Energy Conversion

Lecture 6: Hydropower

Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Electromechanical components and its sizing
 Sizing of electromechanical components
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

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Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Types of turbines and its sizing
 Types of generator and its sizing
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

Components of hydropower plant

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Intake weir
 The Intake weir – a barrier built across the river used to
divert water through an opening in the riverside (the
‘Intake’ opening) into a settling basin.
 The functions of intake weir :
◦ to divert the river flow into the Intake
◦ to prevent the Sediment/silts to pass through

Setteling bassin
 Settling Basin-The settling basin is used to trap sand or
suspend the silt from the water before entering the
penstock.
 Function of settling basin : to trap sand or suspend the silt
from the water

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Headrace
 Headrace – A channel leading the water to a head tank.
The headrace follows the contour of the hillside so as to
preserve the elevation of the diverted water.

Headrace

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Head tank (forebay tank)
 Head-tank - Pond at the top of a penstock or
pipeline; serves as final settling basin, maintains
the required water level of penstock inlet and
prevents foreign debris entering the penstock.

Penstock
 Penstock – A close conduit or pressure
pipe for supplying water under pressure to
a turbine.

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Power house
 A water turbine is a machine to directly
convert the kinetic energy of the flowing
water into a useful rotational energy while
a generator is a device used to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Types of turbines and its sizing
 Types of generator and its sizing
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

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 What is hydropower?

Energy of falling stone

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What is hydropower?
 Energy of falling stone depends
on
◦ Height
◦ Weight of the stone

Height

 Energy of hydropower
◦ Height  Head
◦ Weight of the water  Discharge
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Discharge measurement – method 1
 Using electromagnetic current meter
 (1) Three-points measuring method
◦ Vm = 0.25×( V0.2 + 2V0.6 + V0.8 )
 (2) Two-points measuring method
◦ Vm = 0.50×( V0.2 + V0.8 )
 (3) One-point measuring method
◦ Vm = V0.6
 (4) Surface measuring method
◦ Vm = 0.8×Vs
 where:
◦ Vm: Mean velocity
◦ Vs: Surface velocity
◦ V0.2:Velocity at the depth of 20% below the water surface
◦ V0.6:Velocity at the depth of 60% below the water surface
◦ V0.8:Velocity at the depth of 80% below the water surface

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Discharge measurement – method 2

 Float measuring method

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Discharge measurement – method 2
 Vm = C×Vmean
 C: (1) Concrete channel which cross section is uniform = 0.85
 (2) Small stream where a riverbed is smooth = 0.65
 (3) Shallow flow (about 0.5ｍ) = 0.45
 (4) Shallow and riverbed is not flat = 0.25

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Discharge measurement – method 2

 Float measuring method

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Discharge measurement – method 3
 Weir measuring method

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Discharge measurement – method 4

 Bucket method

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Head measurement – method 1
 Clear hose method

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Head measurement – method 2

 Spirit level and plank method

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Head measurement – method 3
 The principle of the altimeter is that it
measures atmospheric pressure.
 This method is useful in case of long survey
distance or bad visibility.
 However, several measurements is required.
since in one measurement, accuracy is not
expectable by changes during the day in
temperature, atmospheric pressure and
humidity.

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Head measurement – method 1

 Sighting meters method
 Hand-hold sighting meters measure angle of inclination of a slope
 They are often called clinometers or Abney levels).
 A head is calculated by the following formula using a vertical angle
that is measured by a hand-hold sighting meter, and a hypotenuse
distance measured by a tape measure.

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Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Types of turbines and its sizing
 Types of generator and its sizing
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

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Conditions for optimum installed

capacity

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Generation side conditions (1)
Hydrograph shows how flow varies throughout the year and
how many months in a year that a certain flow is exceeded.

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Generation side conditions (1)

The hydrograph is converted to flow duration curve simply
by taking all the flow records over many years and placing
them with the highest figures on the left and the lower figure
placed progressively over to the right.

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Generation side conditions (2)

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Flow duration curve

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Generation side conditions (3)

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Generation side conditions (4)

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Generation side conditions (5)

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Generation side conditions (6)

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Generation side conditions (7)

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Demand side conditions (1)

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Demand side conditions (2)

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Demand side conditions (3)

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Demand side conditions (3)

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Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Types of turbines and its sizing
 Types of generator and its sizing
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

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Turbine types (1)

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Turbine types (2)

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Turbine types (3)

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Turbine types (4)

Francis turbine

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Turbine types (5)

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Turbine types (6)

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 Turbine types (7)

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Turbine characteristics (1)

1. Specific speed
1.1 Definition of specific speed Ns

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 Turbine characteristics (2)
1. Specific speed
1.2 Specific speed of crossflow turbine

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Turbine characteristics (3)

1. Specific speed
1.3 Applicable range of turbine

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 Turbine characteristics (4)
2. Turbine efficiency
2.1 Definition of turbine efficiency

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Turbine characteristics (5)

2. Turbine efficiency
2.2 Turbine efficiency for basic design

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 Basic design of turbines (1)

Refer to
turbine 3.4
selection chart
(slide 8)
3.5
3.1

3.2

3.3

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Basic design of turbines (2)

3.1 Estimation of turbine output

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 Basic design of turbines (3)
3.2 Calculation of applicable maximum specific speed

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Basic design of turbines (4)

3.3 Calculation of maximum rotational speed

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 Basic design of turbines (5)
3.4 Selection of turbine rotational speed

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Basic design of turbines (6)

3.5 Recalculation of specific speed

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Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Types of turbines and its sizing
 Types of generator and its sizing
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

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Classification (1)

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Classification (2)

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Basic design of generator (4)

4.3

4.4
Refer to slides
23&24 4.5

4.1 4.5
4.1

4.2

4.3

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 Basic design of generator (5)
4.1 Frequency and rotational speed (1)

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Basic design of generator (6)

4.1 Frequency and rotational speed (2)

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 Basic design of generator (7)
4.2 Rated voltage

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Basic design of generator (8)

4.3 Rated power factor (1)

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 Basic design of generator (9)
4.3 Rated power factor (2)

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Basic design of generator (10)

4.3 Rated power factor (3)

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 Basic design of generator (11)
4.4 Output

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Basic design of generator (12)

4.5 Rated capacity and current

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 Topics covered
 Components of micro/mini hydropower plant
 Hydropower potential
 Optimal installed capacity
 Types of turbines and its sizing
 Types of generator and its sizing
 Hydropower status in Cambodia

71

Credit: Chea Piseth, Generation Department, EDC

Credit: Chea Piseth, Generation Department, EDC

Viet
Country Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand
Nam

Status of tributary projects

Existing 1 17 7 12

Under construction 0 12 0 2

Licensed 1 23 0 0

Planned 10 42 0 1

Status of mainstream project

Under construction 0 1 0 0

Licensed 1 3 0 0

Planned 1 4 0 0

Total in each country 14 102 7 15

Tran-boundary hydropower (Laos & Thailand): 2 Projects (Planned)

Total in LMB 140 Hydropower Projects

Installed capacity (MW)

Total in each country 4,808 18,196 745 2,646

Total installed capacity for Tran-boundary projects: 1,739 MW

Total in LMB (MW) 28,134

Credit: Chea Piseth, Generation Department, EDC
SUMMARY OF STATUS OF PROJECTS (CONDITION FEBRUARY 2013):
Status1/ E C L PP PH Total
Existing Under Construction Licensed Planned (Level 1) Planned (Level 2) Total
Country Main- Main- Main- Main- Main- Main- All
Tributary Tributary Tributary Tributary Tributary Tributary
stream stream stream stream stream stream Projects
Cambodia 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 12 14
Lao PDR 17 1 12 3 23 4 18 24 8 94 102
Thailand 7 7 7
Vietnam 12 2 1 15 15
Lao-Thai 1 1 2 2
Total LMB 37 1 14 4 24 5 20 2 33 12 128 140

SUMMARY OF INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS:

Status1/ E C L PP PH Total
Existing Under Construction Licensed Planned (Level 1) Planned (Level 2) Total
Country Main- Main- Main- Main- Main- Main- All
Tributary Tributary Tributary Tributary Tributary Tributary
stream stream stream stream stream stream Projects
Cambodia 1 400 2,600 100 978 729 3,578 1,230 4,808
Lao PDR 2,830 1,285 1,094 1,746 3,922 4,652 1,505 1,162 7,683 10,513 18,196
Thailand 745 745 745
Vietnam 2,283 314 49 2,646 2,646
Lao - Thai 660 1,079 1,739 1,739

Total LMB 5,858 1,285 1,408 2,406 4,322 7,252 1,654 2,057 1,891 13,000 15,134 28,134

Credit: Chea Piseth, Generation Department, EDC

Credit: Chea Piseth, Generation Department, EDC

Thank You