5-1 STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTED CONNECTIONS: ASD ONLY

 The load-carrying capacity, of working strength, of a bolt in single shear is equal to the product of the cross-sectional area of
its shank and an allowable shear stress:

ro  Ab Fv

Where:

ro = allowable shear for one bolt (kN)

Ab = cross-sectional area of one bolt (mm2)

Fv = allowable shear stress (mPa)

Figure 5-1 Anatomy of a Bolt Assembly

Figure 5-2 Shear Stress

TABLE 5-1 ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR FASTENER

(ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN)

Fastener Tensile Stress (Bearing Type), Shear Stress (Bearing type), Shear Stress (Friction type),
 F t , mPa Fv , mPa For standard holes only

Fv , mPa

A325 N (Grade A) 380  1.8 f v  300 145 120

A325 X (Grade A) 380  1.4 f v  300 210 120

A490 N (Grade B) 470  1.8 f v  370 190 150

A490 X (Grade B) 470  1.4 f v  370 280 150

 The Strength of one bolt in bearing may be expressed as

rv  dtFp

Where:

rv = allowable bearing for one bolt (kN)

d = nominal bolt diameter (mm)

t= thickness of plate or connected part (mm)

Fp = allowable bearing stress (mPa)

 Figure 5-2 Bearing Stress

The Allowable bearing stress at the bolt hole depends on the type of hole in which the bolts are placed, the spacing between the
center of the bolts, and the distance from the center of bolt to the nearest edge (called edge distance). The allowable bearing
stress on the projected area of bolts in shear connections with the end distance in the line of force not less than 1.5d and NSCP 4TH
ED Section 4.16.4.1 the center-to-center distance of bolts not less than 3d is to be taken as follows:

1. In standard or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of force

Fp  1.2 Fu

2. In long-slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of the load and with two or more bolts in the
line of force

Fp  1.0 Fu

Where:

Fu = The specified minimum tensile strength of the connected part (mPa)

In bearing-type connection it is accepted that the bolt is actually in shear and that the load is transmitted by the shearing resistance
of the bolt as well as bearing of the connected parts on the bolt.

BOLT DESIGNATION TYPE OF APPLICATION

A325SC, A490SC Slip-critical connection

A325N, A490N Bearing-type connection, threads in the shear plane

A325X, A490X Bearing-type connection, threads excluded from the shear plane
 Figure 5-3 Bolt Designation

On the projected area of bolt closest to the edge in standard or short-slotted holes with the edge distance less than 1.5d and in all
connections with a single bolt in the line of force

Figure 5-4

Le Fu
Fp   1.2 Fu
2d

 A high-strength bolted connection, where bolts are subjected to pure tensile loads, is shown in Figure 5-4. The
permissible tension in a bolt may be taken as the product of its nominal cross-sectional area and its allowable unit tensile
stress. This may be expressed as

rt  Ab Ft

Where

rt = allowable tension for a single bolt (kN)

Ab = nominal cross-sectional area of a single bolt (mm2)

Ft = allowable unit tensile stress (mPa); found in Table 5-1

 In slip-critical connections (A325SC and A490SC), the maximum shear stress, where bolts are subjected to both shear and
tension the allowed shall be multiplied by the reduction factor

f t Ab
1 where: Tb is the pretension load of the bolts
Tb

TABLE 5-2 MINIMUM PRE-TENSIONED BOLT (kN)

(ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN)

Bolt, Size (mm) A325 A490

12 50 70

16 80 110

20 120 160

22 170 220

25 230 290

28 250 360

32 320 450

35 380 540

38 460 660

Example 5-1

Compute the tensile capacity, Pt, for tension member having a thickness off 12.70mm as shown in figure 5-5. The plates are A36
steel, and the high strength bolts are 22 mm diameter A325X in standard holes.
 Figure 5-5

Solution:

1. Shear Stress in Bolt

 (222 )
ro  Ab Fv  * 210  79.83kN
4
Pt  79.83 * 6 pcs  479kN

2. Bearing Stress

Bearing stress depends on the edge distance and the center-to-center of the bolts.

a) Edge distance

le min  1.5d  1.5 * 22  33mm  38 ; therefore ok!

b) Center-to-center distance

smin  3* 22  66mm  75 ; therefore ok!

Fp  1.2 Fu  1.2 * 400  480mPa

 rv  dtFp  22mm *12.7mm * 480mPa  134.11kN

Pt  134.11kN * 6 pcs  805kN

3. Tensile capacity of the Plate

a) Base on Gross Area

Pn Fy Ag 248mPa * (139mm *12.7mm)

Pt     262kN
 1.67 1.67

b) Base on Net Area

Pn Fu An 400mPa * (1125.22mm2 )
Pt     225kN
 2 2

c) Compute also the Base on Block Shear (Compute base on previous lesson)

Pt  242kN

Example 5-2

A bracket must support the service loads shown in Figure 5-6, which act through the center of gravity of the connection. The
connection to the column flange is with eight-22 mm diameter,A325X bearing type bolts. A36 steel is used for all components. Is
the connection adequate? If the bolts use is A325SC, will the connection be adequate?

Solution:

1. A325X:

The allowable bolt shear is

 Fv  210mPa

The actual bolt shear stress is

(374  294) Sin30

fv   110mPa  210mPa O.K.
222 
8*
4
The allowable tensile stress in bolts is

Ft  380  1.4 f v  380  1.4 *110  226mPa  300

The actual tensile stress in bolts is

(374  294)Cos30
ft   190mPa  226mPa O.K.
222 
8*
4
The connection is adequate

2. A325SC:

The actual tensile stress in bolts is

(374  294)Cos30
ft   190mPa
222 
8*
4
The allowable bolt shear is

  * 22 2 
 fA   190 *
4   69mPa
Fv  1201  t b   120 * 1 
 Tb   170,000 
 
The actual bolt shear stress is

(374  294) Sin30

fv   110mPa  69mPa O.K.
222 
8*
4

The connection is not adequate for slip-critical type