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that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, obedience, and enjoying freedom from external
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, control.
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of society. A state should be:
Independent from external control
2 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE It may consist of many nations
1. Material Culture
cultural components that are visible and tangible 1. TERRITORY
that can be made, used, or shared. A territory includes “the terrestrial, fluvial, and
includes all materials objects of culture with aerial domains, including its territorial seas, the
physical representation such as tools, furniture, seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and
buildings, bridges and etc. other submarine areas.”
2. Non-Material Culture – cultural components 2. GOVERNMENT
in that are intangible or without physical The set of personnel who manages the affairs
representation. It can be categorized into of the state.
cognitive and normative non-material 3. SOVEREIGNTY
culture. a. Internal – capacity of the political system
a. Cognitive Culture – include the ideas, concept, to implement its rules and policies within
philosophies, design and etc. that are product of a territory
mental or intellectual functioning as reasoning out b. External – recognition of the system’s
of the human mind. existence and authority by other actors
b. Normative Culture – includes all expectations, and systems
standards and rules for human behavior. 4. PEOPLE
People = nation
ANTROPHOLOGY People is related to ethnicity bound by cultural
“anthropos” (Greek) = “man” and historical ties.
“logos” (Greek) = “study”
Branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
study of humans, their works, body, behavior and 1. Symbols
values within a specific time and space. Anything that meaningfully represents something
“…man’s works, body, behavior and values” else
2. Language
SOCIOLOGY Set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables
A large social grouping that shares the same people to think and communicate with one
geographical territory and is subject to the same another.
political authority and dominant cultural 3. Values
expectations. Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good
The systematic study of human society and social or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular
interaction. culture.
Applies both theoretical perspectives and research 4. Norms
methods to examinations of social behavior. Established rules of behavior or standards of
conduct.
POLITICAL SCIENCE ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Polis: City-state Culture is…
Scire: To know 1. dynamic, flexible, and adaptive;
deals with the foundations of the state and the 2. shared and challenged;
principles of the government 3. learned through socialization/enculturation;
Elements of State 4. patterned social interactions;
1. Territory 5. integrated;
2. Government 6. transmitted through
3. Sovereignty socialization/enculturation;
4. People 7. nothing without language and other forms of
communication.
STATE Societal norms have different types and forms
A community of persons more or less numerous, Types
permanently occupying a definite portion of 1. Proscriptive – defines and tells us things NOT
territory, having a government of their own to to do.
which the great body of inhabitants render 2. Prescriptive – defines and tells us things to do.
FORMS 4. Mass Media
1. Folkways - they are norms for everyday Large- scale organizations that use print or electronic
behavior that people follow for the sake of means (such as radio, television, film, and the internet)
tradition convenience. Breaking a folkway to communicate with large numbers of people.
does not usually have serious consequence.
2. Mores – strict norms that control moral and The media function as socializing agents in several ways:
ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on 1. They inform us about events;
definitions of right and wrong. 2. They introduce us to a wide variety of people;
3. Taboos – norms that society holds so strongly 3. They provide an array of view-points on current
that violating it results in extreme disgust. issues;
Often times the violator of the taboo is 4. They make us aware of products and services that,
considered unfit to live in that society. if we purchase them, will supposedly help us to be
4. Laws – codified ethics and formally agreed, accepted by others; and
written down and enforced by an official law 5. They entertain us by providing the opportunity to
enforcement agency. live vicariously (through other people’s
experiences).
ETHONOCETRISM
The idea that your own group or culture is better RESOCIALIZATION
or more important than others. The process of learning a new and different set of
attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s
CULTURAL RELATIVISM background and experience.
The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and 1. VOLUNTARY RESOCIALIZATION –
practices should be understood based on that Resocialization is voluntary when we assume
person's own culture, rather than be judged against a new status (such as becoming a student, an
the criteria of another. employee, or a retiree) of our own free will.
2. INVOLUNTARY RESOCIALIZATION –
SOCIALIZATION Involuntary resocialization occurs against a
Refer to both the formal and informal processes by person’s wishes and generally takes place
which people learn a new role and find out how within a total institution.
to be a part of a group or organization. 3. TOTAL INSTITUTION – a place where people
The lifelong process of social interaction through are isolated from the rest of society for a set
which individuals acquire a self- identity and the period of time and come under the control of
physical, mental, and social skills needed for the officials who run the institution.
survival in society.
SOCIAL CULTURE
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION is the complex framework of societal institutions
The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us and social practices that make up a society and that
what we need to know in order to participate in organize and establish limits on people’s behavior.
society.
1. The Family SOCIAL INTERACTION
2. The School the process by which people act toward or
3. Peer Groups respond to other people and is the foundation for
4. Mass Media all relationships and groups in society.
ROLE
A set of behavioral expectations associated with a
given status
Example:
A carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is
not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family
(employer) for dinner.
1. Role expectation
A specific role OUGHT to be played
2. Role performance
How a person ACTUALLY plays the role
Role performance DOES NOT always match role
expectation.
Some role expectations are highly specific, and
some are less-structured (surgeon versus friend)