Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region III – Central Luzon
Tarlac City Schools Division
MALIWALO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Maliwalo, Tarlac City

The Human Reproductive System

Report

Reporters:

Matthew Roverick Antonio

Yma Bien Año

Shaina Mae Celino

Ezekiel Guevarra

Jay Moriles

Angela Beatrize Ocampo

Anghelhica Jhoy Quiambao

Kayce Reyes

Dirk Francois Santos

Steven Riley Soriano

Janina Claire Tanig

 CHAPTER I
THE FEMALE ANATOMY

Introduction

The female reproductive system is one of the most vital parts of the human

reproductive process.

The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It

produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes.

The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization.

The reporters’ topic for the third quarter include the female and male anatomy,

the menstrual cycle, process of fertilization, and the diseases of the reproductive

system.

Parts of the Female Anatomy

The following are the parts of the female reproductive system:

1. Vulva

The Vulva is the external part of the female reproductive system.

Vulva, plural vulvae, the external female genitalia that surround the opening to

the vagina; collectively these consist of the labia majora, the labia minora, clitoris,

vestibule of the vagina, bulb of the vestibule, and the glands of

Bartholin.(Quiambao,2019))

2. Vagina

This muscular tube receives the penis during intercourse and through it a baby

leaves the uterus during childbirth.

3. Ovaries

The ovaries produce and release eggs (oocytes) into the female reproductive

tract at the mid-point of each menstrual cycle. They also produce the female hormones

oestrogen and progesterone.

Human females are typically born with two ovaries stemming from the uterus.

Before puberty, ovaries are just long bundles of tissue. As the female matures, so do

her ovaries. When mature, ovaries are about the size of a large grape, according to

EndocrineWeb.

The ovaries lie on either side of the uterus against the pelvic wall in a region

called the ovarian fossa. They are held in place by ligaments attached to the uterus.

The ovaries have three functions. First, they shelter and protect the eggs3 a

female is born with until they are ready for use.Second, ovaries produce female

reproductive hormones called estrogen and progesterone, and some lesser hormones

called relaxin and inhibin. There are three different types of estrogen: estrone, estradiol

and estriol. They are used by the body to help develop adult female characteristics, such

as breasts and larger hips, and to aid in the reproduction cycle. Progesterone is also key

to reproduction (more on that later). Relaxin loosens the pelvic ligaments so they can

stretch during labor. Inhibin prevents the pituitary gland from producing

hormones.(Celino, 2019)

4. Oviduct

Also known as the fallopian tubes. These small tubes transport ova from the

ovaries to the uterus. This is where an egg waits to be fertilized.

5. Uterus

This organ holds and nourishes a developing fetus, if an egg was properly

fertilized.

The uterus will expand and become thinner when a child develops inside it.

after birth, the expanded uterus will return to its normal size. after menopause, it will

become smaller and paler. and also, the uterus of a female child is small, until puberty

it will rapidly grow to its adult size. (Tanig, 2019)

A. Perimetrium- the outside layer of tissue that lines the outside of the uterus.

B. Myometrium- the middle layer of the uterus is primarily made up of

smooth muscle.

C. Endometrium-the inside layer of the uterus that is the layer that builds up

over the course of a month and is shed each month if no pregnancy occurs. This

shedding of the lining of the uterus is the menstrual period.

The Menstrual Cycle

Menstruation is when blood and tissue from uterus comes out of your vagina.

It usually happens every month. It is usually start at the age of 12-14 and at the age of

45-55 the period usually stops and it is called menopause. The length of time from the

first day of one period to the first day of the next period normally ranges from 21-35

days. Menstruation can last 3-8 days (Reyes 2019).

Definition of Terms

Gonads-an organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary.

Menstrual Cycle-the process of ovulation and menstruation in women and

other female primates.

 Menarche- the first occurrence of menstruation.

Menopause- the ceasing of menstruation.

Bibliography

[1] Female Reproductive System Anatomy, Diagram & Function, 2018

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/female-reproductive-system#1

[2] Female Reproductive System: Organs, Function, and More, 2018

https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/your-guide-female-

reproductive-system#1

[3] The Function and Anatomy of the Uterus, 2019

https://www.verywellhealth.com/uterus-location-function-female-anatomy-

3157180

[4] The Male Reproductive System: Organs, Function, and More

https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system#1
 CHAPTER II
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The Purpose of the Male Reproductive System

The purpose of the organs of the male reproductive system is to perform the

following functions:

A. To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells)

and protective fluid (semen)

B. To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex

C. To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the

male reproductive system

Parts of the Female Anatomy

The following are the parts of the male reproductive system:

1. Penis

This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the

root, which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans,

which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head

of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is

sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra,

the tube that transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. The glans of the

penis also contains a number of sensitive nerve endings.

The body of the penis is cylindrical in shape and consists of three

circular shaped chambers. These chambers are made up of special, sponge-like tissue.

This tissue contains thousands of large spaces that fill with blood when the man is
sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect, which

allows for penetration during sexual intercourse. The skin of the penis is loose and

elastic to accommodate changes in penis size during an erection.

Semen, which contains sperm (reproductive cells), is expelled (ejaculated)

through the end of the penis when the man reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the

penis is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be

ejaculated at orgasm.

2. Scrotum:

This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis.

It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels.

The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. For normal sperm

development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than body

temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax,

moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth or farther away from the body to

cool the temperature.

3. Testicles (Testes)

These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum,

secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two

testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex

hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes

called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm cells.

4. Epididymis
 The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle.

It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the job of

the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the

testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, contractions

force the sperm into the vas deferens.

5. Vas deferens

The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into

the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm

to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in

preparation for ejaculation.

6. Ejaculatory ducts

These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles

(see below). The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.

7. Urethra

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the

body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man

reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from

the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

8. Seminal vesicles

The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near

the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that
provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move. The fluid of the seminal

vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.

9. Prostate gland

The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is located below the urinary

bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the

ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra, which carries the

ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland.

Figure 1: The Male and Female Reproductive System

 CHAPTER III
DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What is Fertilization Process?

Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring

in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a

zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. The process of

fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum.

The Sperm's Long Journey

A man may ejaculate 40 million to 150 million sperm, which start swimming

upstream toward the fallopian tubes on their mission to fertilize an egg. Fast-

swimming sperm can reach the egg in a half an hour, while others may take days. The

sperm can live up to 48-72 hours.

What happens when egg is fertilized?

For fertilization to occur, sperm must enter the vagina. There, the sperm will

penetrate and fertilize an egg. Once fertilized, the egg travels down the fallopian tube

toward the womb, or uterus, where it will implant in the uterine wall. Doctors refer to

the fertilized egg as an embryo after implantation.

How an egg is fertilized?

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes.

Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to

the uterus. Fertilization happens when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in
the fallopian tube. ... From here, the zygote will move down the fallopian tube and

into the uterus.

How long does it take for fertilization?

Pregnancy doesn't start the day that partners have sex — it can take up to six

days after intercourse for the sperm and egg to join and form a fertilized egg. Then, it

can take six to 10 days for the fertilized egg to completely implant itself in the lining

of the uterus. (Moriles, 2019)

 CHAPTER IV
DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Infections

Reproductive tract infections are infections of the genital tract. They affect

both women and men. Some RTIs (such as syphilis and gonorrhea) are sexually

transmitted, but many are not. In women, overgrowth of endogenous microorganisms

normally found in the vagina may cause RTI (yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis).

2. Congenital abnormalities

Examples of congenital abnormalities of the reproductive system include:

2.A Kallmann syndrome - Genetic disorder causing decreased functioning of

the sex hormone-producing glands caused by a deficiency or both testes from the

scrotum.

2.B Androgen insensitivity syndrome - A genetic disorder causing people

who are genetically male (i.e. XY chromosome pair) to develop sexually as a female

due to an inability to utilize androgen.

2.C Intersexuality - A person who has genitalia and/or other sexual traits

which are not clearly male or female.

3. Examples of cancers

Examples of cancers of the reproductive system include:

3.A Prostate cancer - Cancer of the prostate gland

3.B Breast cancer - Cancer of the mammary gland.

3.C Ovarian cancer - Cancer of the ovary.

3.D Penile cancer - Cancer of the penis.

 3.E Uterine cancer - Cancer of the uterus.

3.F Testicular cancer - Cancer of the testicle/(plural:testes).

3.G Cervical cancer - Cancer of the cervix.

4. Examples of functional problems

Examples of functional problems of the reproductive system include:

4.A Impotence - The inability of a male to produce or maintain an erection.

4.B Hypogonadism - A lack of function of the gonads, in regards to either

hormones or gamete production.

4.C Ectopic pregnancy - When a fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue

other than the uterine wall.

4.D Hypoactive sexual desire disorder - A low level of sexual desire and

interest.

4.E Female sexual arousal disorder - A condition of decreased, insufficient,

or absent lubrication in females during sexual activity

4.F Premature ejaculation - A lack of voluntary control over ejaculation.

4.G Dysmenorrhea - Is a medical condition of pain during menstruation that

interferes with daily activities

There are a plethora of diseases in the reproductive system, ranging from

infections, cancers, to functional problems. The best way to prevent these diseases is

abstaining from any sexual activity. We have to avoid exposing our genitals to

substances that may irritate us. We also have to avoid having multiple partners and

engaging with pre-marital sex. (Año, 2020)