Q 1. What are the limitations of Bernoulli’s theorem?

Ans-
1. Fluid is invicid ( Friction is ignored) . The absence of friction means that
the fluid flow is steady . That is, the fluid does not stick to the pipe sides
and has no turbulence.
2. Fluid is incompressible. Fluid Density is constant. e. g. - Most common
liquids such as water are nearly incompressible
3. Fluid will flow along the streamline.
4. Fluid flow is irrotational (Potential Flow).

Q 2. Where Bernoulli’s theorem is used? Give examples.

Ans- (1): We can find velocity of Efflux of a liquid.

This is given by v= sqrt (2gh), where liquid is coming out from a hole in a vessel at
depth h from free liquid surface,
This equation is known as Torricelli's theorem.

(2): Vena Contracta : The liquid jet from hole contracts at a distance little outside
the hole to a neck , called Vena Contracta.

The area of cross section of jet is smaller than area of hole. From this fact we can
find the coefficient of contraction.
(3) : Bernoulli's principle is used in the construction of venturimeter , an
instrument for measurement of amount of flow of a liquid through a pipe.

(4) Pilot Tube which is a device to measure amount of liquid flowing through a
pipe is based on Bernoulli's principle.

(5) Bernoulli's principle is used in the steam injector, filter pump, in the experiment
of attracted disc paradox, Bunsen - Burner, in explaining the Magnus effect, in
deciding the cylindrical shape of bullet and preparing stream line bodies.

Q 3 . Practically the total head of liquid at a point does not

remain constant during the flow,why ?
Ans - As the flow occur along the pipe , there is losses due to friction ,
bends, contraction , expansion etc.
Sometimes there is also eddy losses which lead to loss of head .

Q 4. The liquid level in the piezometric tube connected to

minimum c/s area is lowest, why?

Ans – As per Bernoulli’s theorem , the total head is sum of pressure head ,
datum head , and velocity head .
As the area of cross section decrease , there is increase in velocity which
leads to increase in velocity head .This cause pressure head decrease which
lead to fall of liquid in piezometric tube .

Q 5. Why the water levels in the various piezometric tubes are

different?

Ans – As the area of cross section decrease , there is increase in velocity

leads to increase in velocity head . This subsequently make the low level of
water level in piezometer . The head loss is also a reason for the water level
in piezometer to be different.

Q 6. State one practical application of bernouli's theorem.

Ans - The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as
a Venturi meter or an orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to
reduce the diameter of the flow. For a horizontal device, the continuity
equation shows that for an incompressible fluid, the reduction in diameter
will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. Subsequently, Bernoulli's
principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the pressure in the
reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the Venturi effect.