FUNDAMENTAL TYPES Classification of epithelia

OF TISSUES 1. Fundamental type of tissue – Epithelial tissue

1. Epithelial 2. Types of Epithelial tissue
2. Connective A. Membranous Epithelium - epithelial cells
3. Muscular covering surfaces and lining cavities
4. Nervous A.1 Subtypes of epithelial tissue -describe the number
of layers of cells
i. simple epithelium – one layer of epithelial cell on a
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES - one of the fundamental types
basement membrane or basal lamina
of tissues of the body

Composition:
a. Epithelial cells
b. Extra/intercellular substance
Characteristics: ii. stratified epithelium – describe 2 or more layers of
1. consists of contiguous cells in apposition over a epithelial cell on top of a basement membrane
large portion of their surface
2. cells rest on a continuous extracellular layer, called
the basal lamina
3. absence of blood vessels among the cells
(avascularity)
4. cells are arranged in sheets or layers
iii. pseudostratified epithelium – described one layer
of epithelial cell on basement membrane but cells
Functions:
have different sizes, nucleus are located in different
1. forms a boundary layer that controls the movement
areas inside the cell
of substances between the external and internal
environment
2. may be specialized for absorption and secretion
3. may bear motile cilia to move a film of fluid or
mucus over its surface
4. on the exterior of the body, resists abrasion and
dehydration
iv. transitional epithelium – the thickness of the layer
of epithelial cells varies when the organ functions at
Origins of Epithelium: rest the layer is thick, when in function it becomes
thin ( vice versa )
Three Primary Germ Layers

1. ectoderm- epidermis, glandular appendages of the

skin
MESOTHELIUM OF PLEURA ( Simple Squamous
2. mesoderm- vascular endothelium, kidneys,
Epithelium )
reproductive tracts

3. endoderm- intestinal tract, liver, pancreas, lungs

A.2 Specific subtypes of membranous epithelium all other glands except goblet cells

C. Based on the nature of secretions

According to shape of the cell of the uppermost
1. Mucous gland- secretes a thick and viscid product
number of layer
goblet cells
A SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
1.a. Simple squamous epithelium
2. Serous gland- secretes a thin and watery product
- endothelium, mesothelium, parietal layer of
- Parotid gland
Bowmans capsule, pulmonary alveoli
1.b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
3. Muco-serous gland- mixed secretion
- cells lining thyroid follicles, germinal epithelium of
submandibular gland
ovary, ducts of many glands
-sublingual gland
1.c. Simple columnar epithelium
a. non-ciliated
4. Cytogenic glands – glands that produce cells
- lining of the GIT and gallbladder
testis
b. ciliated
ovaries
- lining of the uterus and fallopian tubes
D. Based on the fate of secretory cells during active
B. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
secretion
ii.a. Stratified squamous epithelium
1. Merocrine gland - there is no destruction of the
a. non-keratinized / non cornified
secretory cells
- lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
-Sweat gland
b. keratinized / cornified, epidermis
Ii.b. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
2. Apocrine gland - there is partial destruction of
- lining cells of the ducts of sweat and sebaceous
secretory cells
glands
Mammary gland
ii.c Stratified columnar epithelium
- lining cells of the ducts of salivary and mammary
3. Holocrine gland - there is total destruction of
glands
secretory cells
Sebaceous gland

E. Glands according to morphology

Ex. Tubulom, Alveolar, Tubuloalveolar

II. CONNECTIVE tissue

is characterized by large amounts of extracellular
materials that separate cells from one another.
Components of Extracellular Material/ Matrix

1. Protein fiber
1.a Collagen
B. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM 1.b Reticular
A. Based on the presence or absence of ducts 1.c Elastic
1. endocrine gland- ductless glands
- thyroid, pituitary 2. Ground substance
is the shapeless background against which cells and
2. exocrine- with ducts collagen fibers are seen in the light microscope.
- sweat gland, salivary glands An important component is proteoglycans made up of
protein and polysaccharide
B. Based on the number of cells
1. unicellular gland 3. Fluid
goblet cells
2. multicellular gland
FUNCTIONS 3. Elastic ligaments

1. Enclosing and separating tissues

2. Connecting tissues to one another
3. Supporting and moving
4. Storing energy
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
7. Protecting

CLASSIFICATION
CARTILAGE
1. Loose or Areolar
consists of collagen and elastic fiber is composed of cartilage cells or chondrocytes.
most common cells found are fibroblast
Fibroblast, are responsible for the production of the Types:
fibers of the matrix. a. Hyaline- most abundant of the cartilages and it
covers bones, forms joints, costal cartilages that
2. Adipose - consists of collagen and elastic tissue but attach ribs to sternum.
is not a typical connective tissue
adipose cells are filled with lipids and function to
store energy
it also acts as a pad and thermal insulator

3. Dense Connective tissue

consists of densely packed fibers.

Two types: b. Fibrocartilage- has more collagen than does hyaline

1. Dense Collagenous- has extracellular matrix cartilage.
consisting mostly of collagen fibers.
Example: It is found in the disks between vertebrae and some
1. Tendons joints.
2. Ligaments
3. Dermis
4. Capsule

2. Dense Elastic- has abundant elastic fibers among

collagen fibers.
Example:
1. Vocal cords
2. Walls of large arteries
 BLOOD

is unique because the matrix is liquid, enabling blood

cells to move through blood vessels.
c. Elastic- contains elastic fibers that appear as coiled
fibers among bundles of collagen fibers.
The external ear, epiglottis and auditory tube contain
elastic fibers.

III. MUSCLE TISSUE – Muscle contraction is a result of

contractile proteins located within the muscle cells.
Types of Muscle tissue
a. Skeletal - 40% of the persons body weight. It is
attached to the skeletal system and it enables a
person to move voluntarily.
BONE

is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells

and a mineralized matrix.
bone cells or osteocytes are located within the spaces
in the matrix
called lacunae.

Two types of bone b. Cardiac- muscle of the heart and is responsible for
a. Compact pumping blood.
b. Cancellous It is involuntary and they are have a characteristic
feature which is the presence of intercalated disks.

c. Smooth
forms the walls of the hollow organs and also is found
in the skin and the eyes.
It is responsible for movement of food through
digestive system and emptying of the urinary system.

IV. NERVOUS TISSUE

forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is

responsible for coordinating and controlling many
bodily activities.

And this is dependent on the ability of the cell to

communicate to one another by electrical signals
called action potential.

Nervous tissue contains very important cells which

are neurons and neuroglia
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1. skin- largest organ in the body

2. skin appendages
Composed of:
a. sweat gland
b. sebaceous gland
c. hairs
d. nails

SKIN- also called integument

- simply means “covering” EPIDERMIS
- superficial protective layer of the skin
- composed of Stratified Squamous Keratrinized
Epithelium that varies in thickness
- all but the deepest layers of epidermis are composed
of dead cells
- composed of 4-5 layers, depending on its location
within the body
- palms & soles have five layers because these areas
are exposed to most
friction

Layers of Epidermis
(from within outwards/ deep to superficial)

FUNCTIONS: 1. Stratum Basale- Composed of single layer of cells in

contact with the dermis
1. keeps water and other precious molecules in the
body
4 types of cells in the stratum basale
2. keeps water out (so one can swim for hours without
a.) keratinocytes -produce keratin which toughens &
becoming waterlogged)
waterproofs skin
3. protects the body from external agents
4. insulates and cushions deeper body organs
b.) melanocytes- synthesize the pigment melanin
5. protects body from mechanical damage (bumps &
providing a protective barrier to
cuts), chemical damage (from acids and bases) ,
UV radiation in sunlight
thermal damage (heat & cold) ultraviolet radiation,
c.) tactile cells (Merkel cells)- aid in tactile (touch)
and bacteria
reception
6. regulates heat loss from body surface
7. acts as a mini-excretory system; urea, salt, water
d.) non-pigmented granular dendrocytes ( Langerhans
are lost when we sweat
cells)
8. manufactures several proteins important to
- protective macrophagic cells that ingest bacteria &
immunity
other foreign debris
9. storage of vitamin D precursor
10. contains cutaneous receptors that serve as 2. Stratum Spinosum (Spiny layer)
sensors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain - Contains several stratified layer of cells
- Spiny appearance due to changed shape of
keratinocytes
TWO PRINCIPAL LAYERS
- With limited mitosis
1. EPIDERMIS - This layer plus stratum basale are collectively called
Stratum Germinativum
2. DERMIS
3. Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer) MELANIN
- Consists of only 3-4 flattened rows of cells
brown-black pigment produced by the melanocytes of
- Cells here appear granular due to the presence of
stratum basale
keratohyaline granules
guards skin against damaging effect of ultraviolet rays
4. Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer)
of sunlight
- Nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer
gradual exposure to sunlight promotes increased
visible so this layer appears clear
production of melanin; hence tanning of skin
- Exists only in the lips & the thickened skin of soles&
in albino, there is a normal number of melanocytes
palms
but lacks enzyme
- Contains a transluscent substance called eleidin
tyrosinase, that converts the amino acid tyrosine to
5. Stratum Corneum (Hornlike layer)
melanin
- Composed of 25-30 layers of flattened, scale-like
“freckles” - caused by aggregated patch of melanin
anucleated cells, which are continuously shed as flake-
“vitiligo”- lack of melanocytes in localized areas of the
like residues of cells
skin causing distinct white spots
- This surface layer is cornified and is the real
protective layer of the skin
- Cornification is brought on by keratinization and the
hardening, flattening process that takes places as the
cells die and are pushed to the surface
- Friction at the surface of skin stimulates additional
mitotic activity of stratum basale, resulting in the
formation of a callus for additional protection

COLORATION OF THE SKIN

Caused by expression of a combination of 3 pigments:

1. melanin
2. carotene
3. hemoglobin
 2. Acquired Lines:
Deep Flexion Creases- found on the palms
Shallow Flexion Lines- seen on knuckles and surface
of other joints
Furrows in the forehead and face (wrinkles)
- acquired from continual contraction of facial
muscles, such as from smiling or squinting in bright
light or against the wind; facial lines become more
strongly delineated as person ages
CAROTENE

a yellowish pigment found in epidermal cells & fatty LANGER LINES

parts of dermis - lines of tension in the skin produced by the
abundant in skin of Asians orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in
together with melanin, accounts for the yellowish-tan nonrandom pattern of arrangement
color in Asians - surgical incision should be made parallel to Langer
lines to promote better wound healing

HEMOGLOBIN

not a pigment of the skin, rather it is the oxygen-

binding pigment found in RBC
DERMIS
oxygenated blood flowing through the dermis gives
the skin its pinkish tones deeper and thicker than the epidermis
a strong and stretchy envelope that helps to hold the
body together
blood vessels within the dermis nourish the living
portion of the epidermis
with numerous collagenous, elastic, and reticular
fibers that gives support to the skin
highly vascular and glandular contains many nerve
endings and hair follicles

LAYERS OF DERMIS

Layers of the Dermis

SURFACE PATTERNS
1. Congenital Patterns:
+ fingerprints or friction ridges
- present on palms and soles
- formed by the pull of elastic fibers within the dermis
- function to prevent slippage when grasping objects
1. Papillary Layer
- In contact with the epidermis
- Accounts for about 1/5 of the entire dermis
- With numerous projections called Dermal Papillae,
that extend from the upper portion of the dermis into
the epidermis
- Dermal papillae contain capillary loops, which
furnish nutrients to the epidermis
- Some papillae house pain receptors (free nerve
endings) and touch
receptors (Meissner’s Corpuscles)
- Dermal papillae form the base for the friction ridges
on the fingers and
toes
2. Reticular Layer
- deepest skin layer
- contains blood vessels, sweat & oil glands, and deep
pressure receptors
(Pacinian corpuscles)
- many phagocytes are found here; they engulf
bacteria that have managed to get through the
epidermis
CUTANEOUS GLANDS
- all exocrine glands (they release secretions to skin
surface via ducts)
1. Sebaceous Glands
2. Sweat Glands
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
-found all over the skin, except on palms and soles
- ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some
open directly onto skin surface
secretion is called sebum, a mixture of oily substance
and fragmented cells that keeps skin soft and moist
and prevents hair from becoming brittle
- if the drainage pathway for sebaceous glands
becomes blocked for some reason, the glands may
become infected, resulting in acne
- sebum also contains chemicals that kill bacteria
-become very active when sex hormones are
produced in increased amounts during adolescence,
thus skin is oilier during this period of life
SWEAT GLANDS
- also called sudoriferous glands
- widely distributed in the skin; numerous in palms,
sole , axillary & pubic regions
- secretion evaporates and cools the body
2 types:
1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
1. MEROCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
more numerous and found all over the body especially
in forehead, back, palms, and soles
secretion reaches skin surface via a duct that opens
directly on surface of skin through sweat pores
secretion is mostly water with few salts
2. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
much larger, localized gland found in axillary and
pubic regions where they secrete into hair follicles
- not functional until puberty
- secretion is thick and rich in organic substances
which is odorless when released but quickly broken
down by bacteria into substances
responsible for body odor
MAMMARY GLAND
- found within the breasts
- specialized sudoriferous or sweat gland that secrete
milk during
lactation
- under the stimulus of pituitary gland
 portion

HAIR

- characteristic of all mammals, but its distribution,

function, density and texture varies across
mammalian species
- humans are relatively hairless , with only the scalp,
face, pubis & axilla being densely haired
- men with more obvious hair because of the male
hormone
- certain regions of body are hairless, like the palms, 3 DISTINCT KINDS OF HAIR
soles, lips, nipples, penis, labia minora
1. Lanugo
-lifespan 3-4 months for an eyelash, 3-4 years in scalp
- Fine, silky fetal hair that appears during the last
hair
trimester of development
- Usually not evident on a baby at birth unless it has
been born prematurely

2. Angora
- grows continuously in length, as on scalp, and on
face of males
3. Definitive
- grows to a certain length and then ceases to grow
- most dominant type of hair
e.g. eyelashes, eyebrow, pubic, and axillary hair
* a sebaceous gland and an arrector pili muscle are
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE HAIR
attached to the hair follicle
Protection * when the muscle involuntarily contracts due to
e.g. scalp hair, eyebrows are protection from the thermal or psychological stimuli, the hair follicle is
sunlight pulled into an upright position, causing the hair to
Parts of Hair
“stand on its end” and producing goosebumps
1. Shaft – the visible but dead portion of hair
projecting above surface of the skin
2. Root – enclosed in the follicle
3. hair bulb matrix – the growth zone; contains
melanocytes that give color to the hair
3 Layers of Hair in Cross Section
1. Medulla – inner part
2. Cortex – thick middle part
3. Cuticle – covers cortex and forms toughened outer
NAIL

found on distal dorsum of each fingers and toes

forms from a hardened, transparent, stratum
corneum of epidermis