EMANUEL, TAMA

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HIST103 – CRN# 11880
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CHAPTER 1 AND CHAPTER 2 STUDY TERMS AND QUESTIONS
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

Chapter 1 – The Foundations of Complex Societies

Study Terms – Define/Identify the following terms in detail, using complete sentences, numbering
each response.

1. Aryans filtered into Northern India as in earlier migrations, Indo-European migrants borrowed
from, influenced, and mixed with the settled people they discovered and in so doing shaped future
historical development in each area.

2. Çatal Hüyük was one of the largest Neolithic settlements located in modern day Turkey, Southern
Anatolia. They were known to Archaeologists and were inhabited between 7500 and 5700 B.C.E.

3. Cuneiform is an ancient writing invented by the Sumerian of Mesopotamia. Cuneiform writing

continued for more than three thousand years known and invented for record keeping and
communicating complex ideas during these times.

4. Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest epic poems in history from Mesopotamia which was
completed after 2000 B.C.E.

5. Hammurabi is an ancient code of law in Mesopotamia which lightened on sex and gender
relations. This law gave great privileged to men during these times, selecting them to be head of all
major family decisions. Hammurabi established high standards of behavior and stern punishments
for violators.

6. Hittites were the most influential Indo-European migrants in ancient times. Relocating to the
Central plain Anatolia in about 1900 B.C.E. They built a powerful kingdom and established close
relations with Mesopotamian people. They toppled the mighty Babylonian empire of Mesopotamia
for several centuries and became the dominant power in southwest Asia.
a. What two technological innovations were the Hittites responsible? The Hittites were
responsible for two technology which are; the construction for light, horse-drawn “war
chariots” and the refinement of “Iron Metallurgy”.

7. Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and Euphrates river in (modern day Iraq) Mesopotamia
was known for its agricultural villages and towns. Mesopotamia which comes from the two Greek
words “The land between the Rivers” in which the name justifies its location and contributed to a
large-scale society.
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

8. Monotheism is a belief that there is only one God which was embraced by Moses during Ancient
times.

9. Neolithic Era is known as the “new stone age” because of the polished stone tools and
development in agriculture between twelve and six thousand years ago.

10. Paleolithic Era refers to the “old stone age” which refers to the foraging, hunting and fishing. All
dimensions of human experience during the Paleolithic Era were influenced by foraging conditions.

11. Phoenicians is located between a narrow coastal plain between the Mediterranean Sea and the
Lebanon Mountains the Phoenicians were known for their trading, communication networks and
excellent sailors. The Phoenicians established city states which were ruled by local kings whose
names were; Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Byblos.

12. Sargon of Akkad was one of the first conquerors, a talented administrator and a brilliant warrior.
Sargon’s main aim was to conquer the Sumerian cities one by one in which it was a success.
Sargon’s empire grew far beyond Mesopotamia conquering the Mediterranean and Black sea.

13. Sumerians were the dominant people of Mesopotamia situated between the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers. Sumerians constructed elaborate irrigation networks that helped them realize abundant
agricultural harvests.

14. Temple Communities are homes of ancient priests and priestesses in which they received large
offerings of food, drink, and clothing from city inhabitants. These temples severed as banks, a
place for people in need and providing ransom for community members captured in battle.

15. Yahweh was known as the only God, who was a supremely powerful deity, the creator and
sustainer of the world. Yahweh expected his followers to worship him only and he demanded that
they observe high moral and ethical standards.

Study Questions – Answer the following questions in complete sentences, numbering each response.

1. What is a complex society?

A form of large-scale social organization in which productive agricultural economies produced

surplus food is referred to as a complex society. The opportunity for individuals to devote their
time to specialized tasks, other than food production, and to congregate in urban settlements arose
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

for the surplus that was created. In such societies, a sizeable number of people lived in cities and
extended their political, social, economic, and cultural influence over large regions. It emerged first
in southwest Asia, particularly in Mesopotamia. Egypt, Northern India, China, Mesoamerica, and
the Central Andean region of South America were all other areas in which complex societies arose
during the centuries from 3500 to 500 B.C.E.

2. What is the economic foundation of complex societies?

The first known complex societies during the fourth millennium B.C.E were supported by
productive agricultural economies. The economic foundation of complex societies was, therefore,
agriculture.

3. What are the three basic areas of economic specialization in early complex societies?

Specialized labor fueled productive economies and encouraged the establishment of long-distance
trade networks. The three basic areas of economic specialization in early complex society were
metallurgical innovations, the wheel, and shipbuilding. Metallurgical innovations included bronze
metallurgy and iron metallurgy and they ranked among the most important developments that came
about because of specialized labor. Other craftsmen focused on devising efficient means of
transportation based on wheeled vehicles and sailing ships, both of which facilitated long-distance
trade. The wheel was first invented in about 3500 B.C.E. by the Sumerians who also experimented
with technologies of maritime transportation. By 3500 B.C.E they had also built a watercraft that
allowed the to venture into the Persian Gulf and beyond.

4. What is a patriarchal society?

A patriarchal society is one in which authority over private and public affairs is vested largely in
adult males. Most of the important decisions within the households were made by men. They even
had the power to sell their wives and children into slavery to satisfy their debts. Men dominated
public life. In effect men ruled as kings allowing decisions about policies and public affairs to rest
almost entirely in their hands.

5. What purpose did astronomy serve in Mesopotamian society?

a. What purpose did mathematics serve in Mesopotamian society?

Astronomy and Mathematics are both important sciences for agricultural societies. Therefore,
Mesopotamian scholars devoted themselves to the study of these sciences. Through their
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

knowledge of astronomy, they could prepare accurate calendars which helped them chart the
rhythms of the seasons and so determine the appropriate times for planting and harvesting crops.
Through their knowledge of mathematics, they could survey agricultural lands and allocate them to
the proper owners or tenants. Mesopotamian scientists divided the year into twelve months, the
hour into sixty minutes, and the minute into sixty seconds. This convention persists today.

6. What are the two primary factors that contribute to the collapse/decline in empires?

Two primary factors that contribute to the collapse/decline in empires are rebellion from within and
invasions from outsiders.

7. When do social classes/social distinctions emerge within societies?

As the population rapidly increases and small groups of people concentrate wealth and power in
their own hands or families’ hands and kept it there for several generations, clearly defined social
classes/social distinctions emerge within societies. Private landownership gives rise to social
distinctions in societies.

8. What are the three (3) primary sources of slaves?

The three primary sources of slaves were prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily
indebted criminals who sold themselves into slavery to satisfy their obligations.

9. What was the role of priests and priestesses?

To intervene with the gods to ensure good fortune for their communities was the primary role of
priests and priestesses. Many of them were the younger relatives of the rulers and so were closely
allied with the ruling elites.

10. What were the three primary inventions/developments by the Sumerians?

The Sumerians developed a flexible system of writing that used graphic symbols to represent
sounds, syllables, ideas, and physical objects. This powerful writing system was known as
cuneiform and began around 2900 B.C.E. The wheel was first invented in about 3500 B.C.E. by the
Sumerians. By 3500 B.C.E they had also built a watercraft/ship, that allowed them to venture into
the Persian Gulf and beyond, after experimenting with technologies of maritime transportation.
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

Chapter 2 – Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

Study Terms – Define/Identify the following terms using complete sentences, numbering each
response

1. Amon-Re was an Egyptian God. During the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, priests
increasingly associated the two gods with each other and honored them in the combined cult of
Amon-Re. In the New Kingdom devotees suggested that Amon-Re might even be a universal god
who presided over all the earth. The name Amon- Re derived from Amon who was the God of air
and Re was the God of Sun.

2. Archaic Period was the era immediately following the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.
This period was from 3100 to 2600 B.C.E.

3. Bantu (“people” or “persons”) were the people who originally inhabited a region embracing the
eastern part of modern Nigeria and the southern part of modern Cameroon. The spoke the bantu
language and were amongst the most influential persons in Sub-Saharan Africa.

4. Cult of Osiris was a religious cult named after Osiris, who was restored to life by the gods and
name god of the underworld after his wife buried his dismembered parts which his brother had
scattered across the land. This cult demanded observance of high moral standards. Following their
deaths, members’ hearts were weighed against a feather symbolizing justice. Those with heavy
hearts carrying a burden of evil and guilt did not merit immortality, whereas those of pure heart and
honorable deeds gained the gift of eternal life.

5. Hieroglyphics is an ancient Egyptian written language. These were symbols representing sounds
and ideas and were particularly prominent on temples.

6. Hyksos (“foreign ruler”) were invaders who originated from southwest Asia. They seized the Nile
delta and helped bring an end to the Egyptian Middle Kingdom.

7. Isis was Osiris’ wife.

8. Kush is a powerful kingdom established by Nubian leaders in the south after tension between
themselves and the Egyptians. This kingdom was located. about 700 Km to the south of Aswan.
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

9. Menes is the Egyptian conquered who is known to have unified Egypt in 3100 B.C.E. He was from
southern Egypt and when he rose to power, he extended his authority north and into the delta.

10. Middle Kingdom was from 2060 to 1640 B.C.E. This was the period when the Pharaonic authority
returned after declining of the central state.

11. Mummification is the process of preserved the bodies of deceased individuals done by Egyptian
embalmers.

12. New Kingdom was from 1550 -1070 B.C.E. This period was when the state was founded by
Egyptian leaders after pushing the Hyksos out of the Nile Delta.

13. Nile River is the major north flowing river between sub-Saharan Africa and the eastern
Mediterranean basin.

14. Nubia is the area south of Egypt.

15. Old Kingdom was the period from 2660 to 2160 B.C.E. This period encompasses the reign of the
building of massive pyramids which were used as royal tombs.

16. Pharaoh were Egyptian kings who were considered gods on earth.

Study Questions – Answer the following questions in complete sentences, numbering each response.

1. What are the gifts of the Nile?

In ancient times, Egypt referred to the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile between
the Mediterranean and the river’s first cataract near Aswan and not to the territory embraced by the
modern state of Egypt. Agriculture transformed the entire Nile River valley with effects mostly
dramatic in Egypt because of its broad floodplains. Consequently, Egypt could support a much
larger population than Nubia, to the south. This prosperity led the Greek historian, Herodotus to
proclaim Egypt as the “gift of the Nile”.

2. During which period(s) did Pharaohs see their greatest power?

Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

The first millennium of Egyptian history was the periods during which the power of the pharaohs
was the greatest. These eras were known as the Archaic Period (3100-2660 B.C.E.) and the Old
Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E.). The most enduring symbols of their authority and divine status are
the massive pyramids constructed during the Old Kingdom as royal tombs.

3. What social classes existed in Egypt and Nubia?

The development of social distinctions and hierarchies was encouraged by the considerable
accumulated wealth that centered ancient cities like Egypt and Nubia. Egypt recognized a series of
well-defined social classes like the Mesopotamians did. Egyptian peasants and slaves supplied the
hard labor that made complex agricultural societies possible, a similar role to that of their
Mesopotamian counterparts. The ruling classes of Egypt was organized differently from that of
Mesopotamia. The pharaoh was recognized as the supreme ruler of Egyptian society instead of a
series of urban kings as existed in Mesopotamia. Moreover, Egypt relied on professional military
forces and an elaborate bureaucracy of administrators and tax collectors who served the central
government and not nobles who owed their positions to hereditary. Therefore, allowing individuals
of common births the opportunity to attain high social positions through government service in
Egypt unlike Mesopotamia.

Nubia was also a site of a complex hierarchical society in ancient times though surviving
information to prove this is limited. Nubian cemeteries reveal that social and economic distinctions
existed. Tombs of wealthy and powerful individuals were often elaborate structures or comfortable
dwelling places tastefully decorated with paintings and filled with expensive goods such as gold
jewelry, gems, fine furniture, and an abundant supply of food. The graves of the common people
were much simpler, although the usually contained jewelry, pottery, personal ornaments, and other
goods to accompany the departed.

4. What type of society existed in Egypt and Nubia with regard to gender?
a. Were the roles of women similar to those in Mesopotamia? Explain.

Patriarchal societies that vested authority over public and private affairs in their men, existed in
both Egypt and Nubia similar to the which existed in Mesopotamia. Men, with very seldom
instances, were the rulers in both Egyptian and Nubian private as well as public life, and decisions
about government policies were the responsibilities of men. However much more Mesopotamians
ancient Egyptian and Nubian women made their influence be felt. Women of the royal family in
Egypt sometimes served as regents for young rulers. In one instance a woman even took up the
power as pharaoh. With her stepson, Tuthmosis III, Queen Hatsheput co-ruled from 1473 – 1458
B.C.E. However, the idea of a female ruler may not have sat well with the Egyptians who presented
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

the Queen’s monument adorned with a stylized beard normally worn by pharaohs. Nubia, however,
greatly welcomed female rulers with many evident in the kingdom of Kush. There, some ruled
alone, while others reigned jointly with male kings, and other governed in the capacity of regents.
In Egypt and Nubia, women also received considerable power as priestesses in the numerous
observed religious cults. A few women also obtained formal education and worked as scribes.

5. What areas of economic specialization existed in is sub-Saharan Africa?

The stock of human skills among the people of the Nile Valley expanded rapidly with the
formation of complex, city-based societies. From Mesopotamia, both Egypt and Nubia adopted
bronze metallurgy. By 1000 B.C.E. a technology of iron production that eventually spread to most
parts of sub-Saharan Africa was developed by the Sudanic people. Pottery, textile manufacture,
woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, and masonry all became distinct occupations in
cities throughout the Nile Valley. Trade networks that linked the Nile Valley to the rest of the
world was encouraged by specialized labor and inventions of efficient transportation technologies,
some which were also adopted from Mesopotamian societies.

6. What modes of transportation were developed and utilized in sub-Saharan Africa?

Efficient means of transportation was devised by Nile craftsmen from the early days of agricultural
society. The Nile flows north and so boats could ride the currents from Upper to Lower Egypt
allowing the people to travel the Nile with ease even before 3500 B.C.E. Prevailing winds blow
throughout the year so by raising its sails, a boat could also easily make its way upriver from
Lower to Upper Egypt. The Egyptians also utilized the Mesopotamian-style wheeled vehicles for
local transport and donkey caravans for overland transport. Unnavigable cataracts made it
necessary to transport goods overland before continuing to the river making navigation on the Nile
in Nubia less convenient. Because winds blow the same direction that currents flows, sailing ships
heading upriver could not navigate the long stretch of the Nile around the fourth cataract.
Consequently, Nubian societies had to rely more than Egyptians on overland transport by wheeled
vehicles and donkey caravans.

7. Who were the most influential people of sub-Saharan Africa in ancient times?
a. How were their communities organized?

The most influential people of sub-Saharan Africa in ancient times were the Bantu. The earliest
Bantu speakers settled mostly along the banks of rivers, which they navigated in canoes, and in
open areas of the region’s forests. Yams and oil palms were cultivated by them and they added
millet and sorghum in later centuries. They also kept goats and raised guinea fowl. The clan-based
Tama Brendaline Emanuel
G00366118
HIST103 – World History I
CRN# 11880
Chapter 1 And 2 Study Terms and Questions
September 16th, 2019

villages where they lived were governed by chiefs who conducted religious rituals and represented
their communities in dealings with neighboring villages. They regularly traded pottery and stone
axes in exchange for meat, honey, and other forest products with the hunting and gathering people
who inhabited the tropical forests.