Chapter -1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of project :
In India, there is large amount of use of concrete which is made from natural
material like river sand, course aggregate from demolition of mountains by stone crusher
and artificial material like cement, Indian buildings in 2013 have generated more than 626
million tones of solid waste which is 52 times more than official estimate. A great part of
this waste is being used illegally for dumping and filing up urban water bodies. From the
large amount of solid waste generated from various industries, construction and
demolition waste contributes in large amount. Construction and demolition waste is the
waste which is generated from various activities like residential construction work, road
work, renovation work, demolition,etc.
The main challenge before the Indian concrete industry now is to meet the demand
of economical and efficient construction materials required by large infrastructure needs
due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. All these call for use of good quality
concrete with use of minimum resources (eg. Limestone, energy &money) and achieving
maximization of strength, durability and other intended concrete properties. In recent
years there has been an increasing worldwide demand of concrete paving blocks for the
footpaths, roads and airfields which has led to a local depletion of aggregates. In some
urban areas, the enormous quantities of aggregate that have already been used means that
local materials are no longer available and the deficit has to be made up by importing
materials from other locations. Most cities have areas of land covered by spoil heaps
which are unsightly and prevent large areas of land being used for anything else. Concrete
paving block is a versatile, aesthetically attractive, functional, and cost effective and requires little
or no maintenance if correctly manufactured and placed.

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1.2 Problem Statement
 Construction wastes have become a pressing issue in many developing countries
and have adverse effects on environment, economy, and social aspects.

 In developing cities, there is generation of quality C & D waste from repairs and
rehabilitation of structures and from material used for giving aesthetic view for
structures. There is need to reuse this huge amount of waste generated.

 Illegal dumping is common issue created from physical construction waste which
needs serious attention.
So, we have adopted one of the effective ways to reuse construction concrete
waste.
1.3 Objectives of Project
 Capability of being moulded in different sizes, shapes, and colours.
 Good stability and durability, if properly manufactured and installed.
 Easy to produce ,Easy laying
 Good indoor climate (balanced humidity; cool) Various attractive patterns can be
formed
Equipment to produce tiles can be easily made by local workshop
 Information on amount of debris generated in Barshi- This information was
collected from the “Solid Waste Management” department of Pune Municipal
Corporation.
 To study the conventional paver blocks- This implies about the materials,
manufacturing process, used of paver blocks and growing recent trends in that. It
was done by having an actual visit to a paver block manufacturing industry.
 To use the concrete waste from debris in manufacturing paver block- This
involves collection of concrete waste from nearby site, its crushing and separating
the materials and using it in paver block manufacturing.
 To perform various physio-mechanical test in laboratory and compare the results
with those of conventional concrete paver blocks if available or with the flexure
strength, their result analysis and comparison.

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  To achieve economy- This contributes to achieve the economy in comparison
with the conventional blocks by considering various factors.
 To provide safeguard to the environment by utilizing waste properly-Any type of
waste affects the environment in some or the other way directly or indirectly and
to minimize its impact should be the priority. Similarly, to reuse the concrete
waste in this manner can be effective.
1.4 Scope of project
1.Use of waste glass in concrete will secured natural resources particularly river sand.
2. Use of waste glass as fine aggregate will completely destroy the disposal problem of
waste glass & prove to be eco-friendly.
3. Cost of paving blocks is decreases with increase in glass content as fine aggregate.
4. The use of waste glass as fine aggregate decreases the unit weight of concrete.
5.Reduction in bleeding is observed by addition of glass in the concrete mixes.
6. Fluidity of the fresh concrete is inhibited.
7. Water absorption is well below the permissible limit.

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 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Case Study of Papers
1. mr. Truptimala Pattnaik (Asst Prof) et.al(January, 2018): This paper
introduced by
To increase the applications of concrete paving blocks, greater understanding of products
produced with locally available materials and indigenously produced mineral admixtures
is essential. In the present investigation, concrete paving blocks may be produced with
locally available cement, aggregates, fly ash and waste glass powder as the mineral
admixture. Different mix proportions are prepared using cement replaced by equal
quantity of fly ash and waste glass powder. The study indicated that fly ash and waste
glass powder can effectively be used as cement replacement without substantial change in
strength. Fly ash increases in strength over time, continuing to combine with free lime.
Increased density and long term pozzolanic action of fly ash, which ties up free lime,
results in fewer bleed channels and decreases permeability. Fly ash combines with alkalis
from cement that might otherwise combine with silica from aggregates, thereby
preventing destructive expansion. The ball-bearing effect of fly ash in concrete creates
lubricating action when concrete is in its plastic state. Waste glass when ground to a very
fine powder, SiO2 react chemically with alkalis in cement and form cementations product
that help contribute to the strength development. Thus it can be concluded that 20% was
the optimum level for replacement of cement with fly ash and glass powder.
2. mr. Rupesh G.Shingnapure et.al(March-April 2017) This paper introduced by

The waste glass material used was obtained waste collectors. The study indicated
that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 60%) without
substantial change in strength. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive
strength and water absorption at 7 ,14 and 28 days of age and the results obtained were
compared with those of normal Paving block. Use of waste glass as fine aggregate will
completely destroy the disposal problem of waste glass & prove to be eco-friendly.
Workability of concrete is increases with addition of waste glass content.Cost of paving
blocks is decreases with increase in glass content as fine aggregate.

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3. mr. Rahul Sikka et.al(March-2016) This paper introduced by
Defects arising in the paver blocks include mainly edge breaking and lesser
strength of the blocks. Recorded data is used for further modification in the design of the
blocks and better quality control of material and manufacturing process is obtained. The
compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, abrasion resistance, density and % water
absorption tests were performed on each mix at 7, 14, 28 days. This study concludes that
with better control at the quality of the materials and in the manufacturing process better
products can be made. All the defects arising in the blocks are eliminated with the re-
design of the blocks by data collection studies for the defects of blocks. Out study shows
that with better knowledge of the practical usage of the blocks and better knowledge of
the defects occurring in the blocks a very suitable mix-design can be carried out to
eliminate all the problems occurring in the interlocking paver blocks.

4. mr. Tushar R Sonawane et.al(March-2016) This paper introduced by

Many countries are giving infrastructural laws relaxation for increasing the use of
recycled aggregate. This paper reports the basic properties of recycled fine aggregate and
recycled coarse aggregate & also compares these properties with natural aggregates. Basic
changes in all aggregate properties are determined and their effects on concreting work
are discussed at length. Similarly the properties of recycled aggregate concrete are also
determined. Basic concrete properties like compressive strength, flexural strength,
workability etc. are explained here for different combinations of recycled aggregate with
natural aggregate. Use of recycled aggregate up to 30% does not affect the functional
requirements of the structure as per the findings of the test results. Various tests conducted
on recycled aggregates and results compared with natural aggregates are satisfactory as
per IS 2386. Due to use of recycled aggregate in construction, energy & cost of
transportation of natural resources & excavation is significantly saved. This in turn
directly reduces the impact of waste material on environment.
5. mr. Vishal Kumar et.al(April-2016) This paper introduced by
Compressive strength of paver blocks with different rates of waste steel aggregates
and utilizing elastic cushions is examined. Test results demonstrate that including
different rates of waste steel aggregates in paver blocks gives upto 50% more strength

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quality than customary paver blocks. The optimum percentage for replacement of marble
powder with cement and it is almost 10% cement for both cubes and cylinders.We can
minimize the costs for paver blocks with usage of marble powder which is freely or
cheaply available. Even after replacing aggregates with demolished aggregates
compressive strength is as selected grade of mix design.Cost optimization is achieved by
using demolished aggregates.
6. Prof. B. Kaviya et.al(April-2016) This paper introduced by

Paving blocks replaced with crusher dust by various percentages and its properties
have also been studied. The results show that replacing sand with crusher dust has a
minimal reduction in weight and also it leads to economy. Since the availability of sand is
reducing now-a-days using of crusher dust will reduce polluting the environment since it
is being dumped in many places.
The results shows that the fully replacement of stone crusher dust as fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and partial replacement of cement with fly ash increases the
compressive strength when the percentage of cement is higher.
7. mr. Koli Nishikant et.al(June-2016) This paper introduced by

The characteristics of concrete containing fine crushed glass during its process,
the best ratio of fine crushed glass which leads to higher strength of concrete in order to
produce concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass replacement on the expansion
caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This study looked at the feasibility of waste glass
inclusion as partial FA replacement systems. Properties of concrete incorporating waste
glass as partial substitution for FA amounts of 15%, 30% and 45% were investigated. The
waste glass material used was obtained waste collectors. The results obtained show clearly
that glass enhances the compressive strength properties of the final concrete product. The
study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up
to 45%) without substantial change in strength.

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 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Mix design: The mix design was calculated for grade of concrete is designed as per IS
10262:2000.
Preparation of mould. Size of mould is effective size is made. Three moulds are made in
such a way that it can be detached with the help of studs at both the ends to remove the
specimen after one day.
Collections of materials:
A) Fly ash: Fly ash is a by-product obtained from burning of coal. It is collected from
electrostatic precipitators. Depending upon the type of coal the fly ash contains little
amount of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and calcium oxide , both are important ingredients in
many coal-bearing rock strata. Fly ash is used as material for Portland cement and
sand.
 Embankments and other structural fills
 Grout and Flow-able fill production
 Waste stabilization and solidification
 Cement clinkers production
 Mine reclamation
 Stabilization of soft soils
 Road sub-base construction
 As Aggregate substitute material
 Mineral filler in asphaltic concrete.
B) Manufacture sand: M-sand is obtained from hard stone which was cubical shape.it
must be cleaned and washed so that it is used as an alternate for river sand. The
materials used for construction should be free from pollutants. Advantages of M-sand,
 Higher strength
 Workability is high
 Economical
 Environment-friendly

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C) WASTE GLASS:
Waste Glass in concrete offer several advantages:
 It is one of the most durable materials known because it has basically zero water
absorption.
 The excellent hardness of glass may give the concrete improved abrasion
resistance that can be reached only with few natural stone aggregates.
 Glass aggregates may enhance the flow properties of fresh concrete so that very
high strengths can be obtained even without the use of admixture (plasticizer’ s,
superplasticisers etc.
 The aesthetic potential of colour-sorted, post-consumer glass has barely been
explored at all and offers numerous novel applications for architectural
purposes.
 Very finely ground glass has pozzolanic properties and therefore, can serve both
as partial cement replacement and filler
Cement- In this work, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of Birala (53 grade) brand
obtained from a single batches was used. The cement satisfies the requirement of IS:
8112-1989.
Aggregate –Aggregate are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and affect economy. Aggregate occupy is to assist in
producing workability and uniformity in mixture.
Fine aggregate (Sand)- In this project we are using (Natural Sand) Fine aggregate. Sand
is used to make mortar and concrete and for making moulds in foundries. Size of sand
used which passing from 4.75mm. The specific gravity of sand used was 2.51. Specific
gravity of sand is found out by the Pycnometer test.
Coarse Aggregates- Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone used for making concrete.
Size of Coarse Aggregates used which passing from 11.98mm and passing through
10mm. The specific gravity of Coarse Aggregates used was 2.92. Specific gravity is found
out by the Pycnometer test
Glass-In this project the non-recyclable glass is used. Basically waste glass material that
cannot be reused due to the high cost of manufacturing .It is crushed by using los angles
abrasion testing machine up to 2.37 mm passing and 90 micron retaining glass taking for

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project work. The specific gravity of sand used was 2.85. Specific gravity of sand is found
out by the Pycnometer test.
Water -The water used for mixing and curing of concrete should be free from harmful
materials
Pouring and compaction: The prepared concrete is placed into the moulds with the
help of trowel and compacted with the help of electric concrete vibrator
Curing: Curing is a procedure that is adopted to promote the hardening of concrete
under conditions of humidity and temperature which are conducive to the progressive
and proper setting of the constituent cement.
Water curing can be done in following ways:
 Immersion
 Ponding
 Spraying or Fogging
 Wet covering
The precast concrete items are normally immersed in curing tanks for certain duration.
Period of curing:
 For 3 days curing, 3 blocks are prepared for each 0,10,20,30 percentage of fly ash.
 Similarly for 7 and 28 days curing, 3 blocks were prepared for each 0,10,20,30
percentage of fly ash.[17-19]
Compressive strength test:
Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly
because it is an early test to perform, and partly because most of the desirable
characteristic properties of concrete are qualitatively related to compressive strength.
Paving blocks of effective size were casted with stone crusher dust, broken glasses and
partial replacement of cement with fly ash of various percentages.
Flexural strength:
Flexural strength of paving blocks are determined and can be expressed in terms of
flexural stress or in the form of breaking load specified by IS 15658: 2006. It is suggested
that minimum flexural strength of a single block should be above 4.5 MPa.

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Abrasion resistance test:
Abrasion resistance test of paving blocks were done in accordance to IS: 15658: 2006.
The abrasion resistance of specimen is tested by Tile abrasion testing machine or Bohme
disc abrader. The test specimen for abrasioncis cut from the whole concrete paving block.
The test specimens shall be square in shape.
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 CHAPTER 4
PROBABLE CONCLUSIONS
 Water absorption is well below the permissible limit.
 All the samples satisfies the requirement given in IS 15658: 2006 for concrete
paving blocks to be used in non traffic, light traffic and medium-heavy traffic
areas.
 It is concluded that the use of fly ash and glass powder in concrete paving blocks
as partial cement replacement is possible.
 Use of waste glass in concrete will secured natural resources particularly river
sand.
 Use of waste glass as fine aggregate will completely destroy the disposal problem
of waste glass & prove to be eco-friendly.

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 CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
 rupesh g.shingnapure, casting of paving block by replacing fine aggregate with
waste glass to improve compressive strength
 truptimala pattnaik (asst prof), manufacture of nterlocking concrete paving blocks
with fly ash and glass powder
 b. kaviya*, a study on compressive strength of paving blocks prepared with stone
crusher dust and flyash
 Is 456:2000, “ plain & reinforced concrete” –code of practice.
 Is 10262:2009, “ concrete mix proportioning “-guidelines

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