Idoc - Pub - Cbseclass 12thphysics Practical File Readings PDF

2/2/2016 CBSE,class 12th,Physics practical file readings
CBSE,class 12th,Physics practical file readings
Hello! friends, got no time or no friends to borrow physics practical file reading and you need
it badly right now : here is your solution:
The return of my doomed work. I deleted my post by accident. But worry not friends.
I recovered the lost copy of this blog and it is back to help you again.
School is for enjoyment and sometimes we tend to left out few of the practicals.
That is not a problem anymore.
Before the submission of my practical file during the board exams. I knew that some scary
looking teacher would just tear the file apart so that it cannot be used again.
Physics file was the most difficult to maintain, all the reading and so much calculation.
I thought in the day of my desolation when no one would share the file or they themselves
have not completed it or maybe have done the whole practical wrong, interred a sense of
Board Exam in my bones.
Most of the practicals screenshot have been listed below with exact numbering.
If you find anything missing or above your head, do post some comments as there are many
others who visit this site and these might be able to help you out of this muck.

EXP1> TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE PER CM OF A GIVEN WIRE BY PLOTTING A GRAPH
OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE VERSUS CURRENT
Materials Required: A Resistance wire, voltmeter, ammeter, battery, rheostat, meter scale, one way
key, connecting wires etc.
Theory: If I be the current flowing through a conductor & V be the potential difference across its ends,
then according to Ohm’s law
V∝I
or V = RI
Where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor.
V/I=R
R depends upon the nature of material, temperature & dimensions of the conductor.
http://12tphysicspracticalfilereadings.blogspot.in/ 1/45
Procedure:
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with the help of sand paper in order to remove any
insulating coating on them.
2. Connect various components resistance, rheostat, battery, key, voltmeter and ammeter
3. Note whether pointers in milliammeter and voltmeter coincide with the zero mark on the
measuring scale. If it is not so, adjust the pointer to coincide with the zero mark by adjusting the
screw provided near the base of the needle using a screw driver.
4. Note the range and least count of the given voltmeter and milliammeter.
5. Insert the key K and slide the rheostat contact to one of its extreme ends, so that current passing
through the resistance wire is minimum.
6. Note the milliammeter and voltmeter readings.
7. Remove the key K and allow the wire to cool, if heated. Again insert the key. Shift the rheostat
contact slightly to increase the applied voltage. Note the milliammeter and voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat step 7 for four different settings of the rheostat. Record your observations in a tabular
form.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Range of ammeter = 0 ... mA to ...mA
2. Least count of ammeter = ... mA
3. Range of voltmeter = 0 ... V to ...V
4. Least count of voltmeter = ...V
5. Least count of meter scale = ... m
6. Length of the given wire, l = ...m
RESULT:
1. The potential difference across the given wire varies linearly with
the current.
2. The resistance per unit length of the wire is (R ± ΔR) = (... ... Ωm1).

EXP2> TO DETERMINE RESISTANCE OF GALVANOMETER BY HALF DEFLECTION METHOD
AND TO FIND ITS FIGURE OF MERIT.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: A moving coil galvanometer, a battery or a battery eliminator (0 6 V), one
resistance box (RBOX 1) of range 010kΩ, one resistance box(RBOX 2) of range 0200Ω, 2 one
way keys, voltmeter, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
Theory: Galvanometer is a sensitive device used to detect very low current. Its working is based on
the principle that a coil placed in a uniform magnetic field experiences a torque when an electric
current is set up in it. The deflection of the coil is determined by a pointer attached to it, moving on
the scale. When a coil carrying current I is placed in a radial magnetic field, the coil experiences a
deflection θ which is related to I as
I=kθ
where k is a constant of proportionality and is termed as figure of merit of the galvanometer.
Procedure:
1. Clean the connecting wires with sand paper and make neat and tight connections as per the circuit
diagram

2. From the high resistance box (RBOX 1) (110 kΩ), remove 5 kΩ key and then close the key K1.
Adjust the resistance R from this resistance box to get full scale deflection on the galvanometer dial.
Record the values of resistance, R and deflection θ.

3. Insert the key K2 and keep R fixed. Adjust the value of shunt resistance S to get the deflection in
the galvanometer which is exactly half of θ. Note down S. Remove plug K2 after noting down the
value of shunt resistance, S.

4. Take five sets of observations by repeating steps 2 and 3 so that θ is even number of divisions and
record the observations for R, S, θ and 2 in tabular form.

5. Calculate the galvanometer resistance G and figure of merit k of
galvanometer using Equations.
OBSERVATIONS:
Emf of the battery E =.....V
Number of divisions on full scale of galvanometer = ....
RESULT:
1. Resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method, G = ... Ω
2. Figure of merit of galvanometer, k = ...ampere/division

EXP3> TO VERIFY LAWS OF COMBINATION OF RESISTOR USING A METER BRIDGE.
Materials Required: Meter bridge, galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, battery, jockey, two
unknown resistance wires, and connecting wires.
Theory: The effective resistance Xs of the combination of two resistors when connected in series can
be calculated by :
Xs = X1+ X2(i)
The resistance (X ) of a resistor is given by:

(ii)
Where ‘l’ is the balancing length and R, the known resistance.

Procedure:
(i) Measure the unknown resistances X1and X2 separately using the procedure explained in
experiment 2, after making the suitable connections as done in experiment 2. Here you can find the
value of unknown resistances without interchanging the R. B. and unknown wire in the gaps.

(ii) After finding the value of X1 and X2, connect the two in series as shown in figure.

(iii) Proceed in the same way as in experiment 2. Take at least three sets of observations for balance
point lying between 30 cm and 70 cm.

(iv) Calculate the effective resistances using equation (ii).

(vi) Compare the measured values of effective resistances using Meter Bridge with the calculated
values.
OBSERVATIONS:
5. Length of the wire of unknown resistance, L = ...cm
RESULT:
The value of unknown resistances X1 = ... and X2 = ....
The value of effective resistance in series:
By calculation = ...
By experiment, = ....
Hence the law of combination of resistances in series is verified.

EXP4> To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine the specific
resistance of its material.
Materials Required: A meter bridge, galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, a battery jockey,
unknown resistance wire about 1 meter long, screw gauge and connecting wires.
Theory: A meter bridge is the practical application of Wheatstone bridge arrangement as shown in
figure below. The four resistances are connected to each other as shown and if the bridge is
inbalanced state, i.e., there is no deflection in the galvanometer (G),
P/Q=R/S
We can use this relation to find the unknown resistance of the given material of wire. The unknown
resistance 'X' can be found by Meter bridge which uses the principle of Wheatstone bridge.
The unknown resistance 'X' of the given wire is obtained by relation:

And specific resistance of the material of a given a wire is obtained by:

where d = diameter of the wire and L = length of wire.
Procedure:
1. Find the average diameter of the wire with a screw gauge. From this, obtain the value of its radius
r.

2. Clean the insulation at the ends of connecting wires with a piece of sand paper. Tighten all plugs of
the resistance box (RBOX) by pressing each plug.

3. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. E 2.1 with unknown resistance wire of known length in gap E.

4. Next, introduce some resistance R in the circuit from the resistance box. Bring the jockey J in
contact with terminal A first and then with terminal C. Note the direction in which pointer of the
galvanometer gets deflected in each case. Make sure that jockey remains in contact with the wire for
a fraction of a second. If the galvanometer shows deflection on both sides of its zero mark for these
two points of contact of the jockey, null point will be somewhere on the wire AC. If it is not so, adjust
resistance R so that the null point
is somewhere in the middle of the wire AC, say, between 30 cm and 70 cm.

5. If there is onesided deflection, check the circuit again, especially junctions, for their continuity.

6. Repeat step 4 for four different values of resistance R.

7. Interchange the position of the resistances S and R and repeat steps 4 to 6 for the same five
values of R. While interchanging S and R, ensure that the same length of wire of resistance S is now
in the gap F. The interchange takes care of unaccounted resistance offered by terminals.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Length of the wire of unknown resistance, L = ...cm
2. Measurement of diameter of wire of unknown resistance
Least count of the screw gauge (L.C.) = ... mm
Zero error of the screw gauge = ...mm
Zero correction of the screw gauge = ...mm
RESULT:
1. The unknown resistance of the given wire is found to be S + ΔS = ... ... Ω
2. The resistivity of the material of the wire is ρ ± Δρ = ... ... Ω m
Here S and ρ are mean values. ΔS and Δρ are maximum of the
five values of error.

EXP5> To find frequency of AC mains with help of a sonometer.
Materials Required: Sonometer with nonmagnetic wire (brass wire) stretched over it, stepdown
transformer of 68 volts, horse shoe magnet, meter scale, screw gauge and half kg weights.
Theory: The frequency of A.C mains is given by the following formula:
n = 1/2l√ (T/m)
Where,
l = length of the sonometer wire between the two bridges when it is thrown into resonant
vibrations.
T = tension applied to the wire.
m = mass per unit length of the wire
Procedure:
(i) Connect the primary of the step down transformer to A.C mains, while the secondary to the two
ends of the sonometer wire.
(ii) The horse shoe magnet is placed in the middle of the wire such that the magnetic field is applied
in a horizontal plane and at right angles to the length of the wire.

(iii) Hang a mass M ( say ½ kg) from one end of the wire and adjust the distance l between two
bridges C and D symmetrically with respect to magnet till the wire appears to be vibrating with the
maximum amplitude. Note the distance l between the two bridges.

(iv) By increasing the tension on the wire, repeat the experiment for three or more different tensions.

(v) Take readings with decreasing weight.

(vi) Measure the diameter of the wire in mutually perpendicular directions at various points.

(vii) Note the density of the material from the table of constants
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Length of the wire = ...cm = ... m
2. Mass of the wire = ...g = ...kg
3. Mass per unit length, m = ... g/cm = ...kg/m
4. Acceleration due to gravity, g = ...ms2
RESULT:
1. Frequency of ac supply f = n/2
(i) from calculation ...Hz
(ii) from graph ...Hz

EXP6> To draw IV characteristics curve of a PN junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
Materials Required: Diode Characteristics Kit , Power Supply, Ammeter (020mA), Voltmeter (020V),
Connecting Leads.
Theory: A PN junction is known as Semiconductor diode or Crystal diode. It is the combination of P
type & Ntype Semiconductor. Which offers Nearly zero resistance to current on forward biasing &
nearly infinite Resistance to the flow of current when in reverse biased.
Forward biasing : When Ptype semiconductor is connected to the +ve terminal and Ntype to –ve
terminal of voltage source. Nearly zero resistance is offered to the flow of current.
Reverse biasing : When Ptype semiconductor is connected to the –ve terminal and Ntype to +ve
terminal. Nearly zero current flow in this condition.
Procedure:
(1) Connect the ckt. as shown in fig.
(2)Switch on the power supply.
(3)Vary the value of input dc supply in steps.
(4)Note down the ammeter & voltmeter readings for each step.
(5)Plot the graph of Voltage Vs Current
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
The graph has been plotted between voltage and current.

EXP7> To draw characteristics of a zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage.
Theory: A Zener Diode is constructed for operation in the reverse breakdown region.The relation
between IV is almost linear in this case
Vz =Vz0+Iz Rz,
where Rz is the dynamic resistance of the zener at the operating point.
Vz0 is the voltage at which the straightline approximation of the IV characteristic intersects the
horizontal axis. After reaching a certain voltage, called the breakdown voltage, the current increases
widely even for a small change in voltage. However, there is no appreciable change in voltage. So,
when we plot the graph, we should get a curve very near to xaxis and almost parallel to it for quite
sometime. After the Zener potential
Vz there will be a sudden change and the graph will become exponential.
Procedure:
1.Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in figure. Connect all the components by leads and ensure
that the Zener diode is reverse biased. Also ensure that milliammeter is connected in series with
Zener diode having protective resistance and voltmeter is connected in parallel with Zener diode.
Now adjust the slider of rheostat so that the power supply shows minimum potential.
2.Switch on the power supply and gradually increase the potential difference applied across the
Zener diode and note the reading of potential difference from voltmeter also note corresponding
value of reverse current in milliammeter.

3.Increase the value of applied potential difference in the steps of 0.5 V and read the corresponding
current in milliammeter to each applied potential.

4.Continue increasing the potential difference till you get a sudden increase in the reverse current in
microammeter.

5.The reverse potential corresponding to this value of reverse. current is the breakdown or Zener
voltage of the Zener diode. Take the observations near the breakdown voltage by varying applied
potential difference in the steps of 0.1 V.

6.Record all the observations in the table given.

7.Plot the graph between V and I as shown.

8.Mark on the graph the value of Breakdown Voltage or Zener Voltage Vz as shown. Take the value
of V, corresponding to I, where it suddenly increases. This value of V, is called Zener voltage or
Breakdown voltage Vz.
OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of milliammeter =...................mA
Least count of voltmeter =.......................V
RESULT:
The characteristic curve of the given Zener is plotted as shown in the graph.
The reverse breakdown voltage of the given Zener Diode is ……………V

EXP8> To study characteristics of a common emitter NPN or pnp transistor and to find out the
value of current and voltage gain.
Theory: An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region.In typical
operation, the emitterbase junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse
biased. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped ptype
which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.The base region of the transistor must be
made thin, so that carriers can diffuse across it in much less time than the semiconductor’s minority
carrier lifetime, to minimize the percentage of carriers that recombine before reaching the collector
base junction.
β=∆Ic/∆Ib
Procedure:
Connect 5V and 12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or
ST2612 Analog Lab.
To plot input characteristics proceed as follows :

1. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).

2. Connect Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input base current IB (mA).

3. Short or connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 5

4. Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and ground to measure input voltage VEB and
another voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VEC.

5. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.

6. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VEC at some constant value (1V, 3V,)

7. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VEB from zero to 0.8V in
step and measure the corresponding values of input current IB for different constant value of output
voltage VEC in an observation Table 1.

8. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.

9. Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of output voltage VEC.

10. Plot a curve between input voltage VEB and input current IB as shown in figure 1 using suitable
scale with the help of observation Table l. This curve is the required input characteristic.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
Input resistance Rin = ______________
Output resistance Rout = ______________
Current Gain bac = ______________

EXP9> a) To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting graph between
angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
b) To determine refractive index of material of prism.
Requirements: Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, prism, drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale,
office pins, graph paper and a protractor.
Theory: For angle of deviation
δ = (i – r) + (e – r′) = i + e – A
At the position of the prism for minimum deviation δm, the light ray
passes through the prism symmetrically, i.e. parallel to the base so
that when
δ = δm, i = e which implies r = r′.
The refractive index (n) of the material of the prism is given by

where Dm angle of minimum deviation and
And A angle of prism.
Procedure:
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board with the help of cello tape or drawing pins.

2. Draw a straight line XY, using a sharp pencil nearly in the middle and parallel to the length of the
paper.

3. Mark points O1, O2, O3. ., . . . . on the straight line XY at suitable distances of about 8 to 10 cm
and draw normals N1 O1, N2 O2, N3 O3. . . . on these points (Fig. E 13.2).
4. Draw straight lines, P1 O1, P2 O2, P3 O3, . . . corresponding to the incident rays making angles of
incidence at 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, ... 60° respectively with the normals, using a protractor. Write the
values
of the angles ∠P1 O1 N1, ∠P2 O2 N2, ∠ P3 O3 N3,... on the white paper sheet ( Fig. E 13.2).

5. Place the prism with its refracting face AB on the line XY with point O1 in the middle of AB as
shown in the figure. Draw the boundary of the prism with a sharp pencil.
6. Fix two alpins Pl and Q1 with sharp tips vertically about 10 cm apart, on the incident ray line Pl Ql
such that pin Q1 is close to point O1. Close one eye (say left) and looking through the prism, bring
your right eye in line with the images of the pins Pl and Ql. Fix alpins Rl and Sl about 10 cm apart
vertically on the white paper sheet with their tips in line with the tips of the images of pins Pl and Ql. In
this way pins R1 and S1 will become collinear, with the images of pins P1 and Q1.

7. Remove the pins Rl and Sl and encircle their pin pricks on the white paper sheet with the help of a
sharp pencil. Remove the pins P1 and Q1 and encircle their pin pricks also.

8. Join the points ( or pin pricks) Rl and Sl with the help of a sharp pencil and scale, to obtain the
emergent ray Rl Sl. Produce it backwards to meet the incident ray Pl Ql (produced forward) at T1.
Draw arrowheads on Pl Ql and R1 S1 to show the direction of the rays.

9. Measure the angle of deviation δ l and the angle BAC (angle A) of the prism (Fig. E 13.1) with a
protractor and write the values of these angles indicated in the diagram.

10. Repeat steps 5 to 9 for different values of angle of incidence (40°, 45°, 50°...) and measure the
corresponding angles of deviation δ2, δ 3... with the protractor, and indicate them in the respective
diagrams.

11. Record observations in tabular form with proper units and significant figures.

OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of the protractor = ...............(degree)
Angle of the prism, A = ..............(degree)
RESULT:
Angle of minimum deviation, δm = ... ± ... degree
Refractive index of the material n =...........

EXP10> To compare EMF's of 2 given primary cells using potentiometer.
Requirements: Potentiometer, battery, two one way key, rheostat of low resistance, galvanometer,
high resistance box, fractional resistance box, ammeter, voltmeter, a cell, jockey, connecting wires
etc.
Theory: The internal resistance of a cell is given by

E1 emf of primary cell 1 (Lechlanche cell), l1 is the balancing length for cell 1
E2 emf of primary cell 2 (Daniel cell), l2 is the balancing length for cell 2
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. The circuit is checked for opposite side
deflections.

2. Using DPDT switch the Leclanche cell is included in the secondary circuit. The jockey is pressed
on the potentiometer wire.

3. The point (J) where the galvanometer wire shows full scale deflection is noted.

4. The balancing length AJ = l1 is measured.

5. Using DPDT switch the Daniel cell is included in the secondary circuit.

6. The above steps are repeated and the balancing length l2 is measured.

7. By varying the rheostat values l1, l2 are measured and the readings are tabulated.

8. The ratio of emf of the given two primary calls are calculated using the formula
OBSERVATIONS:
Balancing length for Lechlanche cell,
l1=..................cm.
Balancing length for Daniel cell,
l2 =......................cm.
RESULT:
EMF of 2 given cells are:
E1 =....................V
E2 =...................V

EXP11> To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using potentiometer.
Requirements: Potentiometer, battery, two one way key, rheostat of low resistance, galvanometer,
high resistance box, fractional resistance box, ammeter, voltmeter, a cell, jockey, connecting wires
etc.
Theory: The internal resistance of a cell is given by

Where length 1 and 2 and are the balancing lengths without shunt & with shunt, respectively & R is
the shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell.
Procedure:
1. Connect different electrical components as shown in the circuit (Fig. E 5.1). After checking the
circuit connections, close key K1.

2. With keys K2 and K3 open and a protective high resistance P from the RBOX 2, find the position
of the balance point. For final reading, short circuit the resistance P by closing the key K3 and find the
balance length lo.

3. Take R = 10 Ω (from RBOX 1), close the key K2 and quickly measure the new balance length l .
Open K2 as soon as this has been done.

4. Keep the readings in the ammeter constant throughout the above observation.
5. Reduce the value of R in equal steps of 1 Ω and for each value of R obtain the balance length l.

6. At the end of the experiment, open key K2 and repeat step 2 to find lo again.
OBSERVATIONS:
lo=.....cm(in the beginning of the experiment)
lo =......cm(in the beginning of the experiment)
Mean lo = ... cm.
RESULT:
The internal resistance of the given cell r
(i) by calculation ... Ω
(ii) by graph ... Ω

EXP12> To find focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens.
Requirements: An optical bench with uprights for holding lens, mirror and two needles, two needles
(pins), a thin convex lens, a convex mirror, index needle (may be a knitting needle or a pencil
sharply pointed at both ends), a meter scale and a spirit level.
Theory: A convex lens L1 converges the light rays starting from the object AB to form a real and
inverted image A′B′ at position I1 [Fig. E 12.2(a)]. If a concave diverging lens L2 is inserted between
the lens L1 and point I1 as shown in Fig. E 12.2 (b), for concave lens L2 image A′ B′ behaves as
virtual object. A real and inverted image A′′ B′′ is formed at point I2 by the diverging lens L2. Thus, for
the concave lens L2 the distances O′ I1 and O′ I2 would be the distances u and v, respectively. It is
important to note that the focal length of convex lens L1 must be smaller than the focal length of the
concave lens L2. The second image A′′ B′′ is formed only when the distance between lens L2 and first
image A′B′ is less than the focal length of L2.
The focal length of the concave lens L2 can be calculated from the relation

Here for the concave lens both distances u and v are positive and since u will be found to be less
than v, f will always be negative.
Procedure:
1. In case, if the focal length of the given thin convex lens is not known then rough value of its focal
length (fL) should be estimated first to ensure that its focal length is less than that of the concave
lens.
2. Place the optical bench on a rigid platform and using the spirit level, make it horizontal with the
help of levelling screws provided at the base of the bench.
3. Place the uprights mounted with pin P1 (object pin), convex lens L1, and another pin P2 (image
pin) on the optical bench. You may put a small piece of paper on image pin P2 to differentiate it from
the image of object pin P1 [Fig. E 12.2(a)].
4. Check the collinearity of the tip of pin P1, optical center O of convex lens L1, and the tip of image
pin P2 along a horizontal straight line which is parallel to the length of the optical bench. In this
condition the planes of lens and both the pins would be perpendicular to the axis of the lens.
5. For the determination of the index correction, bring a mounted pin close to the concave lens L2.
Adjust the index needle (a sharp edged knitting needle would also serve the purpose) horizontally
such that its one end touches one of the curved surfaces of the lens and the other end touches the
tip of the pin. Note the positions of the two uprights on the scale provided on the optical bench. The
difference of the two would give the observed length of the index needle. The actual length between
the tip of the pin and optical
center O′ of the lens L2 would be length of the index needle (as measured by a scale) plus half of the
thickness of the lens at its
optical center. The difference of the two lengths is the index correction. (If the concave lens is thin at
the center, its thickness at the center can be ignored).
6. Separate the object pin P1 from the convex lens by a distance slightly greater than the focal length
fL of the lens.
7. Locate its real and inverted image at point I1 on the other side of the lens by removing the parallax
between the image pin P2 and image of the object pin P1 [Fig. E 12.3(a)].
8. Read the positions of the uprights holding the object pin P1, convex lens L1, and image pin P2 (i.e.
point I1). Record these observations in Table E 12.1.
9. From now on, do not change the position of the convex lens L1 and the position of the object pin
P1. Insert the concave lens L2 in between the convex lens L1 and image pin P2. Now the image of
object pin will shift further from the convex lens L1 to a point I2(say). Adjust the position of the
concave lens so that the point I2 is sufficiently away from the point I1.
10. In case the image formed by the combination of convex and concave lenses is not distinctly
visible, try to see it on moving the concave lens nearer to the point I1 and to locate the image by
using a pencil held in hand, and keeping the image pin P2 at point I1 as a guide to decide which way
to shift the concave lens L2. After having seen the clear image at point I2 and ensured that it lies
within the range of the optical bench, move image pin P2 to locate the image (or point I2) more
accurately using the method of parallax [Fig. E 12.3(b)]. Since the image forming at I2 is quite
enlarged, it can be blurred.
11. Note the position of uprights holding the concave lens and image pin P2, i.e., point I2. Note the
readings in the Observation Table.
12. Change the position of upright holding the object pin P1 and repeat the steps 6 to 10. Take five
sets of observations.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Focal length of the convex lens, fL = ... cm
2. Length of the index needle as measured by the scale, s = ... cm
3. Thickness of the thin concave lens (given) at its optical centre,
t = ... cm
4. Actual length between the optical centre O of the lens and tip of the pin,
l = s + t/2 = ... cm
5. Observed length of the index needle, l′
= Distance between the pole of the lens and tip of the pin
= Position of lens upright position of pin upright on the scale
=......cm.
RESULT:
The focal length of the given concave lens is (f ± Δf) = ... ± ...cm.
Here f is mean value of the focal length.

EXP14> To determine refractive index of a glass slab or transparent liquid using a traveling
microscope.
Requirements: Given liquid or glass slab, glass beaker, traveling microscope, lycopodium powder,
pin, etc.
Theory: A traveling microscope is an ordinary microscope fixed on a stand in such a way that it may
be made to travel in vertical as well as horizontal direction without disturbing its adjusted focus.The
readings are recorded by means of main scale and vernier scale of high accuracy (0.001 cm)
attached to the instrument.
The refractive index of glass slab or liquid water:

Procedure:
1.The least count of the microscope is determined as in the case of vernier calipers.
2.A small pin is fixed horizontally with wax or cello tape at the bottom of the empty beaker. The tip of
pin is focussed clearly on the microscope and the corresponding main scale reading (MSR) and
vernier scale
coincidence (VSC) in the vertical scale are noted in the tabular column. (Reading 1)
3.The given liquid is taken in the beaker. Now the pin is apparently raised through a height.
Therefore, it will be no longer in focus. The microscope is moved up without changing the adjusted
focus, so that the image of the pin is clearly seen through the microscope. The corresponding main
scale reading (MSR) and vernier scale coincidence (VSC) in the vertical scale are noted in the tabular
column.(Reading 2)
4.Finally, a little lycopodium powder or saw dust which can float on liquid is scattered on the surface
of the liquid. The microscope is further moved up without changing the adjusted focus, so that the
clear image of
lycopodium powder is seen through the microscope. The corresponding main scale reading (MSR)
and vernier scale coincidence (VSC) in the vertical scale are noted in the tabular column. (Reading 3)
5.The difference between this Reading 3 and Reading 1 gives the real depth of the liquid, whereas
the difference between Reading 3 and Reading 2 gives the apparent depth of the liquid.
6.By substituting the readings in the formula, the refractive index of the liquid (water) is determined.
OBSERVATIONS:
To find Least count of microscope:
Least count: Value of 20 MSD = .......cm
Value of 1 MSD =........ cm
No. of divisions on the vernier scale(n) = .........
Least Count (LC) = 1/n x value of 1 MSD
=..............cm
RESULT:
The refractive index of glass slab or liquid water =........................

EXP15> To find focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph between "u and v" or 1/u and 1/v.
Requirements: An optical bench with three uprights (central upright fixed, two outer uprights with
lateral movement), a convex lens with lens holder, two optical needles, (one thin, one thick) a knitting
needle and a half meter scale.
Theory: The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens is

Where,
f= focal length of convex lens
u= distance of object needle form optical center of the lens
v= distance of image needle from optical center of the lens.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS:
1. Principal axis of a lens is the line joining center of curvature of the two surfaces.
2. Optical center is the point, through which a ray passes undeviated through the lens.
3. Principal focus is the point where rays parallel to the principal axis focus after passing through the
lens (convex) or appear to come from after passing through the lens (concave).
4. Focal length is the distance between optical center of lens and focus.
5. Intercepts of a graph: If a graph cuts xaxis and yaxis, then lengths between origin and points of
interception are intercepts
Procedure:
1.Obtain approximate value of the focal length of the thin convex lens by focusing the image of a
distant object. It can be found by obtaining a sharp image of the Sun or a distant tree on a screen,
say a plane wall, or a sheet of paper placed on the other side of the lens and measuring the distance
between the lens and the image with a scale. This distance is a rough estimate of the focal length, f
of the convex lens.
2. Place the optical bench on a rigid table or on a platform, and using the spirit level, make it
horizontal with the help of leveling screws provided at the base of the bench.
3. Clamp the convex lens on an upright and mount it vertically almost near to the middle of the optical
bench such that its principal axis is parallel to the optical bench. In this position, the lens would lie in a
plane perpendicular to the optical bench.
4. For the determination of the index correction, bring a mounted pin close to the lens. Adjust the
index needle (a sharpedged knitting needle would also serve the purpose) horizontally such that its
one end touches one of the curved surfaces of the lens and the other end touches the tip of the pin.
Note the positions of the two uprights on the scale provided on the optical bench. The difference of
the two would give the observed length of the index needle. The actual length between the tip of the
pin and optical center O would be length of the index needle (as measured by a scale) plus half of
the thickness of the lens because optical center of a double convex lens with surfaces of equal
curvature is at its geometrical center. The difference of the two lengths is the index correction. Find
index correction for both the pins.
5. Place the vertically mounted sharp pins P and P′ (Fig. E 10.3) on left and right hand sides of the
lens
respectively. Adjust the pins P and P′ so that the heights of the tips of these pins become equal to the
height of the optical center O of the lens from the base of the optical bench. Let the pin P (placed on
left hand side of the lens ) be the object pin and the pin P′ (lying on right hand side) be the image pin.
Put a small piece of paper on one of the pins (say on image pin P′) to differentiate it from the object
pin P′.
6. Displace the object pin P (on left side of the lens) to a distance slightly less than 2f from the optical
centre O of the lens (Fig. E 10.3). Locate the position of the real and inverted image on the other side
of the lens above the image pin P′.
7. Using the method of parallax, adjust the position of the image pin P′ such that the image of the
object pin P coincides with the image pin P′.
8. Note the upright position of the object pin, convex lens and image pin on the optical bench and
record the readings in an observation table.
9. Move the object pin P closer to the optical centre O of the lens (say by 2 cm or 3 cm). Repeat the
experiment and record at least six sets of readings for various distances of object pin between f and
2f from the lens.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Approximate focal length of the convex lens = ... cm
2. Length of the index needle as measured by the meter scale,
Lo =... cm
3. Thickness of the thin convex lens (given), t = ... cm
4. Actual length between the optical center O of the lens and tip of the pin, lo = Lo + t/2 = ... cm

5. Observed length of the index needle, l′o = Distance between the center of convex lens and tip of
the object pin
= Position of lens upright – position of object pin upright on the scale.

= ... cm – ... cm =...cm
6. Index correction for object distance, eo = lo – l′o = cm; similarly for image pin

ei = lil'i = ......cm
RESULT:
The focal length of the given converging thin convex lens:

(i) f ± f = ...cm (here f is mean value of the focal length)
(ii) from u – v graph =...cm, and
(iii) from 1/u1/v graph=....cm

Do ask if you have any doubt regarding any topic.
I can explain you the things but if you have a doubt regarding readings and my readings shall give
the bare idea and then you can overcome some silly mistakes that you might had been making ang
these very mistaked might ahve been hindering your perfect readings.
All these experiments have been : A.. you can say perfectly matched and corrected by cross
checking from brialliant students in my class.
Don't worry about your boards exams. Just prepare for your viva perfectly.
25 marks regarding the performing of the practical is purely passable to the extent of 21 marks.
LINK for the whole physics practical lab manual:
click here to download lab manual
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