Road Safety Audit

Lecture 20
 Definition
• Formal examination
• Existing or proposed road or project
• Defined procedure
• Independent, qualified examiner
• Accident potential
• Safety performance

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Other features ….
• Separate from design
• Final responsibility: designer/owner
• Auditor’s role: advisory
• Response required

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Breaking the accident chain ...
• Contributing factors:
– Human factors: 95%
– Road environment factors 30%
– Vehicle factors: 10%
• The importance of human factors
• Multiple contributors

The Road Safety Audit Process

Breaking the accident chain ...

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Breaking the accident chain ...

• 24% of road factors interact with Human

Factors …
• Break the accident chain
– Eliminate the collision
or
– Reduce the consequences

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Prevention, not cure ...
• Accident costs are significant
• Cost effective action saves $$$
• On new roads:
– Change the plan - not the road
• On existing roads:
– anticipate required action
– reduce collisions
– reduce severity

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Where do road safety audits fit ?
• Part of an overall strategy
• Managing risk
• Explicit evaluation of safety
• Network level priority setting
• Operational reviews
• Quality assurance

The Road Safety Audit Process

 What is a road safety audit ?

• road or traffic project

• formal
• independent
• qualified people
• road safety issues only

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Why do them ?

• identify potential problems

• eliminate / reduce existing problems
• raise technical profile of road safety
• reduce long-term costs
• B/C ratios: 15:1 to 20:1 in literature

The Road Safety Audit Process

 When ?
• Feasibility
• Draft Design
• Detailed Design

• Pre-opening
• Existing Road
• Work Zones

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Types of projects
• not restricted to “roads”
• traffic projects of any kind
– pedestrian / bicycle route
– signal upgrading
– development proposals
– local area traffic management schemes
– accident reduction schemes

The Road Safety Audit Process

 The team ...
• desirably a team:
– diverse ideas
– cross-fertilization
– more than “one pair of eyes”
but
• single-person audits OK
– usually smaller projects

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Organizational thoughts ...
Independence is critical

• Specialist Auditor
• Other road designers
• Another person in original design team

different procedures for audit recommendations

The Road Safety Audit Process

The audit process

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Roles of the parties ...
• Designer/Client: • Auditor:
– selects auditor – reviews documents
– provides documents – inspects site (day &
– holds startup meeting night)
– repeats steps as
required
 Designer/Client – writes audit report
– decides action – holds completion
– documents decisions meeting

The Road Safety Audit Process

The Process

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Selecting the auditor
• Independent
• Trained (one workshop + 1 audit)
• Skills: traffic, design, road safety
• Aptitude: seeing the road users view

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Background information
• Purpose of audit
• Site data:
– accident history
– traffic volumes
– know issues
– environmental (weather) issues
• Plans and drawings

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Start-up meeting
• Familiarize auditor with background
• Familiarize owner with audit process
• Role of auditor
• Role of owner’s project manager

Setting the “rules of the game”

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Reviewing documentation

• Before & after inspections

• Parallel activities - interaction
• Focus on road safety
• Compliance to “standards” …. an issue

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Field inspection ...
• Road users viewpoint
• Interaction with surroundings
• Identify impediments & conflicts
• Understand application of “checklists”
• Look at adjacent sections (transitions)
• Day and night inspections

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Field inspection (2) ...
• Consider all users
– Children
– Elderly pedestrians
– Transit users
– Truck drivers
– Bicycles
– Elderly drivers

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Field inspection (3)
• Consider all movements :
– crossing traffic
– traffic entering
– traffic leaving
– traffic on the road
– parked vehicles
– transit operations

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Writing the report
• Report on hazards
• Recommend corrective actions
• Recommend nature & direction (not specific
details)
• Don’t mention positive aspects
– it’s not a “rating” exercise
– address road safety concerns

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Writing the report (2)
• Don’t ignore intractable problems
• Organize report:
– spatial organization recommended
– component organization possible
– divide into sections
– reference spatially
• Highlight URGENT actions

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Report elements

• Project information
• Background information
• Findings & recommendations
• Formal, signed statement

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Completion meeting
• May not always be needed
• Helps familiarize owner/designer
• Preserve auditor’s independence
– resolve misunderstandings early: not here
– ensure complete information

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Following up
• Owner / designer
– assess audit report
– prepare a written response
– detail actions for each recommendation
– official sign-off on actions

• Design responsibility rests with designer

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Legal issues

• A brief overview: not a legal opinion

– The duty of care concept
– The ABC rule
– Government liability
– Participant liability

The Road Safety Audit Process

 Why, where and when to perform a safety
audit??
• A safety audits aims at providing the agencies in charge of
road construction and management with ways of reducing the
level of risk to which road users are submitted, through better
design of new infrastructures

• Safety audits should be performed on all new projects

involving road construction and traffic management, they
should also be applied on the existing roads that have never
been submitted to safety examination

• Safety audits are intended for both rural and urban roads
 ADVANTAGES OF ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

• PREVENTION OF CRASHES (PRIMARY SAFETY)

• FACILITATION OF EMERGENCY MANOEUVRES

• SPEED CONTROL

• INJURY PREVENTION (SECONDARY SAFETY)

• ENHANCING ROAD FURNITURE

 ROAD CHARACTERISTICS TO EXAMINE
FOR ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
• ON ROAD SECTIONS:

1) ROAD LAYOUT
2) CROSS SECTION
3) ROAD SURFACING
4) SIGNING & MARKINGS
5) LIGHTING
6) OBSTACLES

• AT JUNCTIONS:

1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
2) JUNCTION LAY OUT
3) JUNCTION DESIGN
4) TRAFFIC REGULATIONS
ROAD SAFETY AUDIT ON USMAN RAMZ

IDENTIFICATION OF NEED FOR PEDESTRIAN

HAZARDOUS HORIZONTAL BRIDGES TOWARDS SHOPPING
CURVE FOR RIDERS/ MALLS AND PLAZAS
PEDESTRIANS
ROAD SAFETY AUDIT ON NATIVE JETTY/
JINNAH BRIDGE

SLIPPERY PAVEMENT WITH WRONG WAY MOVEMENT AT

SHARP CURVE CURVE
ROAD SAFETY AUDIT ON KORANGI ROAD

ENCROACHMENTS AND BOTTLE

NECK AT MAIN INTERSECTIONS
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

INSTALLTION OF PEDESTRIAN
BRIDGES
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES

SAFE AND FENCED U TURNS

CASE STUDY TO CONSTRUCTION
WORK ZONE (JAIL INTERCHANGE)
 INTRODUCTION
• The signal free Corridor 3 is another big milestone
achieved by City Government for the ease and comfort of
the citizens of Karachi. Starting from Toll plaza (Super
Highway) to Saddar, the Corridor has a total length of
about 28 kilometers. This corridor comprises of Preddy
Street, Shahrah-e-quaideen, Jail Chowrangi, Hasan
square, Nipa, Abul Hassan Isphani road and flyover at
intersection of university road and leading to Jauhar
Chowrangi.
 NEED OF THE ROAD SAFETY AUDIT AT
JAIL INTERCHANGE

The main purpose and theme of this road

safety audit is:

“Preventive measures to be applied in the

CWZ (Construction Work Zone) of Jail
Chowrangi for the ease of road users”
PROBLEMS/ ISSUES AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Diversion To University Road/ Old Sabzi Mandi And
Closing Of U Turn Going Towards Shaheed-e-millat Road

• The major problem which the traffic coming from Shaheed-e-

millat road faced is they have to cover a long distance for
going towards University road or Old sabzi mandi due to the
under construction of interchange.
• It is to be proposed that an informatory sign should be placed
on Shaheed-e-millat Chowrangi to guide the road users that to
use Alamgir road for going towards University road/ old sabzi
mandi from Shaheed-e-millat, similarly this sign should also
be placed on the particular road coming from Noorani kabab to
guide the road users of this road.
• Another issue which should be tackled is the closing of the u
turn which is provided for moving step forward to Shaheed-e-
millat road but it is to be noticed that this u turn is utilized by
the road users coming from Shaheed-e-millat for going
towards university road which is the wrong way movement.
 Diversion To University Road/ Old Sabzi Mandi And
Closing Of U Turn Going Towards Shaheed-e-millat Road

PROPOSED LOCATIONS OF PROPOSED BLOCKAGE OF U

INFORMATORY SIGNS TURN
 Placement Of Sign To Guide The Road Users Coming From
Shaheed-e-millat Road Towards Kashmir Road And University
Road
• There should be proper informatory sign on Shaheed-e-millat road to
guide the traffic coming which are heading towards university road,
that to use Kashmir road and the cause way present on this road. Also
this cause way will also be utilized for the traffic going towards new
MA Jinnah road from Shaheed-e-millat road.

• On Kashmir road there should be bidirectional sign because on the

same route there is the wrong movement of traffic due to the under
constructed loop applied at Kashmir road.

• A separate informatory sign of Kashmir road on its exact location

should be placed.
 Placement Of Sign To Guide The Road Users Coming From
Shaheed-e-millat Road Towards Kashmir Road And University
Road
Road Coming From Pib Colony Towards Shaheed-e-millat
Road

• Presently the fly over present in front of Central jail is utilizing for
both the traffic movements i.e. for going towards Shaheed-e-millat
road from PIB colony and from Shaheed-e-millat towards PIB or Jail
road. So there is the possibility of head on collisions in between the
traffic flow so the traffic movement which is from PIB towards
Shaheed-e-millat should be stopped which is wrong way movement and
they should provide some alternate route until the construction of loop
which will be provided for them.
 ALTERNATE SOLUTION

• Practically if it is not possible then the following preventive measures

should be applied for this wrong way traffic movement in order to
avoid head on collisions.
1) Road in front of Central jail should be widened for the oncoming traffic
from PIB by removing all debris using clearing and grubbing
techniques and the curb stones provided at the sides should be
removed.
 ALTERNATE SOLUTION

3) At the end of the fly over there should be a cut for the wrong traffic
coming from PIB towards Shaheed-e-millat in order to avoid
bottleneck on main Chowrangi, also it will be helpful to segregate
the traffic just at the end of this fly over.
 PEDESTRIAN SAFETY

• On this CWZ there is no proper pedestrian facility is present so

temporarily at grade pedestrian facility or manned ladder crossing
should be implemented there with the application of fencing on both
the sides.
• Proper location is in front of the median present between the road of
MA Jinnah road and University road.
• For long term planning, overpass for Pedestrians should be provided
SAMPLE PROPOSED DRAWINGS

SAFETY MEASURES WERE HIGHLIGHTED

ON THE EXISTING DRAWINGS BY THE
TRAFFIC ENGINEER
 OUTCOMES OF THE STUDY

SAFE TURNINGS OVERPASS

GUIDANCE
OUTCOMES OF THE STUDY

PROPOSED WARNING AND INFORMATORY

SIGNS
 Road Safety Audit Task Force
• News Report: March 18, 2013
• KMC – Administrator established Road
Safety Audit Task Force to point out the
risky locations in the city.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(SMS)

NED University of Engineering and Technology

 Background

• development of “Safety Management Systems” for

Road Controlling Authorities as one of the prime means
of improving Road Safety into the future.
 What is a SMS ?
• Includes the 3 “E’s”
– Engineering, Education and Enforcement.

• The main focus is on “Engineering”.

•The SMS covers:-
– Design and Construction,
– Maintenance,
– Network Management, and
– Policy and Planning functions
 What is a SMS ?
• A high level “Umbrella” document.
• A systematic approach to managing the
activities which will or could impact upon the
safety performance of the road network. Includes
both Council and the external agencies contracted to Council

• An integral part of the overall management of

the road network.
• Documentation of existing policies and
practices already being undertaken.
 Users of the SMS
• Major users
• Road design, construction and maintenance
staff / consultants
• Planning – subdivisions / land use

•Other groups impacted

• Utilities operators
• Consultants and Contractors
• Anyone else who works within the road reserve
this wouldn’t have happened…….
 Benefits of a SMS
• ensures that safety is considered in all
decisions that affect the road network
• assists in the achievement of targets and goals
identified at national, regional and local levels
• will lead to greater consistency in the
implementation of road management
procedures
 Benefits of a SMS (2)

• demonstrates risk management approach is being

used - which helps provide protection from
litigation
• provides clear guidance for all staff
• useful training tool for new staff
• development, review and auditing of the roading
network are undertaken in a systematic way

•Better safety for all road users

 Structure of the SMS

Direction Safety
Strategy

Means of Policies Expertise

Delivery Standards Experience
Procedures Qualifications
Guidelines

Control Management of the System

Review Audit Regime

 Safety Strategy ~ Direction

Direction
Safety
Strategy

Means of Policies Expertise

Delivery Standards Experience
Procedures Qualifications
Guidelines

Control Management of the System

Review Audit Regime

 Key Road safety issues:
•Speed
•Poor Observation
•Road factors
•Restraints and helmets
•Road factors are our greatest concern with regard
to the SMS
•Council aim is to reduce road factors to, and
maintain at zero.
 Means of Achievement
•Engineer the safest road possible
•Relationships with stakeholders
•Encourage a responsible road safety
culture though community ownership of
road safety
 Means of Delivery

Direction Safety
Strategy

Means of Policies
Standards
Expertise
Experience
Delivery Procedures
Guidelines
Qualifications

Control Management of the System

Review Audit Regime

 Activity Sheets
• Cover activities relating to
Design and Construction(roads, bridges, barriers etc),
Maintenance (pavement, bridges, drainage, signs, marking,
lighting, vegetation, footpaths etc),
Network management (speed limits, temp. road closures
etc)
District Asset (safety and structure inspections)
Policy and Planning (parking, road hierarchy, Land use etc)
 Means of Delivery

Direction Safety
Strategy

Means of Policies
Standards
Expertise
Experience
Delivery Procedures
Guidelines
Qualifications

Control Management of the System

Review Audit Regime

 Expertise, Experience & Qualifications

• Ensure that those who are involved with

activities that take place on the road network are
competent for the task.
• This includes:
• Council staff
• Consultants
• Contractors
• Utility Company staff
 Management of the System

Direction Safety
Strategy

Means of Policies Expertise

Delivery Standards Experience
Procedures Qualifications
Guidelines

Control Management of the System

Review Audit Regime

 Management of the SMS
• Engineering Manager has overall
responsibility for the development and
implementation of the SMS
• Good working relationships between staff,
consultants and contractors needed for the
actual implementation.
•Opportunities for Improvement (OFI) process
ensures the document remains current and
everyone’s good idea’s are captured.
 Audit Regime

Direction Safety
Strategy

Means of Policies Expertise

Delivery Standards Experience
Procedures Qualifications
Guidelines

Control Management of the System

Review Audit Regime

 Audit Regime
•Technical Effectiveness
– Progress on safety outcomes
– Suitability of safety outcomes
– Funding needs
– Crash trends
– Need for updating the SMS
 Audit Regime
•Systems Compliance

• Adherence to Procedures and Guidelines

• Adoption of Opportunities for Improvement
recommendations
 Safe System
Framework
• Bottom-up
approach
• Road user centred
• Engineering and
scientific model
• Focuses on
detailed crash
analysis
• Result oriented
76
 Safe System Framework
• Mass Transit Corridors
• On-street parking
• Safe Pedestrian Routes
• Introduction of new pedestrian facilities
• Implementation of road safety audits
• Increased Traffic Calming
• Direct input to planning for traffic
management
77
 Safe system framework
Speed limits
• Speed limits should take account of the
biomechanical tolerances of humans
Table 3.6: Biomechanical tolerances
Crash type Tolerance
Car/pedestrian 20-30 km/h
Car/motorcyclist 20-30 km/h
Car/tree or pole 30-40 km/h
Car/car (side impact) 50 km/h
Car/car (head-on) 70 km/h

78
Primary and Supporting treatments

Primary road safety treatments

Treatments that deliver Safe System outcomes – minimise
deaths and serious injury

Supporting treatments
Treatments that provide a safety benefit, but don’t
necessarily reduce death or serious injury to ‘near zero’

79
Primary and Supporting treatments
FOR PADESTRIANS

Primary road safety treatments

Separation
Grade separation
Footpaths
Raised crossings

Supporting treatments
Warning signs
Pedestrian refuge

80
Primary and Supporting treatments
FOR INETRSECTION CRASHES

Primary road safety treatments

Separation
Grade separation
Roundabouts
Raised platforms– Speed table in Defence,Khi

Supporting treatments
Advance Warnings
Traffic signals

81
ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
 Approach and Strategies
•Accident Prevention (Audit)
•Accident Reduction
•Engineering(Blackspot)
•Education
•Enforcement
•Injury Control
•Post Injury Control
Accident Prevention Program
Five stages Road Safety Audits
1. Planning stage
2. Preliminary design stage
3. Detailed design stage
4. Construction and pre-opening stage
5. Post Opening stage
Accident Reduction Strategies

1. Blackspot Programs
2. Areawide Measures
3. Route-based Measures
4. Mass Action Plan
 Computerization of Data

• Good Data
• Easy Access
• Accurate MAAP
• Up to date GIS
• IT
• National Node-Link System (1:50,000)
 Prioritizing/Ranking

Ranking

Worst Worst Worst Worst Worst

Link Node KM Cell Coordinate
Site survey and inventory
Preliminary Diagnosis

Primary Factor (s)

Associated Factors (s)
Perhaps…..
 In - depth investigation and
diagnosis of blackspots
Traffic volume Pedestrian flow
/Composition

Headways and
Speed
gap available
measurements
Skid resistance
Conflicts

Lane balances
Geometric features

Timing/Phasing
 Final Diagnosis and Countermeasure

Carry out in - depth

investigation and diagnosis
of blackspots
Conceptual/functional
design of countermeasures
Detailed Design
TREATMENT
Typical view of Exclusive Motorcycle Lane-MALAYSIA
Initiatives

Paved Shoulder
Programs
Junction Treatment
Measures
Evaluation
Evaluation
 30
Evaluation
Motorcycle A ccident / month Motorcycle lanes
Accident
25 opened to public
modelled
20

15

10

5
Before period After period
0
10

13

16

19

22

25

28

31

34

37

40

43

46
1

Jan '91 Jan'92 Jan '93 Jan '94 Dis '94

Link Motorcycle Accidents

=4.2 x 10 -8 Q 3.314 exp. - 0.471 LANE
 Evaluation

Motorcycle Lanes: Our Experience

• 39% less Accidents
• 600% less Fatality
• Benefit:Cost = 5
 Evaluation
Motorcycle Accidents/year =

0.0059294 QNMm0.2188 QNMn0.0665

QMm0.132 QMn0.1808
EXP (0.02279 SPEED – 0.0969 LWm – 0.0706 LWn –
0.00738 LNm – 5 SHDW + 6 LU)
5 = 0.0, 0.00903 and 0.02099 for SHDW = 1, 2 and
3, respectively,
6 = 0.0 and 0.00755 for LU = 1 and 2
Injury Reduction Strategies

Application of appropriate
safety policies, vehicle and
road engineering approaches
to reduce injury during crash
phase.
 Injury Reduction Strategies
Appropriate Programs:
1. New helmet standards (MS1:1996)
2. Campaign on proper usage of safety helmet
3. Data collection on real-world motorcycle
crashes – hospital, vehicle and police
4. Development of motorcycle safety helmets
specially designed for children
 Post Injury Management
Survival and extent of recovery depend on
initial care given at roadside
Correct and efficient management system is
vital for survival of critically injured victims

The establishment of paramedic teams, trauma

centres and after-care services (rehabilitation
facilities)
Ranking by Frequency

Ranking By Cost
 AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME, DELAY AND SPEED
(Source: Karachi Master Plan 2002 – Transport Sector Report)
S.No. Road Name Road Length Average Average Average
Total Travel Total Delay Speed
Time
Km (min) (min) (Km/hr)
1 Nawab Siddiq Ali Khan Road 5.2 11 0.1 39
2 M.A. Jinnah Road 6.1 17 6.6 17
3 M.R. Kiyani Road 0.7 1 0.0 51
4 Sarwar Shaheed Road 1 3 0.7 25
5 I.I. Chundrigar Road 207 4 0.4 34
6 Shahrah-e-Faisal 17 28 0.1 36
7 Siddique Wahab Road 4.3 21 1.2 17
8 Korangi Road 4.6 8 1.2 36
9 Kashmir Road 1.9 3 0.3 43
10 S.M. Taufiq Road 3.1 6 0.4 33
11 Jehangir Road 1.4 3 0.1 26
12 Shahrah-e-Pakistan 5 9 0.0 33
13 Stadium Road 6.4 9 0.5 39
14 University Road 13 42 4.2 21
15 Habib Ibrahim Rehmatullah Road 2.3 4 1.3 33
16 Hakim Ibn-e-Sina Road 3.8 6 0.0 40
17 Sir M. Shah Suleman Road 4.4 7 0.0 31
18 Jamshed Road 1.7 2 0.1 27
19 Bahadur Yar Jang Road 1.5 4 0.2 21
20 Shahrah-e-Quaideen 3 5 2.1 29
21 Mauripur Road 8 11 0.1 40
22 Rashid Minhas Road 8 8 1.2 52
ASSIGNMENT DUE 21 March, 2018
Q.1 What is Black spot quantification?
Q.2 Using data provided explain all
methods of black spot quantification.
Q.3 What are benefits of Haddon
Matrix analysis
Q.4 Develop Haddon Matrix for one
black spot identified from your
personal perspective.