Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer- is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another thing of
different temperature.

Mode of Heat Transfer:

Conduction – heat transfer by molecular communication through solid materials or
stagnant fluids
Convection – heat transfer in which the heat is carried from one point to another by
actual movement of the substance.
a) Free Convection: the substance moves because of the decrease in its density
which is caused by increase in temperature.
b) Forced Convection – the substance moves because of the application of
mechanical power such as that of a fan
Radiation- heat transfer in which invisible waves are passed from one body to
another
 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Heat transfer- is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another thing of
different temperature.

Conduction through a plane wall:

Q= (kA(ta-tb))/x
Where Q= heat transmitted , W
A= heat transfer area, m2 ta tb
ta= surface temperature on hot side, 0C(0K)
tb= surface temperature on the cold side, 0C(0K)
Q
x = thickness of the wall, m
k = thermal conductivity, W/m-oC

X
 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Conduction through a Composite wall:
Q= (k1 A(ta-tb))
x1 ta
=k2A(tb-tc) tb
x2 tc
=A(ta-tb) Q
x 1 + x2
k1 k2

A= heat transfer area which is common to both layers, m2

k1 = thermal conductivity of first layer, W/m-oC
K2= thermal conductivity of second layer, W/m-0C
x1 x2
 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Conduction from Fluid to Fluid:
Q= h1 A(t1 –t2 ))

=h2A(td –t2)

Where: k1 k2 k3
h1 = thermal conductivity of hot side, W/m2 -oC Q
h2= thermal conductivity of cold side, W/m2 -0C
t1 t2
Q= h1 A(t1 –t2 )
1 + x1 + x2 + x3 + 1 ta tb tc td
h1 k1 k2 k3 h2
Let 1 =U
1 + x1 + x2 + x3 + 1
h1 k1 k2 k3 h2
X1 X2 X3
Then: Q = UA(∆T)
Where:
U- overall conductance or overall coefficient of heat transfer, w/m2-0C
 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Conduction through pipe

Q= 2∏kL (ta –tb ) = 2∏kL (ta –tb ) Q

ln( r2/r1) ln(D2/D1) r2

Where: ta
L = length of the pipe r1
tb
 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Conduction through composite pipe
r3 Q
Q= 2∏k1 L (ta –tb )
ln( r2/r1)
r2 ta
= 2∏k2 L (tb –tc )
ln(r3/r2) r1 tb

= 2∏k1 L (ta –tc ) tc

ln( r2/r1) + ln(r3/r2)
k1 k2
Where:
k1 = thermal conductivity of inner pipe
k2 = thermal conductivity of outer pipe
L = common length of the pipe
 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchange - any device which effects a transfer of heat from one substance to
another
Example:
Condenser, Superheater, Evaporator, Economizer
Typical Design of Heat Transfer

Shell and Tube

Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger
Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger

Shell and Coil

 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger

Fan
Finned Tube
Blower Forced Conviction
Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger

Bare Tube
Natural Convection