CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction:

Agriculture is the foundation of manufactures since the productions of nature are the materials of
art. – Edward Gibbon

The home grown tomato on the other hand is a delectable treat, a meal in itself, best eaten fresh in
the warmth of the greenhouse for maximum effect. Sure tomatoes do require a certain level of TLC
pinching outsides shoots, watering, feeding and among others. Levine (1987) state that there is sufficient
evidence that the Indians did manure there fields with fish records shows that the term fish emulsion was
use just before 1950’s and it can be considered as the earliest form of fish amino acid.

Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in the Philippines. It is grown for both
home and market in almost any community in the country. In the Philippines, Fish Amino Acid (FAA)
contains various type of amino acid (arginine, cysteine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methione, threonine,
tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine). This FAA can directly or indirectly influence the physiological
activities of the plants crops as liquid foliar fertilizer to boast their nitrogen needs. Fish Amino Acid
provides them with Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorous.

In Bayawan City, Negros Oriental, LGU is producing the natural/organic farm inputs. They
collect the vegetable trimmings and over-ripe fruits from the market for Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) and
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ).Fish trashes are also collected from the market for Fish Amino Acid (FAA)
and they use Lactic Acid Bacterium Serum (LABS) to minimize the foul smell in the Fish Amino Acid
(FAA).The farmers make CALPHOS (calcium, phosphate) using both egg shell and shells of the golden
snail. These products, FPJ, FFJ, FAA and calphos are sold to farmers at Php 50 per liter available at the
Department of Agriculture (DA) Bayawan City.

This study seeks to find out which rate of Fish Amino Acid applied as foliar fertilizer gives the
best growth performance and highest fruit yield to tomato, an experimental research will then be done in
Bayawan National High School- Senior High School.
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the effect of fish amino acid to tomato production. Specifically, it
seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the effect of fish amino acid as fertilizer to growth of tomato?

2. What is the effect of fish amino acid as fertilizer to the yield of tomato in terms of:
2.1 length of fruits;
2.2 diameter of fruits;
2.3 yield in plot?

3. Is there a significant difference on the effect of fish amino acid as fertilizer to tomato when

classified according to treatment?

Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the following:

Department of Agriculture (DA)-This study will help them as guide on how to produce fresh tomato

with spray of fish amino acid as fertilizer without any chemicals.

Farmers – This study will help the farmers to produce new kind of fertilizer to the plants, and new fresh

vegetables without the use of any inorganic fertilizer with mix with any chemicals.

Future Researchers – This research will be a useful for the researchers who would plan to make any
related study.

Researcher – This study will help for other researcher as guide for doing experimental research

Students – This study may serve as guide for the students undertaking the same studies.

Teachers– This researcher will aid them their discussions regarding related lessons. It be will easier for

them to tackle related topics about this research

 Definition of Term

For more clarification and understanding of the study the following terms are conceptually and
operationally defined:

Amino Acid – are organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups, along with a
side chain specific to each amino acid.

Concoction – a mixture of various ingredients or elements.

Effect – a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

Fertilizer – a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility.

Production – the action of making or manufacturing form components or raw materials, or the process or

being so manufactured.

Tomato – a glossy red, or occasionally yellow, pulpy edible fruit that is eaten as a vegetable or in salad.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

The independent variables will be the treatment that will use, TO – Control (500 ml water) T1-
(200 ml) of FAA (400 ml)of water T2- (300 ml)of FAA with (100 ml) of water T3-Pure FAA (340ml).
The dependent variable is the outcome or the result of this study.

EFFECTS OF FISH AMINO ACID TO TOMATO (Solanum Lypersicum) PRODUCTION

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1.) TO - Control (500 mL water) Growth

2.) T1 - (200 ml) of FAA with( 400 ml)
Yield
water
3.) T2 - (300 ml) of FAA with (100ml) of
water
4.) T3 - Pure FAA (340ml)

RESULT
Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focuses on the effect of fish amino acid to tomato production. It aims to determine
whether the use of fish amino acid as fertilizer can affect the growth and yield. There are 4 treatments that
will be used in the study, TO: Control (500ml) water T1-(200 ml) of FAA mix with (400 ml) of water T2-
(300 ml) of FAA with (100 ml) of water T3- Pure FAA (340 ml).

It will commence on August 2019 to November 2019. The researcher will scientifically and
systematically follow the step by step process in determining the effect of fish amino acid as fertilizer to
tomato. The data gathering will cover until the time that tomato will bears its first-three fruits.

Review of Related Literature

Organic vegetable farming relies on the management of soil organic matter to enhance the
chemical, biological and physical properties of the soil, in order to optimize crop production. A fertile soil
provides essential nutrients to a growing crop plant and helps support a diverse and active biotic
community. Organic fertilizers are a kinder, gentler way to give plants the nutrients they need. Organic
fertilizers usually come from plants, animals, or minerals and contain a variety of nutrients to enhance the
soil ecosystem. Garcia-Lacaden,D.,(2013-2014).

Sulfur is a macronutrient that is essential for plant growth and development. The most
abundant form of sulfur in nature and the source of sulfur for plants is sulfate; this form is reduced and
assimilated into Cysteine. In addition to its role as an amino acid in proteins, cysteine functions as a
precursor for a huge number of essential bio-molecules, such as vitamins and cofactors

The amino acid treatment increased all of the measured parameters. Amino acids contribute
to the synthesis of growth hormones; therefore, it can be concluded that an increase in cell division and
cell enlargement is the reason behind enhanced growth parameters. Amino acid increase the dry weight of
onion plants. Kari.G.S.(2013-2014).

In recent years, the application of natural substances on crops has been intensified in order to
increase the resistance and yield of the soybean crop. Among these products are included plant bio
stimulants that may contain algae extracts, amino acids, and plant regulators in their composition.
However, there is little information on the isolated effect of each of these constituents. The objective of
this research was to evaluate the effect of the application of isolated amino acids on the antioxidant
metabolism of the soybean crop. positive effect of amino acid application on plants, most of the studies
were carried out with products composed of amino acids, and there is little information regarding the
isolated effect of these amino acids on plants. In addition, amino acids such as glutamate, cysteine,
phenylalanine, and glycine may act directly or indirectly in the attenuation of plant oxidative stresses .
Thus, their application on seeds or leaves may be an alternative to attenuate the effects caused by the
oxidative stress that plants may suffer. Merr,G.m.( March 21,2001).

The Oil Crisis of 2008 created a big stir in the agriculture sector mainly due to the escalating
prices of inorganic fertilizers. With prices of fertilizers tripled, farmers were forced to look for alternative
sources (as always) of nutrients in which the Department of Agriculture (DA), through the bureau of Soils
and Water Management (BSWM) responded with the Project on Rapid Composting as a part of the DA's
National Organic Agriculture Program addressed mainly to rice farmers. The project involves training and
provision of shredders to capacitate farmers to produce their own organic fertilizers

The high value crops (HVCs) sector however, has been taking a slightly different tact.
Vegetable and fruit growers had been using indigenous microorganisms (IMO) and fermented farm
products as a part of Nutrient Management based on Korean Natural Farming (KNF) through the
assistance of NGOs and SCUs in various training and extension programs. Maghirang,R.G.( March 2004)

Fish fertilizer is very popular. It is reported to be a good source of nutrients and a good
source of proteins, amino acids and oils for your plants. Fish emulsion and fish hydro lysate start with the
left over bits from the fish industry–the parts no one else wants. The reality is that plants can’t use most of
the large or even small organic molecules from either process. Normally microbes in the soil degrade
these to nutrients plants can use. So the argument that heat in the emulsion process is detrimental makes
no sense. it is true that heat will denature proteins, but they need to be denatured for the plants to use
them. Robert Pavils

The amino acids that serve as building blocks for proteins each possess carbon bearing a
hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group and one of 20 different side chains. With the exception
of glycine, the α-amino acids are optically active, and two optical isomers (L- and D-) of each amino acid
can be formed. Recently, developed analytical techniques have shown that there are D-amino acids in
various foods including wine, milk, beer, vegetable and fruit. In particular, fermented foods are known to
contain several D-amino acids, including D-alanine (D-Ala), D-aspartate (D-Asp) and D-glutamate.
These D-amino acids are thought to be derived from the starting materials used to prepare those foods, or
they are produced during microbial fermentation Given the presence of D-amino acids in many kinds of
foods, it follows that their effects on taste of foods have been focused. It is known that D-Ala, D-leucine
(D-Leu) and D-phenylalanine (D-Phe) are all sweeter than their L-amino acid counterparts suggesting D-
amino acids may be contribute to the taste quality of fermented foods. Yuta Mutaguchi (2013)

In the present study, we determined Trp, Trp:LNAA, and overall AA content in raw wild
meats (traditional diet) and right-from-the-package processed meats (modern diet) from a subarctic
community in Ontario. We sought to determine if the dominant sources of protein in the modern diet are
an adequate substitute for traditional wild meats in terms of Trp, Trp:LNAA, and AA composition, given
the following facts and concerns the significant role of Trp in mood/metabolic regulation and adaptive
response to stress the high comorbidity of metabolic and mood disorders prevalent in subarctic
Indigenous communities the unique susceptibility of Trp to degradation under conditions of industrial
food processing, and the unique knowledge gap on Trp composition in the human diet, unlike other AAs.
Ss Nicole Spieaelaar

Fish amino acid was prepared from fish waste obtained from local fish market. Equal amount
of fish waste and jiggery were taken (1 kg of each fish waste and jaggery). The fish waste was taken an
air tight plastic jar/bottle and jiggery was added. The materials were mixed well and stored in a cool dry
place. It was kept away from direct sun light. After 10 days, the liquid portion was filtered and used for
spraying (Maghirang, 2011).

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of fish waste extract on the growth,
yield and quality of cucumber which is a popular cucurbitaceous fruit vegetable. Different treatments
were arranged according with CRD layouts with five replicates for each treatment. All the six (6)
treatments viz; control, NPK, 10 ml, 20 ml, 40 ml and 50 ml of fish waste extract were applied to the
potting media. The results showed that the application of 20 ml of fish waste extract increased the vine
length, number of leaf, chlorophyll content (SPAD), stomata conductance and leaf TSS content of
cucumber compared to other treatments and control. Treatment with 50 mL of fish waste extract produced
the highest leaf area. The chlorophyll concentration, carotene content, chlorophyll fluorescence and
photosynthetic yield also positively affected with fish waste extracts. It was also found that number of
flower, number of fruit, and weight of individual fruit of cucumber also significantly increased by fish
waste extracts. It can be concluded that 20 ml fish waste extract was the best treatment for improving the
growth, yield and quality of cucumber. Foliar application of fish waste effluent on Cucurbitaceous
vegetables is merit to further study (E. AinahBuana 2018).

The results, the effect between salinity levels and amino acid fertilizers were no significant
for neither photosynthetic nor antioxidant enzymes, although photosynthetic pigments decreased due to
salt stress. Furthermore amino acid treatments significantly increased pigments content of seedlings under
both normal and salinity conditions. The results indicated that the activity of CAT and POD were not
significantly changed in leaves, when they were subjected to salt stress. These results clearly indicated
that amino acid can reduce the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improves wheat
seedling resistant under salt stress conditions (M. Yaghubi 2013).

World Health Organization was established in 1948as a specialized agency of the United
Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public
health. The organization seeks through its publications to support national health strategies and address
the most pressing public health concerns of populations around the world. To respond to the needs of
member states at all levels of development, WHO publishes practical manuals, handbooks and training
material for specific categories of health workers; internationally applicable guide lines and standards;
reviews and analyses of health policies, programmes, and research; and state-of-the-art consensus reports
that offer technical advice and recommendations for decision-makers. These book are closely tied to the
organization priority activities, encompassing disease prevention and control the development of
equitable health system based on primary health care, and health promotion for individuals and
communities. Progress towards better health for all also demands the global dissemination and exchange
of information that draws on the knowledge and experience of all WHO’s Member countries and the
collaboration of world leaders in public health and the biochemical World Health Organization (1948).

Global aquaculture production has increased in recent years and it is predicted that
aquaculture will provide the most reliable supply of seafood in the future. However, there are many
controversial issues in aquaculture regarding food safety, nutrition, and sustainability; many of which are
directly related to the nutrition and feeds for farmed fish. These nutrition-related issues must be
considered in order to achieve balance in safe and nutritious food production and sustainability in
aquaculture. This review highlights recent studies and discusses new and innovative aspects in fish
nutrition. Some issues in the area of fish nutrition require consideration and improvement, such as: feed
and nutrient efficiency, overfeeding and waste, fish meal and fish oil replacements, fish health,
biotechnology, and human health concerns. The findings reviewed in this manuscript demonstrate
promise toward improvement of the aquaculture industry through nutrition. This review is an update in
fish nutrition research, and provides insight on the progression and evolution of this field in order to meet
the needs of the industry with the purpose to achieve a balance in seafood production and environmental
sustainability. The outcome of this review encourages the use of biotechnology as a tool to meet seafood
production and environmental sustainability, in order to ensure global food security in the future and to
improve our resource use (S.M. Hixon 2014).
 Growing medium amino acids and mineral nutrients stimulate rhizosphere activities and
plant growth. A greenhouse experiment was performed to compare amino acid and mineral nutrient
profiles of seafood waste compost (SFWC) and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and vermin
compost (VC). SFWC had the highest content of P and K and most of the determined micronutrients. The
MSWC had significantly the highest N and leaf chlorophyll contents followed by the VC. The maximum
quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the potential photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fo) were least in
the VC treated plants. Dry matter was not affected by the type of amendment. Overall, plant growth was
improved by the MSWC. Future research should investigate effect on secondary metabolites ( L. Abbey
2018).

Salinity decreases yield in arid and semi-arid areas. With increasing demand for irrigation
water, alternative sources are being sought. Seawater salinity was previously considered unusable for
irrigation. However, this water can be used successfully to grow crops under certain conditions. Amino
acids is well known bio stimulant which has positive effects on plant growth and yield, and significantly
mitigates the injuries caused by abiotic stresses. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of exogenously
treatment amino acid on faba bean plant growing under seawater salt stress was investigated. Reduction
of salinity damage in faba bean by using a mixture of amino acids to improve morphological and
biochemical parameters, and thus raising the level of plant yield was tested. A pot experiment was
conducted to alleviate the harmful effects of seawater salinity on faba bean cv.Irrigation of faba bean
plant with different levels of seawater decreased seed yield and total dry weight per plant compared with
those irrigated with tap water (M.T. Abdelhamid 2015).

This chapter serves as a counterpoint to that, in which he largely evaluates my views and
those of my colleagues concerning the requirements for nutritionally indispensable amino acids in healthy
adults. His points are multiple and well articulated, although he presents little direct experimental data
from his own laboratories that are directly relevant to the quantitative determination of adult human
amino acid requirements or that are in contrast to our own findings. Nevertheless, I agree with a number
of important elements in his argument; indeed, I accept some of his criticisms of our work, which is
overviewed briefly below. However, other major components of his position lack strength and/or validity.
Of course, he, too, has made a similar statement about some of my ideas, concepts, and experimental data,
while attempting to reassess the quantitative needs for indispensable amine acids in adult humans and to
assess their practical significance in human protein nutrition (Vernon R. Young 1999).

Foliar applications of neem oil and fish emulsion, derived from neem seed and menhaden
fish, respectively, were tested for their ability to reduce bacterial spot of tomato and bell pepper under
both greenhouse and field conditions .The disease incidence on the fruit of these plants was reduced but
the effect was not always statistically significant. However, the number of lesions per pepper fruit were
consistently lower with these treatments. Fish emulsion increased healthy and total fruit yield of tomatoes
in 2000 and healthy fruit yield of peppers in 2001, whereas neem oil increased the yield of disease-free
peppers in both years. Neem oil and fish emulsion had no observable phytotoxic effect on tomato or
pepper foliage in the field. These results suggest that disease-management programs for bacterial spot
may be enhanced by including foliar sprays of these products (P.A. Abbasi 2010).

Studies on tomato storability in China in 1990's can be summarized as follows tomato

storage property was quantitatively controlled by multi-genes, additive effect was prior to partial
dominant effect in heredity tomato storability was closely related with fruit anatomic structure, the
thickness of circular layer in fruit could be used as an index to predict tomato cultivar storability Supply
of trace fertilizers during fruit-setting period led to the increase on the thickness of epiderm cell wall, the
effect order was the thicker the cell wall is, the more the storability is. aseptic such as Thiophanate
methyl, Bavistin, Captan and other fruit-vegetable antiseptic had positive effects on keeping tomato fruit
fresh, but influenced the nutrients in fruit, specially destroying Vc, degrading acidity and increasing sugar
content (L. Yan 1990).

The control of growth rate and the mechanical integrity of the tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) fruit has been attributed to the exocarp. This study focused on the biomechanics of the
fruit skin (FS) comprising cuticle, epidermis and a few subdermal cell layers, and the enzymatically
isolated cuticular membrane (CM) during fruit growth and ripening. Morphology and mechanical
properties of the FS and the CM of three cultivars were analysed separately at three distinct ripening
stages by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and one dimensional tension testing, respectively (H.
Bargel 2005).

Tomato is the most economically important horticultural crop used as a model to study plant
biology and particularly fruit development. Knowledge obtained from tomato research initiated
improvements in tomato and, being transferrable to other such economically important crops, has led to a
surge of tomato-related research and published literature. We developed DES-TOMATO knowledgebase
(KB) for exploration of information related to tomato. Information exploration is enabled through terms
from 26 dictionaries and combination of these terms. To illustrate the utility of DES-TOMATO, we
provide several examples how one can efficiently use this KB to retrieve known or potentially novel
information (A. Salhi 2017).
 Research Methodology

Research Design

This study uses experimental quantitative research design to examine the effects of Fish amino acid
to tomato production and to determine the use of Fish amino acid as fertilizer can affect the growth and
yield of tomato. The study will use Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) using 4 treatment
TO- Control (500 ml)water T1- (200 ml) of FAA mix with (400 ml) water T2- (300 ml) FAA with mix of
(100 ml) of water T3-Pure FAA (340 ml) .

T0
T2
Water only (500ml)
(200ml) FAA mixed with (100ml) water

FAA Level
6

T1 T3
Figure 2: Randomized Completely Block Design
(200ml) FAA mixed with (300ml) water Pure FAA (340ml)
Materials:

Materials:

The following are the materials needed in the study:

 64 seedlings of tomato (3 weeks for transplant and start of observation)

 64 pieces of pots (large)
 Sandy-loam soil (per pot to put)
 Fish amino acid (T1-200 ml, T2-300 ml, T3-340 ml every Tuesday and Friday)
 Plastic bottle (1.5 liter)
 Water (T0- 500 ML, T2-400 ml, T3-100 ml everyday)
 Measuring cup
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Research Process Flow

Below is the research process flow:

Broadcast the seeds in the seed box.

1.

2. Fish Amino Acid.

3. Prick the seedlings after two weeks of appearing its three to five leaves.

4.
Put the seedlings under minimal sunlight.

Transplant the seeds in the pot after hardening.

5.

6. Start the application of fish amino acid and start the observation.

7. Apply fish amino acid every Tuesday and Thursday. Observe twice a week
for Wednesday and Friday.

Observe the appearance, leaves and height of the tomato.

8.

Record it in the record book.

9.

10. Wait for the tomato to appear its flower.

 11.
After 1 month and a half, the 1st fruit will appear.

Wait for 2 months for its 2nd fruit.

12.

13. Wait for 2 month and a half for its 3rd fruit.

14. Calculate the yield of tomato production

Statistical Treatment

The student- researchers will use percentage, mean and t-test to determine the desired outcome of the
study. This experimental research will use the following treatment: TO: Control (500ml) water T1-(200
ml) of FAA mix with (400 ml) of water T2- (300 ml) of FAA with (100 ml) of water T3- Pure FAA (340
ml).
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