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Penanggung jawab Penggunaan : Dina Nur Febriani - Staf Bidang Mekanika Elektronika, dan Konstruksi - Pusat Perumusan Standar – BSN 2015
Standard Test Method for
Expansion Index of Soils1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4829; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
D 4829 – 08a
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specimen and the specimen is then inundated with distilled 6.6 Sieves—A 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve conforming to the
water. The deformation of the specimen is recorded for 24 h or requirements of Specification E 11.
until the rate of deformation becomes less than 0.005 mm/h 6.7 Mixing Tools—Miscellaneous tools such as mixing
Penanggung jawab Penggunaan : Dina Nur Febriani - Staf Bidang Mekanika Elektronika, dan Konstruksi - Pusat Perumusan Standar – BSN 2015
(0.0002 in./h), whichever occurs first. A minimum recording pans, spoons, trowels, spatula, a suitable mechanical device,
time of 3 h is required. and so forth for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with
water.
5. Significance and Use 6.8 Loading Device—A consolidometer or equivalent load-
5.1 The expansion index, EI, provides an indication of ing device as described in Test Methods D 2435 for supporting
swelling potential of a compacted soil. and submerging the specimen, for applying a vertical load, and
5.2 The EI test is not used to duplicate any particular field for measuring the change in height of the specimen. The
conditions such as soil density, water content, loading, in-place consolidometer ring must be as specified in 6.1.
soil structure, or soil water chemistry. However, consistent test 6.9 Porous Disks—The disks shall be smooth ground and
conditions are used in preparation of compacted specimens fine enough (Note 3) to minimize intrusion of soil into the
such that direct correlation of data can be made between disks. The disk shall reduce false displacements caused by
organizations. seating of the specimen against the surface of the disk. Such
displacements are significant, especially if displacements and
NOTE 1—Qualitative classification of potential expansion in a soil
applied vertical pressures are small.
based on EI is provided in Table 1.
NOTE 2—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con- NOTE 3—A suitable pore size is 10 μm.
tained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent
on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the 6.9.1 Porous disks shall be air dry.
equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice 6.9.2 Porous disks shall have a close fit to the consolidom-
D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent testing. g Users of eter ringg to avoid extrusion or punching.
p g Suitable disk dimen-
this test method are cautioned that compliance with h Practice D 3740 does sions are 12.7 mm 6 0.13 mm .50 in. 6 0.005 in.) in height
m (0.50
(0.5
(0 .5
not ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing dependsds on several
seve
se rall factors;
vera
ve ra fac
fac
acto
t rs;
to and
and 101.5
101
101
01.5 mm 6 0.13 mm (3.995
. mm
.5 95 in. 6 0.0
0.005 in.) in diameter
Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some ome of those factors. described
or as desc cribed
ri inn 6.3 ooff Te
Test Methods
e Meth thods D 22435.
th
6. Apparatus
7. Sampmp
Sample ple
le Prepeparat
ep atiion
at
Preparation
6.1 Mold—The mold shall be cylindricall in n shap pe,
shape,e, made
m de of
ma o
metal, and shall have the capacity and dimensions
ensions
ns iindicated
cated inn
ndica
ca 7. Preparation
7.1 Preparaatio on for
for Sieving—If
Sieeving—If the soilsoo sample is damp
Fig. 1. The mold shall have a detachable collar
ollar
ll inscribed w with
ithh
it whhen
whene received
reece
c ived d from
froom
om the field,
field, dryy it until
unt
ntil it becomes friable
nt
a mark 50.8 mm (2.00 in.) above the base. The he low
llower
ower
ow er se
sect
ctiion of
ct
section using
ingg a trowel.
usin
us in oweel. Air
t ow
tr ir drying
dryi
drying or oven
yi o en
ov n drying
dryi at temperatures
the mold is designed to retain a removable stainless steel ring below 60°C (140°F) may be used. sedd. Thoroughly
use Thoro break up the
25.4 mm (1 in.) in height, 101.9 mm (4.01 01 iin.)) iin iinternall aggregations
aggr
ag greg
egat
atio ns in a manner
ions
io manne
man nerr such
suchh that
suc hatt the
tha
tha the natural
n size of indi-
diameter, and not less than 3.10 mm (0.120 in.) in wall vidual particles is not reduced.
thickness. NOTE 4—If particles larger than 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) are potentially
6.2 Rammer—A metal rammer with a circular face with a expansive, such as particles of claystone, shale, or weathered volcanic
diameter of 50.8 mm (2.00 in.) and a mass of 2.5 kg (5.5 lbm) rock, they may be broken down so as to pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
shall be used. The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable if this is consistent with use of the soil.
arrangement to control height of drop to a free fall of 304.8 mm 7.2 Sieving—Sieve an adequate quantity of the representa-
6 1.3mm (12 in. 6 0.05 in.) over the top of the soil to be tive soil using the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. Record the percent-
compacted. See Test Methods D 698 for further specification of age of coarse material retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
a suitable rammer. and discard.
6.3 Balance—A balance of at least 1000 g capacity meeting 7.3 Sample—Select a representative sample of the soil with
the requirements of Guide D 4753, Class GP2. a mass of approximately 1 kg (2 lbm) or more prepared using
6.4 Drying Oven—A thermostatically controlled drying the guidelines in 7.1 and 7.2.
oven (specified in Specification E 145) capable of maintaining
a temperature of 110 6 5°C (230 6 9°F) for drying water 8. Specimen Preparation
content samples.
8.1 Water Content—Thoroughly mix the selected represen-
6.5 Straight Edge—Steel straight edge at least 150 mm (6
tative sample with sufficient distilled water to bring the soil to
in.) in length with one beveled edge.
a water content that has a corresponding degree of saturation of
50 6 2 % in the compacted condition. After mixing, take a
TABLE 1 Classification of Potential Expansion of Soils Using EI representative sample of the material for determination of the
Expansion Index, EI Potential
water content and seal the remainder of the soil in a close-
Expansion fitting airtight container for a period of at least 16 h. Weigh the
0–20 Very Low moisture sample immediately, and dry in an oven at 110 6 5°C
21–50 Low (230 6 9°F) for at least 12 h, or in accordance with Test
51–90 Medium Methods D 2216, to a constant mass. The water content sample
91–130 High
>130 Very High shall have a mass of at least 100 g conforming with Test
Methods D 2216. The water content of the trimmings shall be
2
D 4829 – 08a
“ Hak cipta ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbour Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, USA. Copy ini dibuat oleh BSN di bawah lisensi ASTM International Untuk Penetapan SNI”
Penanggung jawab Penggunaan : Dina Nur Febriani - Staf Bidang Mekanika Elektronika, dan Konstruksi - Pusat Perumusan Standar – BSN 2015
FIG. 1 M
Mold
old w
with
ith R
Ring
i g for
in o Comp
or Compaction
mpac
pa tiion of Specimen
en fo
for
or
Expansion
Expa
Ex ans ion Index Test
nsio
io Test
3
D 4829 – 08a
“ Hak cipta ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbour Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, USA. Copy ini dibuat oleh BSN di bawah lisensi ASTM International Untuk Penetapan SNI”
(1 lbf/in.2), including the weight of the upper porous disk and 10.3.4 The initial degree of saturation (use three significant
any unbalanced weight of the loading machine. Allow the digits).
specimen to compress under this pressure for a period of 10 10.4 Record as a minimum the following expansion test
Penanggung jawab Penggunaan : Dina Nur Febriani - Staf Bidang Mekanika Elektronika, dan Konstruksi
min. Subsequent to this initial compression period, obtain the data:
initial reading (D1) on the consolidometer dial indicator with a 10.4.1 The initial and final dial readings (use a resolution of
resolution of 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) or better. 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) or better).
9.2 Inundate the specimen with distilled water, obtaining 10.4.2 The final water content (nearest 0.1 %).
periodic dial indicator readings, in accordance with Test 10.4.3 Report the EI to the nearest whole number. If the
Methods D 2435, for a period of 24 h or until the rate of initial specimen height is greater than the final specimen
expansion becomes less than 0.005 mm/h (0.0002 in./h). height, report the expansion index as zero.
However, in no case shall the sample be inundated and
readings taken for less than 3 h. 11. Precision and Bias
9.3 Remove the specimen from the loading machine after 11.1 Interlaboratory Test Program—An interlaboratory test
the final reading (D2) obtained with a resolution of 0.03 mm program using three different soil samples was performed by
(0.001 in.) or better and determine the change in height DH as 14 geotechnical firms in the Los Angeles and Orange Counties
the difference between the initial and final reading of the dial of California (Table 2).
indicator. Determine the specimen mass to the nearest 0.1 g NOTE 6—The data in Table 2 was obtained using a version of the
(2.2 3 10–4 lbm). standard that allowed the specimen to be prepared within a 40 to 60 %
saturation range, then further allowed interpreting the EI corresponding to
10. Calculation and Report a saturation of 50 %, if necessary, by use of an equation.
10.1 Calculation—Calculate the expansion index, EI, as 11.1.1 Precision—The repeatability limit (within labora-
follows: tory)
tory
to ry)) cannot
canno
can nott be ddetermined
be deteter
ermi
mine ffrom
nedd fro rom
ro m the
the da ta ffrom the referenced
data
DH studyy because
because the participating
participa p ting g laboratories
labo
laboratori did not perform
bo
EI 5 H ·1000 (2)
(2
1 replicatee tests
tests onn eachh soil ill sample.
sample le. Subcommittee
le Sub
ubco D18.05 is
seeking
seek
se ekin
ek ingg pertinent
in p data
data from
fromm the users r off this
useers t test method.
th
where:
11.1.1.1
11 .1.1
.1
1.1 1 Thee reproducibility
.1.1 rep
pro
rodu
d cibibility (between
bi (betwween laboratories)
l can be
DH = change in height, D2 − D1, mm,
H1 = initial height, mm, determined
de om thee reference
from study.
referrence study y. Thee standard deviation
D1 = initial dial reading, mm, and (1ss limit)
l and the
thee difference
differencce two-standard-deviation
two-staandard- d- limit (d2s
D2 = final dial reading, mm. limit)
i are
limit) arre presented
prese
senteded in Tab
Table
ble 2 (ther
(there
re is a 95 % probability that
re
Use the resolutions provided in 8.4, 9.1, and
andd 9
9.3
.3
3 ffor
or H1,
H D1, two prop
op
two properly per
erly
ly conducted
conducucte
uc tedd tests
te t perf
rforme
rf med by different laborato-
me
performed
and D2, respectively. ries will differ by less than th the
he d2s
d2s limit).
10.2 Record as a minimum the following general informa- 11.2
11 2 Bi Bias—There
Th iis no acceptable bl reference
f value for this
tion (data): test method, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
10.2.1 Sample/specimen identifying information, such as 12. Keywords
Project No., Boring No., Sample No., Depth, and so forth.
10.2.2 Any special selection and preparation process, such 12.1 clays; expansive soils; index tests; laboratory tests; soil
as breaking down large particles of claystone, shale, volcanic moisture; swelling soils
rock, and so forth.
10.3 Record as a minimum the following specimen data: TABLE 2 Results of Interlaboratory Test Program
4
D 4829 – 08a
“ Hak cipta ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbour Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, USA. Copy ini dibuat oleh BSN di bawah lisensi ASTM International Untuk Penetapan SNI”
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
Penanggung jawab Penggunaan : Dina Nur Febriani - Staf Bidang Mekanika Elektronika, dan Konstruksi - Pusat Perumusan Standar – BSN 2015
(D 4829 – 08) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved December 1, 2008.)
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 4829 – 03) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2007.)
(1) New specimen preparation procedures require a saturation (5) The requirement for bringing the water content of a
of 50 +/- 2%. specimen to the optimum water content with respect to
(2) Table 1 (classification table) was changed from an in-text standard Proctor test as described in Test Methods D 698 is
table to one that conforms to Form and Style for ASTM taken out since the specimen preparation technique used in the
Standards. expansion index test does not correspond fully to Test Methods
(3) Tolerances were added to various equipment requirements D 698.
and resolution requirements were added to measurements. (6) Use of 2.7 for specific gravity is included to simplify
(4) Several editorial changes were made to clarify the content
determination of the degree of saturation using Eq 1.
of the standard.
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in this standard. Users of this standard are expre
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ssly
expressly y advis
ad vised
ed that
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ermina
inatio
tion
determination n of the val
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uch pate
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