Assessment of The Implementation of The Local Anti-Criminality Plan (LACAP) in The Province of Pangasinan

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Cabanatuan City
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
“A couple can walk in the evening in their

neighborhood without fear of assault and robbery.”
“A family can go away for the weekend without fear

of returning to a house ransacked by burglars.”
“A woman can take a night job without fear of

being raped on her way to or from work.”
“Every citizen can live without fear of being

brutalized by unknown assailants.”
The abovementioned situations are what every Filipino wishes for. It is also what
every law enforcement agency aims for. These are possible only if the neighborhood, the
roads, parks, homes and commercial establishments are safe places for all persons at all
times. To make this scenario true may be wistful thinking. Many will say it is not
attainable. But at least, there must be concerted efforts among the citizens, the
government, and the law enforcement to reduce the crime rate, and to contain those social
conditions associated with crime and delinquency – poverty, unemployment, inferior
education, and corruption.
There is a need to improve the police image which has been tarnished by the
involvement of some of the policemen in crimes such as kidnapping, hold ups and bank
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robberies. Almost every day, we hear over the radio, or see television news about crimes
perpetrated by law enforcers. This is very sad for the country that is pushing for a newly
industrialized nation status by year 2040 based on government’s long range plan of
AMBISYON 2040. Crimes will drive investors away. No investors may mean no new
jobs for Filipinos.
The society today is faced with various social problems and concerns. One of
these problems is criminality, which affects all parts of the country and every aspect of
community life. The problem of criminality is aggravated due to the population growth,
unemployment and rapid urbanization. There is no single formula and theory that can
explain the vast range of criminal behavior. A criminal could be a shoplifter stealing
goods from a grocery store, a pleasant young man who suddenly and inexplicably
murders his family or a gun-for-hire who brutally assassinates a government official. In
addition, the crime problem weakening the traditional social control, moral standard the
alienation from family and social groups and the rising affluence enjoyed by some sectors
of society.
In the Philippines, kidnappings, bank heists, robbery and murder in the
countryside have remained the biggest threat for public safety and security among the
people. To ensure community safety of the people, the elected and appointed local
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government officials, Philippine National Police and enacted ordinances that served as
the tool or instrument in the protection of community.
In accordance with the 1987 Philippine Constitution, under Article XVI (General
Provisions), Section 6 provides: „The State shall establish and maintain one police force,
which shall be national in scope and civilian character, to be administered and controlled
by a national police commission. The authority of local executives over the police units
in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
Further, in the passage of Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local
Government Code (LGC) of 1991 in Article 2, Section 28 stated that,” authorizes local
government executives to have operational control over police and policing in their
respective local jurisdictions.
Specifically, it defines the extensive powers that local elected executive officials,
such as provincial governors or city and municipal mayors, exercise over PNP officers
and personnel assigned to their jurisdictions. Chapter III, Section 51 of RA 6975
empowers provincial governors to select and appoint their police provincial directors,
oversee the implementation of their respective provincial public safety plans and preside
over their respective provincial peace and order councils. In other words, city and
municipal mayors are given even more powers over PNP personnel assigned to their
respective towns or cities. They include the power of operational International Journal of
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Research in Social Sciences and Humanities supervision and control over policing, which
means mayors of towns and cities could direct, superintend, oversee and inspect
Philippine National Police units or forces.
On the other hand, Under the Local Government Code of 1991, effective on
January 1, 1992 and which repealed P.D. 1508 the revised of Katarungang Pambarangay
lawfully reorganized to strengthen the peace and order under local government units. In
addition, the essence of the Katarungang Pambarangay Law is the amicable settlement of
conflicts wherein the disputing parties are encouraged to make mutual concessions to
obtain a peaceful resolution of the dispute without formal adjudication thereof.
It is a tool for declogging the courts and providing access to services at minimum
cost to both the government and litigants, with the objective of promoting the speedy
administration of justice. Lastly, the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) was
established by the Philippine Congress through the enactment of the Police Act of 1966,
also known as Republic Act (RA) 4864.
Among its specific roles in relation to enforcing police accountability are the
following: To develop policies and set down a police manual of regulations for more
efficient organization, administration and operation of policing; to examine, audit and
establish standards for policing on a continuing basis; to approve or modify plans for
police education and training, logistics, communications, records and others; to monitor
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and investigate anomalies and irregularities in the police and to monitor the performance
of local chief executives as agents exercising authority over police within their localities
(National Police Commission 2008, pp. 1-2).
The Local Anti-Criminality Action Plan (LACAP) prescribes the guidelines and
procedures relative to the conduct of holistic and comprehensive anti-crime approach to
be undertaken jointly by the different sectors of the society.
The same Action Plan intends to address all forms of criminality particularly
cattle rustling, illegal drugs, illegal logging and other crime against property that may
occur in the locality.
This guides the Chief of Police and the police personnel of his locality on what is
the crime focus of their station and what are the intended actions expected from them.
Without the LACAP, the Chief of Police will find it difficult to understand and be
familiar with the community he is assigned in. This is the reason why the presence of the
LACAP is one of the criteria for the selected of the Best Performing Local Government
Units through the Seal of Good Local Governance.
The Department of Interior and Local Government has initiated a program in
2014 on the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) in an effort to further strengthen
accountability at the LGU level. This was an improved version of the Seal of Good
Housekeeping (SGH).
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The late and former DILG secretary Jesse Robredo in 2011 introduced the SGH
monitors and awards LGUs with good performance in internal housekeeping specifically
in the areas of local legislation, development planning, resource generation, and resource
allocation.
Expounding from SGH, the SGLG has 6 basic elements: 1) good financial
keeping, 2) disaster preparedness, 3) social protection, 4) business friendliness and
competitiveness, 5) environment management, and 6) peace and order.
https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/budget-watch/48073-dilg-seal-good-local-
governance
It is under item number 6 on Peace and Order that the compliance to the Local
Anti-Criminality Plan (LACAP) was tagged as one of the requirements in this category.
In Region 1, the DILG in coordination with the Regional Development Council
through its Governance Sectoral Committee is tasked to assess the various local
government units in terms of their performance and transparency commitment.
Every year, the RDC, NEDA and DILG evaluate the different cities and
municipalities using the Seal of Good Local Governance and generally about 95% of the
municipalities and cities in Region 1 encounter a problem on their compliance of the
submission of the Approved LACAP.
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In the most recent data gathered by the researcher from the Police Regional Office
1 on the submission of the approved LACAP for the 2nd Quarter of CY 2017, the
Provinces of La Union, Ilocos Norte, and Ilocos Sur had some Chiefs of Police who have
submitted their approved LACAP. However, the province of Pangasinan, with 44
municipalities and 4 cities, has not submitted their approved LACAP for consolidation
and data information.
This problem has been raised to the researcher by the Chief of the Operations
Division of the Police Regional Office 1 (PRO1) located at Camp Oscar M Florendo in
San Fernando City, La Union where the PNP has reflected a zero compliance rate on the
Local Anti-Criminality Plan for the province of Pangasinan.
With the researcher sitting as the Private Sector Representative (Alternate) in the
Governance Sector of the Regional Development Council of Region 1 for the past 4 years
has observed that the PNP cannot forward accurate information to the RDC on the anti-
criminality plan of the different municipalities. According to the Chiefs of Police, it is
always very difficult for them to submit an approved LACAP because it has to go
through the Sangguniang Panglungsod or Sangguniang Bayan for review and approval. In
most cases, they submit a re-enacted LACAP even if the contents are not part of their
intended Anti-Criminality Plan for their area of jurisdiction.
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It is for this reason that she intended to assess the implementation of the Local
Anti-Criminality Plan (LACAP) focusing further on its preparation and approval to the
different LGUs in the Province of Pangasinan considering that being the biggest province
of the Ilocos Region; they have not submitted their quarterly reports on the LACAP.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The theoretical/conceptual basis of this study is anchored on the concepts and
theories relating to criminal behavior, nature of crimes, crime solution efficiency, factors
that influence to the commission of crime, crime patterns, and problems relating to the
investigation of crime.
Concept of Crime
Professional criminologists usually align themselves with one of several schools
of thought or perspectives. Each of these perspectives maintains its own view of what
constitutes criminal behavior and what causes people to engage in criminality. A
criminologist’s choice of orientation or perspectives depends, in part, on his or her
definition of crime. The three most common concepts of crime used by criminologists are
consensus view, conflict and interactionist view. The consensus view is the belief that the
majority of citizens in a society share common values and agree on what behaviors
should be defined as criminal. The conflict view is the belief that criminal behavior is
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defined by those in a position of power to protect and advance their own self-interest. On
the other hand, the interactionist view is the belief that those with social power are able to
impose their values on society as a whole, and these values then define criminal behavior
(Siegel:2008)
Generally, a criminal act must be completed for a crime to exist. However, there
are some exceptions to this rule. When a person is unsuccessful in the commission of a
crime, that person can be charged with criminal attempt. In addition, once an agreement
is made between two or more people to commit a crime, they are guilty of conspiracy.
The level of “evilness” is the basis of typology of crimes. Mala in se, Latin for “evil in
itself”, refers to crimes that are intrinsically evil, such as murder. Although societies may
differ on the details of acts that constitute murder, all prohibit the behavior. This term is
in contrast with mala prohibita, Latin for “wrong because it is prohibited,” which refers
to activities that have been clawed not because they are obviously evil, but because they
violate certain standards governing behavior (Winfree & Abadinsky: 2003)
Co-extensive with the typology of crimes are the basic elements or ingredients for
crime to exist in order to determine the criminal liability depending on the criminal
propensity.
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According to Coronel as cited by Verceles (2003), there are three elements or
ingredients that must be present at the same time and place for the crime to happen.
These are motive, instrumentality, and opportunity.
Motive refers to the reason or cause why a person or group of person will
perpetrate a crime. Examples are dispute, economics gain, jealousy, revenge, insanity,
thrill, intoxication, drug addiction, and many others.
Instrumentality is the means or implement used in the commission of the crime. It
could be firearm, a bolo, a knife, an ice pick, poisonous or obnoxious substance, a crow
bar, a battery-operated hand drill for carnapping motor vehicle, etc. Both motive and
instrumentality belong to and harbored and wielded respectively by the criminal.
Opportunity consists of the acts of omission and/or commission by a person (the
victim), which enables the other person or group of persons (the criminal/s) to perpetrate
the crime. Illustrative examples include leaving one’s home unattended for a long period
of time, waiting alone in a well-known crime-prone alley, wearing expensive jewelries in
slum areas, readily admitting a stranger into one’s residence and the like. Opportunity is
synonymous with carelessness, acts of indiscretion and lack of crime prevention
consciousness on the part of the victim.
Whether a crime incident would happen or not, it will depend on the presence and
merging of motive, instrumentality and opportunity at the same time and the same place.
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The absence of any of the ingredients, out of the three, will mean that there shall be no
crime. The most that could happen is an accident arising out of reckless imprudence;
since there is no motive. A freak crime incident shall occur when all the three elements
are present and merged at the same time and the same place; but the victim is not the
intended one, due to mistaken identity.
Criminal behavior is an intentional behavior that violates the criminal law.
Criminal behavior, therefore, is beyond normal behavior since it is used to describe
products or actions that do not belong to the standard behavior of man.
The Department of Interior and Local Government Memorandum Circular
Number 2014-39 scales up the Seal of Good Housekeeping into the Seal of Good Local
Governance (SGLG). Good governance promotes transparency and accountability in the
use of public funds by delivering basic services that are responsive to people's needs. In
this context, the SGLG is recognition of good performance of provincial, city and
municipal governments, not only on financial housekeeping, but also on other areas that
directly benefit the people. It is a continuing challenge for local governments to perform
better, and ultimately, achieve a desirable condition where local governments: (a) Sustain
the practice of transparency and accountability in the use of public funds; (b) Prepare for
challenges posed by disasters; (c) Demonstrate sensitivity to the needs of vulnerable and
marginalized sectors of society; (d) Encourage investment and employment; (e) Protect
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constituents from threats to life and security; and (0 Safeguard the integrity of the
environment. file:///D:/DPA_romae/policy%20science/DILG-Memo_Circular-2014326-
7960dfc5e3.pdf
This study is further anchored on the premise that the community and government
agencies, individually and collectively, must work to bring about the necessary changes,
both inside and outside the criminal justice system. If the people are committed to
reducing crime, the rate will decrease.
Crime reduction is imperative. The costs and consequences of crime are
enormous. Fear grips the community because of the occurrence of violent crimes. The
crime situation in the country has risen into an alarming degree. The press, radio, social
media and television draws an ugly picture of the crime situation, forcing the government
and the community to look hard into the situation and focus their attention to finding
solutions to this problem. The law enforcement agencies, the local government units, and
the community should work together in order to reduce crime and increase public safety.
The police needs to strengthen their ties with the community. The criminal justice system
must be effective since its failure would exacerbate the situation. The community must
support the crime prevention efforts of the government as well as institute crime
prevention program.
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The criminal justice system has five pillars. These are the community, law
enforcement, prosecution, courts, and corrections. It is a unidirectional cycle, starting
with the community. A synergy or cooperative work between the community and law
enforcement agencies can help reduce crime. Prompt administration of justice will
discourage the criminal elements and an efficient justice system will restore the faith and
confidence of the community to the law enforcement agencies. The police-community
relations are a long range full scale effort to acquaint the police and the community with
each other’s problems and to stimulate action to solve these problems (Caldwell: 1997)
Crime prevention is not only the responsibility of law enforcers, but the shared
responsibility of the pillars of the criminal justice system, especially the community.
This study aims to assess the level of implementation of the Local Anti-
Criminality Action Plan (LACAP) in the different towns and cities in the Province of
Pangasinan including the problems encountered in its implementation.
The paradigm below presents the dependent and independent variables of this
study. The independent variable consists of the Local Anti-Criminality Plan of the 48
local government units of the Province of Pangasinan while the dependent variable
contains the anti-criminality activities, the level of implementation of the LACAP, and
the problems encountered in the implementation of the LACAP.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- Anti-Criminality Activities
Local Anti-Criminality of the 48 LGUs of Pangasinan
Action Plan of the 48 Local - Level of Implementation
Government Units of the of the LACAP
Province of Pangasinan - Problems encountered in the
Implementation of LACAP
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study was to identify the activities that are covered by the
Local Anti-Criminality Plan of the 48 local government units in the province of
Pangasinan, determine the level of its implementation and the problems encountered by
the local PNP in its implementation.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the activities that are focused in the Local Anti-Criminality Action
Plan of the 48 localities of the Province of Pangasinan?
2. What is the level of implementation of the different activities of the Local
Anti-Criminality Action Plan in the Province of Pangasinan?
3. What are the problems encountered by the local PNP in the implementation of
the Local Anti-Criminality Action Plan?
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4. What recommendations may be proposed to improve the level of
implementation and to address the problems encountered in the
implementation of the LACAP?
Research Hypothesis
This study is anchored on the hypothesis that the Local Anti-Criminality Action
Plan of the Province of Pangasinan in FULLY IMPLEMENTED.
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study will be significant to the following stakeholders:
Philippine National Police (PNP). This study would be beneficial to the PNP
organization, in general, as its findings would clearly search for ways and means in
contributing, improving, and upgrading the PNP’s system in its war against criminality.
Pangasinan Police Office. The result of this study may provide additional
information and concept on the implementation of the Local Anti-Criminality Plan
particularly on the problems the local police is encountering in its implementation.
Researcher. The result of the study will give her better insights and sense of
fulfillment towards an effective Anti-Criminality Strategy and to assist the Regional
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Development Council in addressing the issue of the delayed collection of the LACAP
data for Region 1 particularly in the Province of Pangasinan.
Future Researchers. The result of this study would serve as a reference in the
conduct of similar studies particularly in the field of addressing street crimes.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The setting of the study covered the 44 towns and 4 cities of the Province of
Pangasinan. It only included the responses of the Chiefs of Police since they are the
persons in charge of preparing the Local Anti-Criminality Plan for their area of
responsibility. It did not include the barangay captains or the local government officials
since the researcher believes that they may be contributory to the implementation of
LACAP.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following terms are operationally defined
accordingly:
Community relations. This refers to the process of dealing with the community
for purposes of disseminating information about organizational goals and objectives,
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policies, rules and regulations for the public’s knowledge and appreciations, transparency
and trust.
Crime Prevention. This is a police function intended to deter the commission of
crime by denying would be criminal with opportunity, the instrument and the motivation
to commit such crime.
Crime. This refers to any act or omission punishable by law forbidding or
commanding it. In this study, focused on street crimes.
Foot patrol. This pertains to a type of patrol done by PNP personnel as part of
police visibility.
Index Crimes. This refers to criminal cases involving persons and property of
more serious in nature.
Instrumentality. In crime element, this includes all implements, tools or items
necessary in the commission of a crime.
Intent. The element of crime and is ‘the exercise of intelligent will, the mind
being fully aware of the nature and consequences of the crime committed.
Mobile patrol. This is another type of patrol activity being conducted by PNP
that includes mobile and motorcycle patrol.
Motive. This refers to why one committed the crime, the inducement, reason, or
willful desire and purpose behind the commission of an offense.
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Non-Index Crimes. This is referring to civil cases or less serious crimes which
are brought to the local police for investigation and solution.
Opportunity. This refers to a good position, chance, prospect, situation or
condition as for advancement or success in committing a crime.
Peace and Order. This refers to the state of security and after effect of non-
intrusion of negative or bad elements in the society.
Police – Barangay Ugnayan. This is a collaboration of police and community to
enhance and build relationships with the citizens of local neighborhood, and mobilizes
the public to help fight crime.
Police visibility. This is used in this study as generic term to all efforts and
activities of the police in the attempt of eliminating the commission of crimes.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This portion of the research contains the researcher’s reading on the related
literatures and studies divided into foreign and local literatures and studies.
Foreign Literature
Hagan (2014) wrote in his book “Criminology and Crimes,” that the estimate
property crime such as robbery, burglary, and larceny cost American society nearly 13
billion dollars. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigators estimate that the
federal government is being ripped off by at least 50 billion dollars a year, primarily
through fraud.
Schafer (2013) explained that a convictional criminal with his altruistic moral
ideology, places less emphasis upon secrecy and even seeks publicity for his cause.
Dramatic publicity, moreover, is almost a necessity for the convictional criminal in order
for the public understands his actions; his crime may serve as an example to would be
followers and generate further convictional crimes. His punishment is not a deterrent and
may serve to interest others in the given ideal and to recruit other violators of law.
Klecak (2010) states that the public police agency’s organization and facilities
must be aligned so that they will successfully accomplish its overall objectives. This
requires a well-coordinated structure wherein there are provisions for the components to
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function in harmony. Unfortunately, many law enforcement agencies are limited in both
personnel and equipment resources, which hamper their ability to cope with the various
diversified techniques of criminal activities and modus operandi. These restrictions
results in a dependence on other government agencies’ resources to assist them in
furthering their police efforts.
According to Siegel (2013), recognition must be given to the fact that law
enforcement agencies do possess unique individual characteristics. These distinguishing
features are determined by departmental size, budget, geography and objective, to name
but a few. Criminal prevention policy setting and the formulation of plans to positively
pursue the chosen policy must be decided rationally.
Wolfgang as cited by Allan (2013) says that the process from original complaint
through apprehension and conviction of a suspect to release from prison is a long and
complicated task. The criminal justice system is commonly thought of as divided into
three (3) segments: a) police and similar law enforcement agencies; b) administration of
agencies’ prosecutors, defense, court; and c) Correctional agencies.
Zvekic as cited by Dasayon (2013)in his theory on Citizens’ Experience with
Crime Prevention states that crime prevention strategy should include the promotion of
active crime prevention policies; development of long-term plans; improve coordination
of crime prevention activities at the national, regional and local levels; promotion by law
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enforcement and criminal justice of the safety and security of person and property;
treatment of victims with respect and understanding of their needs; regular monitoring of
crime prevention programs, based on reliable information, analysis and public discussion
with all parties involved.
Furthermore, improved police-community relations, which may result from a
better knowledge of victimization experiences, will lead to an increased use of crime
prevention measures at the individual/household level, as well as within the framework of
crime prevention programs.
The UNAFEI Newsletter (February 2005) averred that responding to the demands
of the people and public opinion who seek safety and security, the government has to put
an emphasis on repressive approaches such as strengthening law enforcement and
punishment, which directly responds to the public’s beliefs and are effective in the short
term.
It is clear that these countermeasures are necessary and we can expect some
positive results from them; however, relying solely on such countermeasures is
insufficient to combat the crime associated with urbanization. Offenders will be back in
the community sooner or later and repressive approaches do not take into account
prevention of crime and reintegration of offenders into the community. It can be deduced
from the preceding review of foreign literatures that the phenomenon of an increase in
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crime due to urbanization has been brought about by many factors. Therefore it is
difficult for criminal justice agencies to combat such crimes alone. It is essential to
establish an "integrated approach" carried out by agencies and organizations concerned
and people in the community closely cooperating and collaborating.
Clarke as cited by Dasayon (2013) theory of crime prevention through
environmental design is based on one simple idea – that crime results partly from the
opportunities presented by physical environment. It is a general approach to reducing the
opportunities for any kind of crime, occurring in any kind of setting, including airline
hijackings, welfare frauds, obscene phone calls, pub violence and domestic violence, as
well as the conventional predatory offenses.
Foreign Studies
According to Gage (2014), a trial of 22 defendants took place in New York City,
alleging they ran a 1.7 billion dollars drug trafficking organization in the United States,
using pizza restaurant as fronts.
Clinard and Quinney (2013) in their thesis, state “the occupational crimes consist
of offenses committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their occupations
and of offenses of employees against their employers.” Upperworld crime refers to
lawbreaking acts committed by those who due to their position in the social structure,
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have obtained specialized kinds of occupational slots essential for the commission of
these offenses.
Gottfredson, et al (2010) in their studies claim that part of human life is
embracing crime evasion, safety, prevention, expenses on crime prevention, to include
insurance, expenses on crime victims, on victims’ expenses during court trials,
government expenses on criminal justice system. Fear of crime also negatively affects
the quality of life, with this everyone acts and plans on how to avoid or prevent crime or
to be victimized. Everyone do and provide within their capabilities in avoiding criminal
acts, studying others crime prevention plans. Crime is costing each country with huge
money, thus, crimes must be prevented.
Crime experts and law enforcement has long been aware on the complexities of
crime and the importance of crime prevention, and some experts has published important
works widely on the subject. Any plan which reduces or eliminates the level of
victimization or the risk of individual participation is defined as crime prevention. It
includes government and community-based programs to reduce the incidents of risk
factors correlated with criminal participation and the rate of victimization, as well as
efforts to change perceptions.
Gottfredson and other criminologists have been the forefront of analyzing what
works to prevent crime. Commissions, research bodies, councils analyzing their research
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on what lower rates of interpersonal crime, and they agree that government must go
beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle risk factors that cause crime for it
is cost effective and results to greater social benefits than the standard ways of
responding to crime (Gubatan, 2011).
Sampson as cited by Dasayon (2013) says that the study on the effectiveness of
the police in preventing and solving crimes cannot be done through foot patrols of
policemen. The behavior or conduct of individual policemen is not the sole determining
factor in police community relations. Departmental procedures employing techniques
directed at promoting efficiency, reducing crime, or putting down riots have a bearing on
police community relations. The study found out that in the United States, in order to
fight crime in high crime areas, a department may employ a large number of officers in
saturation patrols or use trained dogs and handlers in these neighborhoods. To maximize
an efficient utilization of its manpower, a department will employ motorized instead of
foot patrols or one-man patrol cars rather than two-man cars. These practices, while
efficient and economical, have sometimes antagonized segments of the community, or at
least have minimized opportunities for friendly contacts with the public, and these are the
contacts that form the crux of good community relations. The study found out that police
forces are increasingly patrolling in cars rather than on foot because the latter was found
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to be far less efficient than radio police cars, which can cover larger areas and respond
more quickly.
White as cited by Vicente (2013), in his study of Situating Crime Prevention:
Models, Methods and Political Perspectives, he raised questions regarding the theoretical
underpinnings and political orientations of much of what is accepted as "crime
prevention". His focus was mainly has been to comment generally on the ways in which
adherence to certain ideological frameworks can be linked to both theoretical closure and
the adoption of exclusionary practices. Contrary to this, it has been argued that the
adoption of selected techniques, practices and methods does not make a particular
program inherently good (or bad), or a success (or failure), or that the choice and use of
these can somehow be separated from wider political issues.
The definition, orientation and strategic objectives of different crime prevention
models are inherently and intractably political. Acknowledgement of the existence of
competing perspectives (conservative, liberal and radical), and consequently diverse
forms of intervention (some of which are mutually exclusive, others that reinforce each
other), is important in sensitizing us to the politics of our own practice, and in exposing
the vested interests behind specific modes of crime prevention.
Bearing this in mind, it is also important to have a vision of what we do that goes
beyond that of "crime prevention" per se. That is, we need to continually assess the
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effects and implications of the different models and methods on the overall character of
social life, and on the well-being of specific groups and communities. Stopping crime is
always a possible project if only we had enough resources, tools and powers.
According to Skogan and Frydl (2006), while the available evidence supports the
assertion that hot spots policing is effective, there are important gaps in our knowledge
about it. Clearly, the enforcement-oriented strategies reviewed here work in preventing
crime. We do not know, however, which enforcement strategies are more effective in
preventing crime and under what circumstances certain strategies are more appropriate.
For instance, we do not know whether many of the observed crime-control gains were
generated by increased arrests, increased contacts with potential offenders, or simply
increased police presence in very small areas. This small body of evaluation research also
does not unravel the important question of whether enforcement-oriented programs result
in long-term crime reductions in hot spot areas. Comparison periods to detect potential
crime-prevention effects ranged from only 1 month to 1 year .This review also offers
little insight into the effectiveness of enforcement tactics relative to other broader-based
community problem-solving policing programs.
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Local Literature
One approach in crime prevention was based on the concept of the crime
prevention triangle: desire, ability and opportunity. According to Hallock (2001) as cited
by Gubatan (2011), taking away any of the three elements of the crime triangle, prevents
the occurrence of crime. He further suggested that opportunity is the easiest component to
control which can break the crime prevention triangle to win the battle against crime.
In line with its campaign to promote crime prevention, the CIDG “Crime
Prevention: Cooperative Preparedness” has provided a primer on how citizens could also
be part of the campaign. This includes how to avoid crime to happen; citizens
preparedness against crime in the community, at home or anywhere else. Such primer
could go a long way in getting the cooperation of the public in the campaign against
criminality in the area.
His Excellency Fidel V. Ramos, former President of the Philippines has outlined
his administration’s plans for peace and order and crime fighting. He said that the five-
year plan of the government has brought into it not just the recommendations of the top
officials of our criminal justice system, but the counsel add experience of those who are
in the frontlines in the war against crimes – the police officers out on the beat,
investigators, prosecutors, crusaders against violence, judges and jail wardens. President
Ramos said that the government has adopted a Master Plan of Action for Peace and Order
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containing two (2) vital components, namely: a vision on what the government is trying
to achieve, and the second is on how to get there. Including in the plan is a coherent
strategy that provides for a two-pronged effort: by reinforcing the five-pillars of the
criminal justice system, and by highlighting values through moral recovery (Gubatan,
2011).
For the increase demand for peace, order and security of the ever-growing
population in a rapidly changing and developing society, police force is not enough. To
address the problem, by virtue of the resolution no. 200-157 of the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) approved a Community Oriented Policing System (COPS)
Manual to be carried out by the PNP nationwide. The COPS was adopted from the Koban
Police System of Japan which involves community in fight against crime.
Caparas (2004) as cited by Allan (2013) indicated that a common strategy among
the five pillars of the criminal justice system is the conduct of an Information Education
Communication (IEC) Campaign. A Presidential Directive was issued for the five pillars
of the criminal justice system to formulate and implement a comprehensive Criminal
Justice System Communication Plan (CJS Complan). The CJS Complan was initiated to
promote the CJS in order to enhance justice, public order and safety through an integrated
and sustained communication program. Primers, posters, brochures, pamphlets and other
materials containing information on the criminal justice system were prepared,
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reproduced and distributed to the public. CJS agencies also air a weekly one-hour radio
program “Bantay-Katarungan” (Justice Watch) which focuses on crime prevention and
the criminal justice system. It is aired every Friday from 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon over
DZBB Radyong Bayan.
The 11th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice held in 2005
reported that Miguel Coronel, Major General of the Police and Commissioner of the
National Police Commission in the Philippines, provides an account of the development
of the community-oriented policing system (COPS) established in the Philippines in
1994. It forms part of the holistic National Anti-Crime Strategy which is now included in
the National Crime Prevention Programme adopted in 2004. He emphasizes that the
COPS programme is 'people-powered', and uses the example of one of the first projects to
illustrate its strengths. Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, a pilot initiative
BAC-UP was developed in Bacolod City with decentralized community-based police
stations at the local level, and modeled on the Japanese 'Koban' system. The project
developed very strong police - community links at the local level which have continued
to grow and been sustained over a period of 18 years. The COPS system is built on
similar principles of high levels of integrity, trust, participation and civic-mindedness on
the part of public officials and citizens.
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The Handbook on the Crime Prevention Guidelines (2005): reported that the
Institute for Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS), Inc. is currently undertaking the
Second Phase of the Developing a Security Sector Reform Index (SSRI) in the
Philippines: Towards Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building, through the support of the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Conflict Prevention and Peace-
Building (CPPB) Programme. For 2006, this project aims to pilot-test the draft SSRI and
to generate a baseline of the state of security sector governance in the country.
In 2005, the Office of the Presidential Adviser to Implement the Feliciano
Commission Recommendations (OPAIFCR) has conducted a project to develop an index
to assess security sector reform (SSR) for the Philippines. This was based on the explicit
commitment of the Philippine government to the institutionalization of an efficient,
effective, responsive, transparent, and accountable defense and security establishment.
Furthermore, the 2005 Philippine Human Development Report (p. 50) and Waging Peace
Conference held last December underscored the significance of instituting SSR in order
to find a just, peaceful, and lasting resolution to the country’s lingering internal conflicts.
This is notwithstanding the contribution of SSR in the country’s ongoing pursuit of
democratic consolidation and good governance. Together with project consultants from
ISDS, OPAIFCR was able to generate a set of empirically verifiable indicators from
different security sector institutions (core security forces, security management and
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oversight bodies, law and enforcement agencies, and societal groups). Composed of
various dimensions, the instrument covered legal enactments and constitutional
provisions; existence, powers, capacity, and performance of security sector institutions;
reform efforts and initiatives; and indicators related to peace building. The proposed
SSRI was also subjected to various validation meetings from the abovementioned SSR
actors. Twelve (12) consultative meetings were conducted primarily from different
military camps across the country to solicit comments and feedback for the improvement
of the SSRI.
Local Studies
The following are local studies (thesis, researches, special studies, expert
opinions) related to Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS):
Vicente, et al (2013) conducted a community research entitled “Crime Prevention
Program in Baguio.” The study revealed that the barangays of Baguio City with Zero or
very low crime rate practice some of the best practices of crime prevention while the
barangays with high crime rate practice the traditional way of preventing crimes. Some
identified crime prevention strategies implemented in Baguio City includes foot
patrolling, mobile patrolling, neighborhood watch, close coordination with security
agency and their guards. The study also reveals that some best practices identified include
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monitoring the occupants of the transient houses, requiring business establishments to
strategically install Close Circuit Cameras (CCTV), and regular and intensive
coordination among barangay officials, police, and volunteer groups in fight against
criminality.
De La Rama, Raymundo, &Wanasen Jr (2010) in their study entitled “Police
strategies against street crimes in Bicol Region” reveals that the Regional Police in Bicol
should exert more effort by mobilizing the community, keeping the community informed
of the crime situation on the modus operandi of criminals, and for the local government
to allocate more funds for the police stations purposely for crime prevention programs.
Kiunisala, et al (2004) as cited by Gubatan (2011) stated in their study that the
effects of crime prevention campaign and leadership styles of the eight police precinct
chiefs of General Santos City Police Office on crime rate, crime solution efficiency and
community support and involvement in crime prevention and control in General Santos
City for 2000- 2002. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics. Both
commissioned and non-commissioned police officers as well as public officials were the
respondents of the study.
According to Dasayon (2013) in his study on “Police Integrated Patrol System in
Eastern Police District,” found out the following: 1) police visibility and intensifying the
anti-criminality and security operations are effective to prevent crimes, 2) there should be
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the increase of budget allocation, 3) attention must be given to force multipliers. This
study was prepared to enhance the PIPS of the Eastern Police District.
As Timpac (2011) stated in his thesis, crime prevention in any public or privately
based initiative or policy aimed at reducing or eliminating criminal behavior and violence
in the community.
Fernandez (2001) as cited by Gubatan (2011) focused on the major changes in the
PNP towards the achievement of its “Moral Recovery Program”. This could enhance the
image of the police to gain the confidence of the public. This study helped build the
image of police organization and it cascades to the personnel of the Baguio City Police
Office. Based on the result of this study, the PNP’s knowledge on community-oriented
policing system is the change in behavior and attitudes that envision the following: 1)
Improved police-community relations hinged on the notion that community should not
fear the police so that the PNP image will improve; 2) Since the community now trusts
the people, crime reporting will improve; 3) The community will then have a feeling of
safety and security because policing becomes everybody’s concern; and 4) When the
community and the police work in partnership, opportunities to commit criminal acts will
be reduced, hence, crime volume and crime rate will drastically go down, and a peaceful
and secured community will be achieved.
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Padua says that police facilities and equipment considerations should be made a
priority in the improvement of the services of the police. Equipment consideration in
establishing multi-agency anti-crime task forces is now a well-discussed area in the field
of police administration and policing and must always be given its due importance in the
modernization of the police as a prime crime fighter. He indicated that police equipment
is classified into two (2): individual equipment and organizational equipment. Individual
equipment is that equipment considered as issued to and used by individual police officer
while in the performance of his duties. The application of this definition varies with the
assignment or designation of an individual police officer. On the other hand,
organizational equipment is generally those that are not issued to an individual police
officer and could be used by any authorized or qualified member of the organization.
In the consideration and choice of equipment, various areas or aspects must be
considered. This includes suitability, reliability, acceptability, availability, authority,
training, operation, portability or mobility, cost effectiveness, interoperability or multi-
functionality, and linkages to larger systems.
According to Rafael (2009), it is more beneficial to prevent crimes than to react to
them after the act has been committed. He further stated that in the Philippines, crime
solution has received much more attention than crime prevention. He elucidates this in
his study of police community partnership as a crime prevention strategy to reduce
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criminality in the Province of Cagayan. The results of his study yielded the conclusions
that education, training and information campaign, outreach program participation,
strategic plans sensitive to local needs, organizational development and change and
budgetary requirements and support are highly effective in preventing and reducing crime
in the Province of Cagayan.
In the study of Protacio (2009), entitled “Calamba City Crime Prevention
Strategy” reveals that Calamba City Police Station made use of Police Integrated Patrol
System, Police Barangay Ugnayan, Day and Night Checkpoint, Utilization of Force
Multipliers and OPLAN Magdalena in their crime prevention campaign. The
recommendations were the following: 1) there is a need for Calamba City Police Station
to deploy additional personnel to cover all crime prone areas, 2) there is a need to sustain
adequate number of vehicles to be used in patrolling 54 barangays of Calamba, 3) that
PNP shall ensure maximum participation of the barangay and community in maintaining
peace and order, 4) provision of adequate number of vehicles to be used in order to
sustain the 24 hours checkpoints, 5) the need to establish a joint police and force
multiplier organized patrol deployment system in roaming the 54 barangays of Calamba
City, 6) enhance and improve efficient implementation of laws on prostitution to avoid
proliferation of vagrants in Calamba City, and 7) Calamba City Police Station should
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strengthen coordination with other concerned government agencies to fight the menace of
prostitution.
With the involvement of the community, crime prevention became everybody’s
business. To further strengthen the awareness and participation of the community on
crime prevention, a Presidential Proclamation No. 461 dated August 31, 1994 was
declared every first week of September every year as national crime prevention week.
Everybody is enjoined to be involved to implement the programs and activities on crime
prevention. During one celebration of the crime prevention week with a theme “Sa Crime
Prevention, May Magagawa ako” Benguet Governor Nestor Fongwan capitalized on the
importance of peace and love which starts in the family which eventually spread to the
community as instrument in winning the fight against crime. The roles of family and the
community are very important in crime prevention (Flora, 2013).
Bergonio (2010) in his study on the effectiveness of the Manila Police District
mobile patrol operations in the City of Manila determined the same in terms of Beat
Patrol System, sustaining night watch operations, crime deterrence and police barangay
ugnayan, the problems encountered in its implementation and the measures to address
these problems. Based on his analysis, he concluded that mobile patrol operations in the
City of Manila boils down to an observed lack or inadequate police presence or visibility
in the communities which is also related to the limited manpower and equipment of the
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mobile patrol unit. Moreover, he concluded that the inadequacy of police elements on the
ground is attributed to the shift in police philosophy and strategy from “precinct-based,
response-driven” deployment and operations to specialization, e.g. creation of anti-illegal
drugs, anti-organized crime, anti-illegal recruitment, anti-kidnapping, and other such
special units competing with territorial police formations for meager personnel and
material resources of the PNP. He also indicated in his study that while the role of said
specialized police units and other accomplishments are well-recognized, there should also
be a balancing of forces, possibly by proper percentage distribution, to enable local police
units to provide maximum police presence at precinct level and visibility on the beat.
Bernales (2006) made a study on police administration in Cabanatuan City. His
most significant findings were the following:
1. The station commander has full executive control over police administration.
There is adequate supervision at all administrative control points. Although these
are guidelines for the organization and supervision of the different branches and
division, these are not effectively followed. The amount of manpower and
equipment does not correlate with work units and type of work to be performed.
The police personnel had undergone a variety of police training. Police personnel
are assigned specific tasks based on their rank and position. There is lack of basic
equipment, vehicles and communication facilities.
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2. The chief of administration and chief of services are personally responsible for
managing activities related to personnel and materials. The chief of operations is
in control of the line divisions. Daily and monthly reports of activities are
reported to him.
3. The station commander and police personnel are selected on the basis of
qualification standard provided in the Integrated National Police Manual.
However, politics have influenced the appointment of the station commander.
Tenure and professional performance is not fully followed as new graduates of the
Philippine Military Academy with at least three years experience may be
appointed to chief position.
Most of the police personnel are graduates of B.S. Criminology. Salary
rates are low, but disability and death benefits are adequately provided to the
spouse or children.
4. There is no public reporting system. Not all policemen submit written report on
their daily operation. Only information taken from the police blotter seems to be
the only data collated and documented for record filing purposes. A standard
complaint system is enforced and is recorded in the police blotter. All fingerprints
and records are indexed and filed up to data. Countercheck with the NBI is also
made.
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5. The communication facilities available are telephones and two-way radios. The
number of two-way radio transreceivers is minimal. A home-based radio is
operational and has clear lines to all two-way radios in patrol jeeps in all towns in
Nueva Ecija.
The study of Bernales was a study of the organization and operation of a police
station. The present study dealt with the crime prevention program of a municipality, the
factors affecting the crime prevention program and the problems met in their
implementation.
Lapuz (2012) assessed the effectiveness of the provincial peace and order council
of Pampanga. He arrived at the following conclusions:
1. The Provincial Peace and Order Council was organized to address insurgency
and criminality through citizen’s participation in maintaining peace and order
in accordance with the Local Government Code.
2. The success of the Provincial Peace and Order Council depends on the
harmonious relationship and mutual support among the civilians and military
authorities.
3. The Provincial Peace and Order Council members perceived that the factors
that should be considered in the effective functioning of the Council are as
follows:
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a. Presence of full-time staff for the Council
b. Appropriate budget for the Council
c. Ability to accomplish objectives
d. Well-defined flow of authority
e. Proper implementation of the programs
4. The community perceived that the following factors should be considered in
the effective functioning of the Provincial Peace and Order Council (PPOC)
a. Presence of full-time staff
b. Budget allocation for the PPOC
c. Commitment of the PPOC members
d. A well defined flow of authority
The above factors affect the effectiveness of the PPOC to a large extent except for
the presence of a full-time staff for the Council which is perceived to contribute to a
limited extent.
5. The PPOC is moderately affected its administrative functions of receiving
complaints against government personnel and implementing and executing
provincial policies, plans and programs.
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6. The evaluation of rating of the community on the effectiveness of the PPOC is
lower compared to the rating of the PPOC members. The community is not
fully aware of the functions of the PPOC.
The study of Lapuz centered on the effectiveness of the Peace and Order Council
in performing the functions in implementing its plans and programs in order to curb
criminality and peace and order problems. The present study focused on the anti-
criminality action plan aimed at reducing criminality.
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
The related literatures and studies have something to do with the current study on
Local Anti-Criminality Action Plan or popularly called LACAP being implemented in
the Province of Pangasinan. Basically the literatures and studies talk all about crime
prevention. Some literatures written on books reveal that crime prevention needs to be
addressed by authorities to at least minimize societal effect. On the other hand, foreign
and local studies differ slightly as to the strategies in crime prevention. Most crime
prevention strategies being used by the Philippine National Police (PNP) today is/are
adopted from best practices from other countries.
Wolfgang’s theory focused on apprehension and conviction of offenders as one of
the crime prevention strategies in a given locality. While this study recognizes
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apprehension and conviction of offenders as one of the indispensable factors in crime
prevention, it also looked into other areas as well in order to create a holistic approach in
crime prevention.
The strategies enumerated by UgljesaZvekic in his theory on “Citizens’
Experience with Crime Prevention” and UNAFEI Newsletter’s feature on community
perceptions focused on the need to improve police-community relations which may result
from a better knowledge of victimization experiences and will lead to an increased use of
crime prevention measures starting at the individual/household level, as well as within
the framework of crime prevention programs. These literatures focused on the perception
of the community regarding crime prevention, which is only one of the facets of this
study which has similar situation in the Province of Pangasinan.
Clarke’s theory on crime prevention through environmental design is relevant in
this study as it employs the same principle set forth by this study, which is the effect of
environment for breeding criminality and how it affects crime prevention efforts of the
law enforcement agencies. However, it lacks other factors such as the role of the
community in crime prevention as espoused by this study.
Gottfredson, et al focused on the effect of crime in society in general, and
provided the analysis for preventing crime. Their study provided significant inputs on the
approach of this study, such as the role of the community and law enforcement agencies
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in crime prevention programs. However, it did not specifically identified concrete
programs such as integrated patrol system, barangay-ugnayan and checkpoints as salient
programs in crime prevention as the focus of this study.
White’s study is focused on the models, methods and political perspectives on
crime prevention. Moreover, it focused on the political issues affecting the
implementation of crime prevention. In every locality, like the Province of Pangasinan
covering its 44 towns and 4 cities, political intervention and issues are really that
observable and has something to do with crime prevention implementation.
Braga’s study focused on high impact areas where crime commonly occurs, and
this gave significant input on the premise of this study. This study, on the other hand, did
not only focus on the crime-prone areas in Pangasinan but on the overall crime situation
as well.
The study of Vicente, et al in Baguio City identified some crime prevention
programs being implemented by police and barangay officials but concentrated only on
police-community partnership. This study has a similarity of the current study being
conducted on LACAP.
The study of Skogan and Frydl’s, looked into the effects of crime prevention
strategies and the statistics generated from these strategies. This study also provided the
perception of the respondents on the overall effect of crime strategies. This is one of the
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aims of the current research being conducted on the LACAP of the 48 LGUs of
Pangasinan.
The CIDG’s primer on crime prevention campaign conducted a study on the
programs being implemented by the Philippine National Police on crime prevention as a
whole. This study further took additional steps on finding out how effective these
programs as perceived by the police personnel, local officials and community members.
The five-year master plan by Ramos on peace and order outlined the
government’s effort in crime prevention. This is also congruent and still being adopted by
the Philippine National Police in its crime prevention programs. As a forefront unit of the
PNP, this is similar to the contents of the master plan of most Police Office.
Caparas’ study focused on the government’s campaign thru communication
program. It indicated that tri-media campaign is an effective crime prevention strategy.
This study likewise includes tri-media campaign as a part of the components to be
evaluated. It also includes other efforts as part of the study.
Flora (2013) presented a similar situational description of a city as to crime
prevention strategies and its effect to the implementers and recipient of the program on
crime prevention. The City of San Fernando and Province of Pangasinan are similar as to
category-are highly urbanized cities.
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The 11th UN Congress report on crime prevention cited Bacolod City as pilot
initiative with decentralized community-based police stations which adopted the Japanese
“Koban” system and provided perspective on the study of Baguio City. In addition, this
study looked into the effectiveness in implementing its crime prevention strategy.
The Handbook on Crime Prevention Guidelines reported on the state of security
sector governance in the Philippines, which covers all aspects of crime prevention and
solution in the country. It fails to evaluate, however, the specific crime prevention
strategies and the localities which have best practices effort on crime prevention. This
study tried to fill the gap in determining what is effective in crime prevention in a given
locality.
The book of Vicente (2013) was used to describe some fundamentals of crime as
to the elements and anatomy of crime. This is basically accepted wherein if one element
is not present no crime to talk about. The elements are intent, opportunity and
instrumentality.
The study of Fernandez (2011) delved on the major changes in the PNP towards
the achievement of its “Moral Recovery Program”. This could enhance the image of the
police to gain the confidence of the public. This is very important as foundation of every
police station in all levels. Pangasina is not exempted to this, if police are spiritually
taught, they shall deliver what needs to be delivered to the community.
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Sir Robert Peel, considered a “father” of law enforcement, presented his
principles of policing which is still applicable today which is similar to the subject of this
study on crime prevention. His principle that the public must be willing to cooperate in
crime prevention is also the tenor of this study. However, his study need to further show
the specific type of community because each community is peculiar and has its own
culture.
Protacio’s study on crime prevention in Calamba City is almost similar to this
study, as it analyzed the variables related to crime prevention strategy such as integrated
police patrol, barangay ugnayan and day and night checkpoint. However, he added other
variables such as Utilization of Force Multipliers and OPLAN Magdalena which is not
being implemented in other cities.
Rafael’s and Bergonio’s studies likewise delved only on several facets of crime
prevention such as mobile patrol and police community participation. This study focused
on the overall crime strategy as it relates to the existing crime conditions of Pangasinan.
Based on the theories and proposals cited in the study, the researcher viewed and
decided to undertake the study of the implementation of LACAP, the problems
encountered along the way of implementation by the local police office of the 48
localities of Pangasinan.
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The citations above are good backgrounder to the researcher that can be used
during corroboration of findings of the study.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN
This chapter presents the research design, data gathering instruments and
procedures, sources of data, and statistical treatment of data that were used in the study.
Method of Research and Technique for Data Gathering
This study utilized the descriptive survey method. This method involved the
collection of data in order to answer the questions regarding activities related to LACAP,
its implementation, and determining the problems encountered in the implementation of
the Local Anti-Criminality Action Plan (LACAP) by the different police stations of the
44 towns and 4 cities of the Province of Pangasinan.
As mentioned by Calderon and Gonzales (2004), descriptive method of research
is a process of gathering, analyzing and tabulating data about the prevailing conditions,
practices, beliefs, processes, trends and cause and effect relationships and then making
adequate interpretation about such data. It also includes studies that seek to present facts
concerning the status of anything, group, acts, conditions and any other phenomenon.
Therefore, this method is absolutely appropriate.
According to Martinez, as cited by Flora (2013), the descriptive approach is used
mainly to describe contemporary events, and that the research questions and problems are
rooted in the past and may affect the future.
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The data gathered were compiled, indexed, collated, and reviewed for proper
presentation together with the appropriate analysis and interpretation.
Sources of Data
This study made use both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary
data came from the duly accomplished questionnaire of the respondents and documents
gathered by the researcher from the Regional Police Office 1, while the secondary data
came from books, periodicals and other sources used by the researcher to guide and
support her findings in the study.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the Chiefs of Police of the 44 towns and four
(4) cities of the Province of Pangasinan. They were selected as respondents because they
are the sole authority of preparing their respective LACAP, identifying the activities that
are covered by the Anti-Criminality Plan, and knowing the level of implementation plus
the problems they encountered in implementing the said program.
Data Gathering Instruments
The following tools were used in this study:
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Questionnaire-Checklist. This instrument was used in gathering the primary data
from the respondents. The first part of the questionnaire covered the ranking of the
focused anti-criminality activities of their respective localities, second part gathered the
data on the level of implementation of the Local Anti-Criminality Plan (LACAP), and the
third part elucidated data on the problems encountered in the implementation of the
LACAP.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher followed the ethical procedures in conducting research. The
researcher wrote a letter to the Provincial Director of the Pangasinan Police Provincial
Office for the distribution of the questionnaire to the Chiefs of Police of the 44 towns and
4 cities. Said letter was forwarded to the Chief of the Operations Division of the
Pangasinan PPO for dissemination to the different police stations together with the survey
questionnaire.
The researcher was informed by the C,Opns Branch that the questionnaires can be
retrieved within one week.
After retrieval, the researcher collated, tallied, and analyzed the data gathered in
preparation for the completion of the study.
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Statistical Treatment of Data
In analyzing and evaluating the data that were obtained from the survey, the
statistical data analytical tools were utilized that comprised of the following: 1) ranking;
2) percentage distribution method, and 3) weighted mean, and 4) reference to a verbal
interpretation scale, the five-point scale was used.
Percentage Distribution. This was used in analyzing the data pertaining to the
demographic profile of the respondents, in computing the sample size among others. The
formula to be used is as follows:
f
% = ----- x 100
N
Where:
% - Percentage of responses
f - number of responses falling under a given category
100 – Constant
N – Total number of responses for the given category
Weighted Mean. A measure of central tendency was used in determining the
advantages such as the mean. The formula for the computation of weighted mean is as
follows:
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∑ f (w)
X = --------------
N
Where:
X – Computed weighted mean
∑ - Summation
f – frequency or number of responses
w – weight point in a given scale/assigned points
N – Total population or total number of responses
Descriptive Evaluation Scale. A 4-point scale patterned after the Likert’s scale
was used as a tool in making a descriptive evaluation of the quantitative data obtained
from the survey results.
The scale used is presented below:
Value Rating Adjectival/Verbal Interpretation
4 (3.25 – 4.00) Fully Implemented
3 (2.50 – 3.24) Partially Implemented
2 (1.75 – 2.49) Barely Implemented
1 (1.00 – 1.74) Not Implemented
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Adams, Thomas F. (2010). Police field operations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Dijk, J.V. (2008). The World of Crime. United States of America: Sage Publications.
Eduardo, J. P., Peckley, M.F. (2010). Essentials of Criminology (1st Ed.). Quezon City:
Wiseman’s Books Trading.
Felson, M. (1998). Crime and Everyday Life (2nd ed.) United States of America: Fine
Forge Press.
Gage, Nicholas (2013) The Mafia is not an equal opportunity Employer. New York City:
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Stanford, C.A.: Stanford University Press.
Guevara, R.M. & Bautista, F.S. (2010). Criminology 101: A Reference Manual for
Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes, Quezon City: Wiseman’s Book
Trading
Hagan, Frank E. (2014) Criminology and Crimes. Chicago: Prentice Hall
Klecak, F.E. (2012) Principles of Investigation. New York: Random House
Manwong, R.K. (2006) Fundamentals of Criminology (3rd ed.) Quezon City: Wiseman’s
Books Trading.
Reyes, L.B. (2006). The Revised Penal Code Criminal Law Book 1 (16th ed.) Quezon
City: Rex Printing Company.
Schafer, Stephen (2013) Theories in Criminology: Past and Present Philosophies of the
Crime Problem. New York: Random House.
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Siegel, L.J. & Senna, J.J. (2008). Introduction to Criminal Justice. Canada: Wadsworth
Publication.
Siegel, L. J. (2008). Criminology the core (3rd ed.) United States of America: Wadsworth
Publication.
Siegel, L.J. (2009). Essentials of Criminal Justice (3rd ed.) United States of America:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Seigel, Larry (2013). Introduction to Criminology and Typology of Crimes. New York:
West Publishing Company
Skogan, W.G. & Steiner, L. (2006). Community Policing in Chicago, Year Ten. Chicago:
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
Timpac, T (2011) The Criminal Justice System of the Philippines. Tarlac City: TJS
Publishing House
Vicente, J.B., et. al. (2013) Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation: Quezon City:
Wiseman’s Books Trading
Winfree L.T. & Abadinsky, H. (2003) Understanding Crime Theory and Practice (2nd ed.)
Canada, Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
White, R. and Haines, F. (1996).Crime and Criminology: An Introduction to Concepts

and Explanations. Melbourne, AUS: Oxford University Press.
Wolfgang, M.E. (1964). Crime and Race: Conceptions and misconceptions. New York:
Institute of Human Relations Press
Vito, G.F., Maaha, J.R., Holmes, R. M. (2007). Criminology Theory, research and policy
(2nd ed.) United States of America: Jones and Barlett Publishers.
Vold, G.B., Bernard, T.J., & Snipes, J.B. (2002). Theoretical Criminology (5th ed.)
United States of America: Oxford University Press.
Zvekic, U.A. (1993). “Victimisation in the Developing World: An Overview” UNICRI

Publications
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B. Journals/Pamphlets/Publications
Braga, A.A., & D. L. Weisburd. The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A
systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Journal of Research in
Crime and Delinquency.2001
Gen. Coronel, (Ret) (1996). People Empowerment Against Crime. A written article,
Police Digest Magazine.
Sampson, R. (2003). Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 15. pp. 239-256.
Shaw, Margaret and Travers, Kathryn (2005, April 25). Montreal Montreal Strategies and
Best Practices in Crime Prevention in particular in relation to Urban Areas and Youth at
Risk Paper presented at the 11th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice,
Bangkok, Thailand.
UNAFEI Newsletter No. 116 (Feb. 2005) “Crime Prevention. The 21st Century –
Effective Prevention of Crime Associated with Urbanization Based Upon Community
Involve and Prevention of Youth Crime and Juvenile Delinquency”
C. Unpublished Materials
Allan, P.J. (2013). Integration of the Geographic Information System (GIS) in the Police
Integrated Patrol System towards a more effective crime management in the City of
Baguio. Unpublished Thesis at Philippine Public Safety College.
Bergonio, R.O. (October 2011) “Assessment of the Mobile Patrol Operations in Crime
Prevention and Control in the City of Manila Towards Improved Performance”
Unpublished Thesis, Philippine Public Safety College.
Clinard&Quinney (2013). A Dissertation entitled “The occupational crimes consist of

offenses committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their occupations and
of offenses of employees against their employers”
Dasayon, H. (2013). Police Integrated Patrol System in Eastern Police District (EPD).
Unpublished Thesis at Philippine Public Safety College.
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De Asis, Ferdinand Z. (2015) Analysis of the Police Community Relations of the

Province of Pangasinan. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Metro-Dagupan Colleges.
De La Rama, Raymundo, &WanasenJr (2010). Police strategies against street crimes in

Bicol Region. Unpublished Thesis at Philippine Public Safety College.
Flora, R.T. (2013). The Crime Situation in the City of San Fernando, La Union.
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Baguio.
Gubatan, FT (2011). The effectiveness of crime prevention strategy of Taguig City Police
Station: An Evaluation. Unpublished Master’s Thesis at National Police College.
Maca-ey, M.B. (2008). Crime patterns and trends in Cordillera Administrative Region.
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City, Philippines.
Maines, G.C. (2008). Competency of police investigators in La Union. Unpublished

master’s thesis, Saint Louis College, San Fernando City, Philippines.
Petras, J.I. (2007). Status of Community policing in Baguio City. Unpublished master’s
thesis, University of Baguio.
Protacio, J.V. (July 2009). “Calamba City Police Station Crime Prevention Strategy”
Unpublished Thesis, Philippine Public Safety College.
Quilang, L.R.U. (2007) Analysis of Crime situation in the City of Cauayan, Isabela.
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Baguio.
Rafael, L.D.G. (July 2009). “Police Community Partnership in Crime Prevention in the
Province of Cagayan.” Unpublished Thesis, Philippine Public Safety College
Tad-awan, F. P. F. (2007). Patterns and trends of crime in the Province of Tarlac.

Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
Verceles, R. B. (2003). The Baguio City crime situation: An analysis. Unpublished

Master’s Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
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D. Other References
Bluegenie-j (2009). Crime essay: each country in the world has some social problems
which need to be fixed. Retrieved on November 23, 2017 from http://www.english-
test.net/forum/ftopic48330.html
Caparas, DL A. (2004) “Participation of the Public and Victims for More Fair and
Effective Criminal Justice Administration in the Philippines” National Police
Commission, retrieved on October 16, 2017
http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/PDF_rms/no56/56-20.pdf. Retrieved on December 5,

2017.
Efren Q Fernandez (2011). “The Director’s Report.” Quezon City: Criminal Investigation
and Detection Unit-Philippine National Police (CIDG – PNP)
Geographic Information System Based Crime Analysis (GIS-BCA) of Baguio City
Integrated Barangay Defense System (IBDS). Camp Crame, Quezon City: Philippine
National Police
PNP-PGS/P.A.T.R.O.L. Plan 2013. Camp Rafael Crame, Quezon City: Philippine

National Policeangkok
Revised PNP Operational Procedures December 2013 Edition
Statistics on all crime incidents referred/processed/gathered by reporting PROs. (2012).

Retrieved on October 8, 2012 from
http://didm.pnp.gov.ph/Statistics/2012/Crime%20Statistics%20July%202012.pdf
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CURRICULUM VITA
Name : ROMAE T. DE LOS REYES-DE ASIS
Personal Information:
Date of Birth : MAY 19, 1970
Place of Birth : PASAY CITY, MANILA
Spouse : PSUPT FERDINAND ZAMORA DE ASIS
Children : MARIA KRISIA FAE - 28

MARIA RIZZA FERNANDINE - 23
FERDINAND II – 20
JOSEPH BENJAMIN – 16
Address : 52-B GUILIG STREET

DAGUPAN CITY
Languages and Dialects Spoken:

ENGLISH AND TAGALOG
Mother : MAE C. TIMONERA
Father : ROBERTO A. DE LOS REYES
Religion : BORN AGAIN CHRISTIAN
Educational Background:
A. Elementary
MOTHER GOOSE PLAYSKOOL
DAGUPAN CITY 1976-1982
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- Graduated Salutatorian in 1982. Was Quiz Bee Champion in Philippine History

and Culture (Division Level) in 1982. Was a Consistent Honor Student from Grade I to
Grade V.
B. Secondary
MOTHER GOOSE SPECIAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
- Graduated 8th Honors in 1986. Was Literary Editor of School Paper 1982-1986. Was
3rd placer in Division Secondary Schools Press Conference (Copyreading and Headline
Writing). Placed 8th in the Regional level in 1986. Garnered awards in several journalism
and quiz bee contests. Was Loyalty Awardee in 1986 and was an NCEE Awardee for
garnering 99% score.
C. College
UNIVERSITY OF LUZON (formerly LUZON COLLEGES)

- Graduated March 1991 with Bachelor of Science degree in Medical Technology.
Dean’s Lister 1987-1989. Was President of Medical Technology Student Council in
1988-1989. Was Vice-President of Supreme Student Council also in 1988-1989. Won
2nd place in Extemporaneous Speech 1990. Was Best Debater in Student’s Day 1990.
- Finished 52 units of Criminology.
PASSED THE BOARD EXAMINATION FOR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS

(September 1994)
METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
MANGALDAN, PANGASINAN 2001-2004
- Graduated March 2004 with Bachelor of Science degree in Criminology.
PASSED THE BOARD EXAMINATION FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS (September 2004)
D. Postgraduate
METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
MANGALDAN, PANGASINAN 1999
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- Graduated “Bene Meritus” under the degree of Master in Public Administration, major
in General Curriculum
DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE

UNIVERSITY, SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS
AGOO, LA UNION 2014
- Graduated under the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in Educational
Administration with GWA of 1.239
Professional Background:
JANUARY 2001 to present - EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, Metro-Dagupan

Colleges
JULY 1995 to present - SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Board of Trustees of the

Metro-Dagupan Colleges
APRIL 1996 to present - COLLEGE REGISTRAR and TREASURER of the Metro-

Dagupan Colleges located at Serafica Street, Mangaldan, Pangasinan. Also teaching
Natural Sciences subjects and Criminology subjects like Forensic Chemistry and Forensic
Medicine to 3rd year and 4th year students.
JULY 1991 - DEC 1995 - INSTRUCTOR, Luzon Colleges, Dagupan City. Taught
subjects like Earth Science and Biological Science under the College of Commerce and
Secretarial, Anatomy and Physiology under the College of Medical Technology,,
Forensic Medicine and Forensic Chemistry under the College of Criminology.
JUNE 1991 - OCT 1991 - INSTRUCTOR, International Maritime and Technical

School, Dagupan City. Taught English subjects.
Membership to Associations:
PRESIDENT, Association of Pangasinan 2 Private Schools (APPS)
PRIVATE SECTOR REPRESENTATIVE – Governance Sector (2016-2019) – Regional

Development Council. NEDA Region 1
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BOARD DIRECTOR, PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE EDUCATION –

Region 1
MEMBER, Association of Private Schools Colleges and Universities Region 1
MEMBER, Federation of School Registrars Association (1997 to present)
FORMER PRESIDENT, Association of Registrars of Educational Institutions (AREI)

Region 1 (2001-2003)
Secretary, ASSOCIATION OF REGISTRARS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

(AREI) Region 1 (1998 to 2000)
MEMBER, Philippine Association of Student Affairs (1998 to present)
MEMBER, Professional Criminologists Association of the Philippines (2004 to present)
MEMBER, Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (1994 to present)
MEMBER, Alpha Phi Omega Sorority GAMMA PI Chapter, University of the

Philippines - Baguio City (1986 to present)
Seminars Attended:
JOINT ASSEMBLY OF REGISTRARS sponsored by Association of Registrars
of Educational Institutions (AREI) Region 1 & Car, December 6 & 7, 1996, DECS-
RELC, San Fernando, La Union
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF REGISTRARS sponsored by FOSRA &

NACSRA, February 5 & 6, 1997, College of St. Benille, De La Salle University, Taft
Avenue, Manila
REGIONAL ASSEMBLY OF REGISTRARS sponsored by Commission on

Higher Education - Region 1, December 16 & 17, 1997, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial
State University-Bacnotan Campus, Bacnotan, La Union
Association of Registrars in the Cordillera, April 2-4, 1998, St. Louis University, Baguio
City
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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF DEANS OF STUDENT AFFAIRS sponsored by

Philippine Association of Administrators of Student Affairs (PAASA), April 15-17,
1998, Crown Peak Hotel, Subic Bay, Olongapo City
MANAGEMENT SKILLS UPGRADING SEMINAR SERIES sponsored by

Technical Education and Skills Authority (TESDA) and Institute for Development
Alternatives, June - December 1998, San Fernando La Union
JOINT REGIONAL ASSEMBLY OF REGISTRARS sponsored by AREI and

ARC, December 3 & 4, 1998, Sea and Sky Hotel, San Fernando, La Union
- Elected as Secretary of the Association of Registrars of Educational Institutions
(AREI) Region 1.
ONE-DAY POLICY CONFERENCE OF SCHOOL HEADS sponsored by

Commission on Higher Education Region 1, April 23, 1999, Sea & Sky Hotel, San
Fernando City, La Union

Mindanao Association of Registrars, April 28-30, 1999, Green Heights Business Center,
Davao City
MIDYEAR ASSEMBLY OF REGISTRARS sponsored by Association of

Registrars of Educational Institutions (Region 1) and Association of Registrars in the
Cordillera. May 13-14, 1999, Gilberto’s Hotel, Gen. Luna Road, Baguio City
JOINT REGIONAL ASSEMBLY OF REGISTRARS sponsored by AREI and

ARC, December 2 & 3, 1999, Consuelo Resort and Hotel, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Consultative Conference of Criminology Deans sponsored by PRC Manila held

October 1, 2004
CHED-Region 1 Regional Joint Assembly of Registrars sponsored by AREI &

ARC held December 10-11, 2004
Regional Consultative Conference on CHED Issues sponsored by CHED-Region

1 held July 5, 2007
Page 62

Assessment of The Implementation of The Local Anti-Criminality Plan (LACAP) in The Province of Pangasinan

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Assessment of The Implementation of The Local Anti-Criminality Plan (LACAP) in The Province of Pangasinan

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NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Background of the Study

“A couple can walk in the evening in their

“A family can go away for the weekend without fear

“A woman can take a night job without fear of

“Every citizen can live without fear of being

conditions associated with crime and delinquency – poverty, unemployment, inferior

education, and corruption.

jobs for Filipinos.

murders his family or a gun-for-hire who brutally assassinates a government official. In

In the Philippines, kidnappings, bank heists, robbery and murder in the

the tool or instrument in the protection of community.

in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.

respective local jurisdictions.

and personnel assigned to their jurisdictions. Chapter III, Section 51 of RA 6975

Philippine National Police units or forces.

obtain a peaceful resolution of the dispute without formal adjudication thereof.

administration of justice. Lastly, the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) was

also known as Republic Act (RA) 4864.

efficient organization, administration and operation of policing; to examine, audit and

(National Police Commission 2008, pp. 1-2).

procedures relative to the conduct of holistic and comprehensive anti-crime approach to

be undertaken jointly by the different sectors of the society.

occur in the locality.

Units through the Seal of Good Local Governance.

The Department of Interior and Local Government has initiated a program in

keeping, 2) disaster preparedness, 3) social protection, 4) business friendliness and

competitiveness, 5) environment management, and 6) peace and order.

In Region 1, the DILG in coordination with the Regional Development Council

government units in terms of their performance and transparency commitment.

municipalities and cities in Region 1 encounter a problem on their compliance of the

submission of the Approved LACAP.

submitted their approved LACAP. However, the province of Pangasinan, with 44

and data information.

Local Anti-Criminality Plan for the province of Pangasinan.

criminality plan of the different municipalities. According to the Chiefs of Police, it is

intended Anti-Criminality Plan for their area of jurisdiction.

The theoretical/conceptual basis of this study is anchored on the concepts and

Professional criminologists usually align themselves with one of several schools

constitutes criminal behavior and what causes people to engage in criminality. A

criminologist’s choice of orientation or perspectives depends, in part, on his or her

violate certain standards governing behavior (Winfree & Abadinsky: 2003)

According to Coronel as cited by Verceles (2003), there are three elements or

These are motive, instrumentality, and opportunity.

thrill, intoxication, drug addiction, and many others.

Instrumentality is the means or implement used in the commission of the crime. It

instrumentality belong to and harbored and wielded respectively by the criminal.

Opportunity consists of the acts of omission and/or commission by a person (the

of time, waiting alone in a well-known crime-prone alley, wearing expensive jewelries in

synonymous with carelessness, acts of indiscretion and lack of crime prevention

consciousness on the part of the victim.

intended one, due to mistaken identity.

Criminal behavior is an intentional behavior that violates the criminal law.

Criminal behavior, therefore, is beyond normal behavior since it is used to describe

products or actions that do not belong to the standard behavior of man.

The Department of Interior and Local Government Memorandum Circular

Governance (SGLG). Good governance promotes transparency and accountability in the

reducing crime, the rate will decrease.

Crime reduction is imperative. The costs and consequences of crime are

enforcement, prosecution, courts, and corrections. It is a unidirectional cycle, starting

confidence of the community to the law enforcement agencies. The police-community

Pangasinan including the problems encountered in its implementation.

the problems encountered in the implementation of the LACAP.