaka Chief Nahapana have been found around Nasik,
indicating the Shaka dominance in the area towards the close of
the first century A.D.

Silver coin of Nahapana, with


ruler profile and written “King
Kshaharata Nahapana”
But it must have been soon after this that the Satavahanas
regained their western possessions, for the coins of Nahapana are
often found over-struck by the name Gautamiputra Satakarni, the
king who was responsible for re-establishing Satavahana power in
this region by driving out the Shakas.

A coin of Nahapana restruck


by the Satavahana king
Gautamiputra Satakarni.
Nahapana’s profile and coin
legend are still clearly visible

Gautamiputra Satakarni (A.D. 106 -130):

Gautamiputra Satakarni is said to have destroyed the power of the


Shakas and the pride of the Khastriyas, promoted the interests of
the twice-born and stopped the mixing of the four varnas. His
achievements are recorded in glowing terms in the Nasik prasasti
by his mother Gautami Balasri.
According to the Nasik inscription,

 he is the one who crushed down the pride and conceit of the
Kshatriyas (the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and
Central India); who destroyed the Shakas (Western Kshatrapas), Yavanas
(Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),… who rooted the Khakharata
family (The Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the
Satavahana race 
He ruled over a wide area extending from the Krishna in the
south to Malwa and Saurashtra in the north and from Berar in the
east to the Konkan in the west.
To the Buddhists he made munificent donations. His patronage to
Brahmanism is revealed by the epithet ‘Ekabrahmana’.
Gautamiputra was the first Satavahana ruler to issue the portrait-
type coinage, in a style derived from the Western Satraps.
After conquering Malwa from a Saka ruler, Gautamiputra
Satakarni issued local type of coins, particularly in Malwa for
convenience of the people. On the obverse, there is the figure of
an elephant with its trunk and on the reverse, the peculiar device
of Ujjain symbol.This latter, not known on any Satavahana coins.
It was prevalent only on the coins of Malwa.
Gautamiputra Satakarni took the titles of:
Trisamudrapibatohayavahana (one whose horses had drunk
waters from 3 oceans) and Sakayavanapallavanisudana (destroyer
of Saka, Yavana and Pahlavas)
He was succeeded by his son, Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi.

Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi(78–114 CE):

He was mentioned by Ptolemy under the name Siriptolemaios


(Shri-Pulumayi).He was a contemporary of the Western satrap
Chastana.
Some of the lead coins of Sri Pulamavi depict two-masted ships, a
testimony to the seafaring and trading capabilities of the
Satavahanas during the 1st-2nd century CE.

Indian ship on lead coin of


Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi

He was succeeded by his brother Vashishtiputra Satakarni.

Vashishtiputra Sātakarni (130-160 CE):

Vashishtiputra Sātakarni was in great conflict with the Scythian


Western Kshatrapas in the West, but he eventually married the
daughter of Rudradaman I of the Western Kshatrapa dynasty, in
order to forge an alliance.
Later however, he was defeated by Rudradaman I, with serious
effect on Satavahana power and prestige as mentioned in
Junagadh rock inscription: “Rudradaman, who obtained good report
because he, in spite of having twice in fair ght completely defeated
Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha, on account of the nearness of
their connection did not destroy him.”
Vashishtiputra Sri Satakarni

Shivaskanda Satakarni

He was one of the last rulers of the Satavahana dynasty in India.


He succeeded Vashishtiputra Satakarni in 145 CE, but he was
defeated twice in battle by his Western Satrap enemy
Rudradaman

Yajna Sri Satakarni(167-196 CE):

He is considered to be the last great king of the Satavahana


Dynasty.He is known from his coins, and from the mention of his
name in the regnal lists of the Matsya Purana.
Victory over the Shakas: Yajna Sri Satakarni, defeated the Western
Satraps and reconquered their southern regions in western and
central India which led to the decline of the Western Satraps.

Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni


Satavahana Administration:

The coins, sculpture and literature of the Satavahana period are


the source of our knowledge not only in respect of the
contemporary administration but also about the political, social,
economic and religious and cultural conditions.

King:

In this period the South was ruled over by the monarchies. King
was the highest official of the Government and his office was
hereditary.
They did not assume high sounding titles. Similarly, the Satavahana
rulers did not believe in divine rights of a king and they carried
administration in accordance with the directives of the Dharma
Shastras and the social customs.They had no absolute power.
Their power was checked in practice by customs and shastras.
The king himself led his armies in the battle-field and was
commander-in-chief of his forces.
There was also a council of ministers to aid and advise him for
carrying out the administration properly.
The king was the head of the Government as well as the protector
to his people. The Satavahana kings regarded their subjects as
their own children and always looked after their welfare.

Feudatories:

A peculiar feature of the Satavahana administration was the


presence of feudatories of different grade.They had divided their
empire among a number of feudal chiefs who managed the land
revenue system and looked after the administration.
There were three grades of feudatories – the ‘Raja’, the ‘Mahabhoja’
and the ‘Maharathi or ‘Senapati”. The ‘Raja’ belonged to the highest
grade. He had the right to impose taxes and to strike coins. Next in
rank was the mahabhoja and maharathi. Both titles from the
beginning were hereditary and restricted to a few families in a
few localities. Probably mahabhoja ranked higher than that of
maharathi.
The mahabhojas were primarily located in western Deccan. They
were related by blood to the feudatory maharathi.
Towards the close of the Satavahana period two more feudatories
were created Mahasenapathi and them mahataralavara.
Satvahana started the practice of granting tax free villages to
brahamanas and Buddhist monks. The cultivated fields and
villages granted to them were declared free from molestation by
royal policemen, soldiers etc. Brahamanas helped enforce the
rules of Varna system which made society stable and Buddhist
monks preached peace and rule of good conduct among people
and taught them to respect political authority.

Administrative Units and o cers:

They retained soe of the admin units found in Ashokan times. Like
districts were called Ahara (Mahamatta as officer of Ahara).
Officers were known as Amatya and Mahamatta.
Barring districts that were controlled by feudatories, the empire
was divided into janapadas and aharas, the latter corresponding to
modern districts. The division below that of ahara was grama.
Non-hereditary governors were subject to periodical transfers.
The highest official in a province was ‘Amatya’ or minister. His
office was not hereditary. Men of proven ability were appointed to
this official. A village was administered by a ‘Gramika’.
There we several officials to help the king. Out of them, the most
important were ‘Senapati, ‘Mahabhoja’, ‘Koshadhyaksha’, ‘Rajadoof,
‘Amatya’ etc.
There was also a special official called ‘Uparakshita’ who was
charged with the duty of building caves etc. for the monks. The
‘bhikshus’ (monks) and Brahmanas were held in high esteem and
they too observed and preached high standards of conduct. They
were beyond the ordinary laws of the Government.
Local Administration:

In this period, the local administration had its own importance.


There were separate organization to look after the administration
of the towns and the villages.
The towns were administered by a body called the ‘Nagarsabha’
while in villages there were ‘Gram Sabhas’. These organizations
carried their functions independently without any interference.

Military Administration:

The military administration of the Satavahanas was also quite


efficient. Their army consisted of foot soldiers, cavalry and
elephants. Foot soldiers or infantry was the backbone of the army
and they formed the vanguard and were flanked on either side by
horses and elephants. The soldiers used swords, spears, axes and
armours as weapons of war.
It was by dint of efficient military administration that the
Satavahanas succeeded in expanding their empires. They kept a
regiment posted in each village for maintaining peace and order.
They were maintained at the expense of the rural inhabitants.
The administrator of rural areas was gaulmika, who was the head
of a military regiment of 9 chariots, 9 elephants, 25 horses and 45
foot soldiers. The head of army platoon was therefore posted in
the countryside to maintain peace and order.Kataka and
Skandhavaras were military camps and settlements.
Thus coercion played a ky role in the Satavahana admin.

Social Condition:

The Satavahanas were Brahmanas. Therefore, Brahmansnism


made rapid strides under their rule. The Brahmanas were
accorded the highest place. Effort was also made to revice the
Varna system. In their bid to exalt Brahmanism the Smritis
declared that a ten years old Brahman would be more revered
than a 100 years old Kshatriya. Satavahanas were first rulers to
make land grant to Brahmanas.
The orthodox brahamanas of the north looked upon Andhras as a
mixed caste. This shows that Andhras might be earlier  tribal
people who were brought within the fold of brahmanical society.
The Satavahana society was divided into four classes. This division
was based on economic activity and status. The rst class
consisted of high officials and feudatory chief who ruled over
provinces and districts. The second class included petty officers
like Amatyas Mahamatras and wealthy traders. In the third class
were the middle class peoples such as Vaidyas or physicians,
writers, peasants, goldsmiths, perfumers etc. The fourth class were
constituted of the lowest vocations such as carpenters,
blacksmiths, fishermen and gardeners.
Increasing craft and commerce n this period brought many
merchants and artisans to the forefront.Merchants took pride in
naming themselves after the towns they belonged.
Artisans and merchants made generous donation to Buddhist
cause.
Among artisans, gandhikas or perfumers are mentioned as donors
in small memorial tablet set up by them. At later stage, the term
gandhika became  so general a to connote all kinds of shopkeepers.
(Modern title Gandhi is derived from it).

Family Structure:

There were the four divisions of the society. The smallest unit was
the family in which the eldest living member commanded the
greatest respect. He was called the ‘Grihapati and was obeyed by
all the other members of the family.
Women were honoured. They were given higher education and
they took part in religious functions. Some of the rulers even
added their mother’s name to their own name, such as
Gautamiputra, Vashishthiputra, Pulumavi, Kaushakiputra etc.
This practice itself reveals that the status of women was much
high. Sometimes, women assumed guardianship of their minor
sons and acted as their regents. They also took part in the
Ashvamedhas.

Marriages:

Gautamiutra Satakarni established 4 fold Varna system and put an


end to the intermarriage between people of different social order.
Such a confusion was probably caused by saka infiltration and by
superficial brahmanisation of the tribe living in Deccan.
Mixed marriages were considered obnoxious though there are
some instances of such marriages. Vashishthiputra Pulumavi
himself married the daughter of the Saka ruler Rudradaman thus
giving respectability to such marriages.
In this period, inter marriages among the Hindus and foreign
tribes of the Sakas, the parthians and the Greeks were freely
consummated so that these foreigners were absorbed forever in
the Hindu social order mostly as Kshatriyas.

Economic Condition:

Agriculture and trade were prosperous. Life of the common man


was happy as he was well- provided with all facilities of life. They
were economically well-off. They inherited many traits of the
material culture of the Mauryas and made their life better and
well off. There was a free fusion of local elements and northern
ingredients under them.
Town and other material Culture:

They learnt the use of coins, burnt bricks, art of writing and ring
wells from the Mauryas and ontacts with north and added much
to the advancement of their material life.
In Peddabankur in Karimnagar district, we find regular use of re
baked bricks and use of  flat, perforated roof tiles, which
contributed to the longevity of construction.
Towns appeared in Maharshtra by 1st century BC and in the
astern deccan a century later. Pliny informs us that the Andhra in
the eastern deccan included 30 walled town.

Royal earrings, 1st Century


BCE

Taxes:

The taxes were neither heavy nor many. The sources of income
were proceeds from the royal domain, salt monopoly ordinary
and extraordinary taxes both soldiers and officials were paid in
kind.

Agriculture:

Under the Satavahanas, agriculture was prosperous and the


village’s economy was developed. Rice was cultivated in the
territory between the Krishna and Godavari rivers. Cotton was
also produced. The peasants used implements made of iron which
were extensively used. There were also wells for irrigation.

Trade and Industry:

Encouragement was given to trade and industry. The traders and


those engaged in other professions had their own guilds or
‘sanghas’. Coin dealers, potters, oil pressers and metal workers had
their own guilds. These guilds looked after the collective interests
of their trade and worked for their common uplift. These guilds
were recognized by the Government and worked as bankers also.
Both internal and external to trade and industry. The external or
foreign trade was carried through the famous ports of Supara,
Broach and Kalyan. India and trade relations with countries like
Arabia, Egypt and Rome. In the far eastern countries, Indian
traders established their own settlements and preach Indian
culture. They referred to these countries as ‘Swargabhoomi’ or
paradise. India exported cotton, textiles, spices etc. India imported
wine, glass and items of luxury.
The inland trade was also prosperous. Travel between the north
and south of India were much easy as the roads and transport
were better.
Several towns sprang up in Maharashtra during this period.
Paithan, Nasik and Junar were big markets and centers of trade. In
the south-east Vijaypur and Narsela were well-known trade cen-
ters.
There were guilds of traders as well and they carried trade in
groups. To encourage trade, the Satavahna kings struck numerous
coins of gold, silver, copper and bronze.
Increasing trade is indicated by Roman and Satavahana coins.

Coinage:

The Satavahanas are the first native Indian rulers to issue their
own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king
Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the
Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-
Greek kings to the northwest.
Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology,
language, and even facial features (curly hair, long ears and
strong lips). They issued mainly lead, copper, bronze coins; their
portrait-style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the
Western Kshatrapa kings.
The Ikshvakus, who succeded the Satavahanas in the early 3rd
century AD in eeastern Deccan also issued their coins.
The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods,
used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends
are in Kannada & Telugu language,which seems to have been in
use in their heartland abutting the Godavari, Kotilingala,
Karimnagar in Telangana, Krishna, Amaravati, Guntur in Andhra
Pradesh.
Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as
elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the “Ujjain
symbol“, a cross with four circles at the end.
The legendary Ujjayini Emperor Vikramditiya on whose name the
Vikram Samvat is initiated might be Satakarni II a Satavahana
emperor as the Ujjayini symbol also appeared on the Satavahana
coins.

Religious Condition:
During the Satavahana period, both Hinduism and Buddhism
spread rapidly. The Satavahana rulers were the followers of
Brahmanism. They performed Aswamedha Yajnas and gave
donations to Brahmanas.
Indra, Surya (The Sun God), Chandra, (the Moon God), Vasudeva,
Krishna, Pasupati and Gauri etc. were various Gods and
Goddesses worshipped by the people. Shaivism and Vaishnavism
were most popular form of Hinduism. The Brahmans occupied the
highest position in the society.
The Satavahana kings were Brahmanas but they showed tolerance
towards other faiths such as to Buddhism as well. They gave
similar donations to Buddhism as they did for the Hinduism.
Consequently, Buddhism too spread in this period. At many places,
the Buddhist caves, chaityas and stupas were built.
Almost all the caves in the south belonged to the Buddhists.
Sometimes, grants of land were made for the maintenance of
these chaityas, viharas and stupas as well as for the monks or
bhikshus. In this period, there were several sects of Buddhism in
the south and various classes of monks were always busy to
preach the Buddhist doctrines.
They built great stupas in the Krishna River Valley, including the
stupa at Amaravati. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and
sculpted with scenes from the life of the Buddha, portrayed in a
characteristic slim and elegant style. The Satavahana empire
colonized Southeast Asia and spread Indian culture to those parts.
The Amaravati style of sculpture spread to Southeast Asia at this
time.

An aniconic representation of
Mara’s assault on the Buddha,
2nd century, Amaravati

Nagarjunakonda and Amravati in Andhra Padesh became


important seats of Buddhist Culture under Satavahanas and more
so under their successors, the Ikshvakus.
Similarly Buddhism flourished in Nasik and Junar areas in
Western Deccan in Maharashtra supported by traders.
The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the
Buddhist stupa of Sanchi. The gateways and the balustrade were
built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by
them. An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves
of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana
Emperor Satakarni:
One significant development of this period was the admission of
the foreign races of the Sakas, Greeks, Kushans and Abhiras to the
folds of Hinduism or Buddhism. They became an integral part of
the Indian society. They were quite tolerant and exchanged gifts
on religious festivals and other occasions.

Note:-

ASI’s Kondapur excavations

ASI, 2009-11 ASI, 2014

Found
Stupa &
other Found images of Lajja Gowri – the Fertility
Buddhist Goddess for Tantric worshippers. Meaning
structures Satvahan kings followed Tantric Cult.
Hence Alters & animal bones. Meaning Satvahan
believed kings scarified animals to seek male child.
Kondapur Kaolin (lime+clay) image of a Brahmin
is a priest embracing the king
Buddhist
site.

Literature:

The Satavahana rulers were lovers of literature. Under their


patronage, great progress was made in the field of literature. Most
of the Satavahana rulers were themselves learned and had special
interest in literature.
Languages were:   Prakrit, Sanskrit and Local languages. In this
period, the Prakrit language and literature developed
significantly.
They extended patronage to the Prakrit language and wrote most
of their inscriptions in that language. The Satvahana King Hala
was a poet of high order. He composed ‘Gatha Saptasati(700
stories) in Prakrti. It has 700 shloakas.
Hala also patronized several scholars who lived in his court.
Gunadhya, the great scholar who wrote ‘Brihat Katha- manjari’ lived
in his court. Brihat Katha was in Paisachi language. It narrates the
story of Naravahanadatta (Kuber- the God with Nara as vehicle)
Another scholar Sarva Varman wrote a treatise on the Sanskrit
Grammar.

Architecture:

Marked progress was made in the field of architecture as well. The


Satvahana rulers took interest in building caves, viharas or
monasteries, chaityas or large halls with a number of columns and
stupas.
Most of the rock caves in the Deccan were cut during this period.
These caves were big and beautiful. The caves, monasteries,
chaityas and stupas of Orissa, Nasik, Karle and Bhuj are fine
specimen of contemporary architecture and decoration.
Chaitya was a large hall with a number of columns. The Vihara had
a central Hall. One could enter this hall by a doorway from a
varandah in front.
The Chaitya of Karle was most famous. It is 40 metres long, 15
metres wide and 15 metres high. It has rows of 15 columns on
each side.Each of these columns is built on a stair like  square
plinth. Each pillar has a capital figure of an elephant, a horse or a
rider on the top. The roof-tops are also decorated with elegant
carvings.
The viharas were meant as places of residence for the monks. At
Nasik, there are three viharas carrying the inscriptions of
Gautmiputra and Nahapana.
The most famous of these monuments are the stupas. Among them
the Amravati Stupa and the Nagarjunakonda Stupa are most
famous. The stupa was a large round structure built over some
relic of the Buddha. The Amravati Stupa measures 162 metres
across the base and its height is 100 feet. Both these stupas are full
of sculptures. The Nagarjunakonda town contains not only the
Buddhist monuments but also some ancient Hindu brick temples.

Amaravati Stupa relief

Many sculptures were made during this period. Most of the


sculptures of this period depict scenes from the life of the Buddha.
At Amravati, there is a beautiful scene showing Buddha’s feet
being worshipped. The scene, showing Buddha preaching at
Nagarjunakonda, is pervaded with serenity and calm. (More about
Sculptures will be discussed in Amaravati and other School of Arts in
separate chapter)

To Know more about Karle and Kanheri architectures, Click Here

To know more about Nasik and Nagarjunakonda architectures, Click


Here

To Know more about Amaravati architectures, Click Here

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Daily Problem Practice [World History: Week 17]- 6 February


5 THOUGHTS ON “THE SATAVAHANAS”

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Ravi0421
September 11, 2016 at 6:21 am

Thank you so much sir! It helps a lot for History optional students. Are
you guys also preparing for this year’s exam?

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Selfstudyhistory
September 11, 2016 at 6:23 am

I am in IRS so appearing again for improvement.

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 Reply
Siddhant Singh
November 7, 2016 at 11:25 am

sir, is compulsory to complete every topic of syllabus in


HISTORY OPTIONAL

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Siddhant Singh
November 7, 2016 at 11:27 am

the topics of this site are su cient? are further study is required……

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