LOGIC CIRCUITS AND SWITCHING THEORY NOTES

MODULE 1: LOGIC GATES

LOGIC GATE- is the most basic building block of EXCLUSIVE-NOR

combinational logic
Logic gates are electronic circuits that can be used to The output of a two-input
input EX-NOR
EX gate is a logic ‘1’ when the
implement the most elementary logic expressions, also inputs are like and a logic ‘0’ when they are unlike.
known as Boolean expressions.
Boolean expression:
LOGIC SYSTEM
positive logic system
If the more positive of the two
voltage or current levels represents a logic ‘1’ and the less
positive of the two levels represents a logic ‘0’ NOTE: In general, the output of a multiple-input
multiple EX-NOR logic
function is a logic ‘0’ when the number of 1s in the input
negative logic system
If the more positive of the two sequence is odd and a logic ‘1’ when the number of 1s in the
voltage or current levels represents a logic ‘0’ and the less input sequence is even including zero. That is, an all 0s input
positive of the two levels represents a logic ‘1’ sequence also produces ces a logic ‘1’ at the output.

NOTE: A positive OR is a negative AND,, and vice versa. A

positive NOR is a negative NAND, and vice versa. LOGIC SYMBOLS AND TRUTH TABLES

Truth table - lists all possible combinations of input binary

variables and the corresponding outputs of a logic system
Boolean expression - logic expression that relates the output
with the inputs of that very logic system

LOGIC GATES

NOT gate - usually called an inverter,, produces an output

value that is the opposite of its input value

AND gate – produces a 1 output if and only if all of its inputs

are 1

OR gate – produces a 1 if one or more of its inputs are 1

NAND gate – produces the opposite of an AND gate’s output,

a 0 if and only if all of its inputs are 1

NOR gate – produces the opposite of an OR gate’s output, a 0

if one or more of its inputs are 1

EXCLUSIVE-OR

The output of an EX-OROR gate is a logic ‘1’ when the inputs are
unlike and a logic ‘0’ when the inputs are like.
Boolean expression:

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LECTURE//ENGR. ANNE MARIE A. MANGILIMAN-LAGMAY
 LOGIC CIRCUITS AND SWITCHING THEORY NOTES
MODULE 1: LOGIC GATES

ANSI: A right triangle is used instead of a bubble to indicate

inversion of a logic level. Also, the right triangle is used to
indicate whether a given input or output is active LOW.
The absence of a triangle indicates an active HIGH input or
output.
A ‘1’ inside the block indicates that the device has only one
input. An AND operation is expressed by ‘&’, and an OR
operation is expressed by the symbol ‘≥1’.
A ‘≥1’ symbol indicates that the output is HIGH when one or
more than one input is HIGH.
An ‘&’ symbol indicates that the output is HIGH only when all
the inputs are HIGH.
The two-input EX-OR is represented by the symbol ‘=1’ which
implies that the output is HIGH only when one of its inputs is
HIGH.

IMPORTANT TERMS AND RELATED CONCEPTS

Inversion bubble. Circle on the inverter symbol’s output;
used to denote “inverting” behavior
Timing diagram. Shows the values of various logic signals as a
function of time, including the cause-and-effect delays
between critical signals

PROBLEMS:
1. Complete a truth table for a 4-input XOR gate.
2. How do you implement three-input and four-input EX-OR
logic functions with the help of two-input
EX-OR gates?
3. How can you implement a NOT circuit using a two-input EX-
OR gate?
4. Show the logic arrangements for implementing:
(a) a four-input NAND gate using two-input AND gates and
NOT gates;
(b) a three-input NAND gate using two-input NAND gates;
(c) a NOT circuit using a two-input NAND gate;
(d) a NOT circuit using a two-input NOR gate;
(e) a NOT circuit using a two-input EX-NOR gate.
5. How do you implement a three-input EX-NOR function
using only two-input EX-NOR gates?

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LECTURE//ENGR. ANNE MARIE A. MANGILIMAN-LAGMAY
 LOGIC CIRCUITS AND SWITCHING THEORY NOTES
MODULE 1: LOGIC GATES

SOLVED PROBLEMS using two-input

input AND gates. The output thus obtained is then
complemented using a NOT circuit as shown.
1. Complete a truth table for a 4-input
input XOR gate.

Solution:

(b) Figure (b) shows the arrangement,

arra which is again self-
explanatory. The first step is to get a two-input AND from a
two-input
input NAND. The output of the two-input
two AND gate and
the third input then feed the inputs of another two-input
two
NAND to get the desired output.

(c) Shorting the inputs of the NAND gives a one-input,

one one-
2. How do you implement three-input
input and four-input
four EX-OR output NOT circuit. This is because when all inputs to a NAND
logic functions with the help of two-input are at logic ‘0’ level the output is a logic ‘1’, and when all
EX-OR gates? inputs to a NAND are at logic ‘1’ level the output is a logic ‘0’.
Solution: Figure (c) shows the implementation.
(d) Again, shorting the inputs of a NOR gate gives a NOT
circuit. From the truth table of a NOR gate it is evident that an
all 0s input to a NOR gate gives a logic ‘1’ output and an all 1s
input gives a logic ‘0’ output. Figure (d) shows thet
implementation.
3. How can you implement a NOT circuit using a two two-input EX-
OR gate?
Solution
Refer to the truth table of a two-input EX-OR OR gate reproduced (e) It is evident from the truth table of a two-input
two EX-NOR
in Fig. (a). It is clear from the truth table that, if one of the gate that, if one of the inputs is permanently tied to a logic ‘0’
inputs of the gate is permanently tied to logic ‘1’ level, then level and the other input is treated as the input, then it
the other input and output perform the functionnction of a NOT behaves as a NOT circuit between input and output [Fig. (e)].
circuit. Figure (b) shows the implementation. When the input is a logic ‘0’, the two inputs become 00, which
produces a logic ‘1’ at the output. When the input is at logic
‘1’ level, a 01 input produces a logic ‘0’ at the output.

5. How do you implement a three-input

three EX-NOR function
using only two-input EX-NOR
NOR gates?
Solution
4. Show the logic arrangements for implementing:
The first two EX-NOR
NOR gates implement a two-input
two EX-OR
(a) a four-input NAND gate using two-input
input AND gates and
gate using two-input EX-NOR
NOR gates. The second EX-NOR
EX gate
NOT gates;
here has been wired as a NOT circuit. The output of the
(b) a three-input NAND gate using two-inputinput NAND gates;
second gate and the third input are fed to the two inputs of
(c) a NOT circuit using a two-input
input NAND gate;
the third EX-NOR gate.
(d) a NOT circuit using a two-input
input NOR gate;
(e) a NOT circuit using a two-input EX-NOR
NOR gate.
Solution
(a) Figure (a) shows the arrangement. The logic diagram is
self-explanatory. The first step is to get a four-input
four AND gate

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LECTURE//ENGR. ANNE MARIE A. MANGILIMAN-LAGMAY