Lecture and Q and A Series in Medico Legal PDF

PAIMALAN I RAMOS
Criminologist Licensure Examination

LECTURE with Q and A
arranged by Sub-Subjects
(1998-2019)
in
CRIMINALISTICS
MEDICO LEGAL I FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY I FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
DACTYLOSCOPY (PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION) I FORENSIC BALLISTICS I FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY I DECEPTION DETECTION (POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION) I QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION I MEDICO LEGAL I FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY I FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY
By
Raymart S. Paimalan
Charlemagne James P. Ramos
About the Contributor
RAYMART SIANO PAIMALAN obtained his Bachelor of
Science in Criminology from Sumulong College of Arts and
Sciences College of Criminal Justice Education in 2016 and
subsequently passed the October 2016 Criminologist
Licensure Examination with the rating of 86.15. He is
currently committed in the Lecture Sessions at What
Criminologist Knows? and focuses on the field of
CRIMINALISTICS.
Sir Raymart S. Paimalan

Registered Criminologist / Physical Scientist / Writer
About the Contributor
CHARLEMAGNE JAMES P. RAMOS obtained his Bachelor of
Science in Criminology from Sumulong College of Arts and
Sciences College of Criminal Justice Education in 2013 and
subsequently passed the October 2013 Criminologist Licensure
Examination with the rating of 88.05. At the young age he
became a former professor at the same school and a national
lecturer to various review centers in the Philippines. His passion
in teaching lead him to do writings and a vast of opus and
treatise that would help the candidates of the Licensure
Examination. Aside from writing and teaching at his own
coaching sessions he is also currently completing his degree in
Juris Doctor at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Law. The experience he gained for being a lecturer and
striker in every session of the Criminologist Licensure
Examination makes him specialized in training candidates of the
Criminology Licensure Examination evidence are the Registered
Criminologist of various schools he had produced in the first row
of years in the practice as a Criminologist.
Sir Charlemagne James P. Ramos

Criminologist / Review Director / Writer / Author
C.L.E BOARD SUBJECTS
Criminal Law and Jurisprudence 20%
Law Enforcement and Administration 20%
Criminalistics 20%
Crime Detection and Investigation 15%
Crim Socio 15%
Correctional Administration 10%
100%
CLE Lecture Series
in Medico Legal
“People follow medicine and Law follows people.”
By
Registered Criminologist
COVERAGE
Discuss the importance of legal Medical science in crime
medicine in the field of criminal investigation
investigation.
Human anatomy and physiology;
Determining the significance of
various signs, classification and Medico‐legal aspects of physical
stages of body changes after death. injuries, death, abortion, poisoning,
etc.
Summarize the principles pertaining
to causes and time of death, wounds, Concepts and principles in the field
and sex crimes. of forensic medicine;
Break‐down the basic procedure in Legal and moral obligations of
investigating suspicious deaths. medico‐legal officer
The Principle of Exchange
PART SIX
FORENSIC MEDICINE
“Every contact leaves a trace.”
Edmond Locard
QUESTION
It is the application of basic clinical, medical
and paramedical sciences to elucidate legal
matters.
A. Forensic Medicine
B. Legal Medicine
C. Medico Legal
D. Medical Jurisprudence
ANSWER
It is the application of basic clinical, medical
and paramedical sciences to elucidate legal
matters.
A. Forensic Medicine
B. Legal Medicine
C. Medico Legal
D. Medical Jurisprudence
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Legal Medicine
Branch of medicine which
deals with the application of
medical knowledge to the
purpose of law and in the
administration of justice.
QUESTION
Jurisprudence came from two Latin word Juris and
Prudentia meaning
A. Medico legal officer
B. Knowledge of Law
C. Application of Law to medicine
D. All of the above
ANSWER
Jurisprudence came from two Latin word Juris and
Prudentia meaning
A. Medico legal officer
B. Knowledge of Law
C. Application of Law to medicine
D. All of the above
Legal Medicine/Forensic Medicine/Medical Jurisprudence
In common practice are used interchangeably
In continental European countries Similar in meaning to forensic medicine
Legal medicine Forensic medicine Medical Jurisprudence
Juris-law;
Application of Application of medical Prudentia-knowledge
science to elucidate legal
medicine to legal cases problems Knowledge of law in
relationship to the
practice of medicine.
Differentiations between Forensic Medicine and
Medical Jurisprudence
Points of Differences Forensic Medicine Medical Jurisprudence
1. Origin Originates from the Emanates from the acts of

development of medical congress, Executive orders,
sciences Administrative circulars,
customs and usages
2. Nature Branch of Medicine Branch of Law
3. Characteristics and Deals with the medical Deals with the policies, rules
its Application knowledge that are applied to or regulations and ethics that
law and administration of are applied to the practice
justice medicine
4. Principles to follow Coordination Subordination
QUESTION
The concept of practice of legal medicine in the
Philippines is of _________
A. Anglo-American influence
B. Spanish Origin
C. French Origin
D. European Countries
ANSWER
The concept of practice of legal medicine in the
Philippines is of _________
A. Anglo-American influence
B. Spanish Origin
C. French Origin
D. European Countries
Scope of Legal Medicine
Application of medical and paramedical sciences as demanded

by law and administration of justice
• Nature and extent of wounds
• Abortion
• Sudden death
• Trauma
• Other basic sciences
Nature of the Study of Legal Medicine
• The ability to acquire facts

• The power to arrange those facts in their logical order
• To draw a conclusion from the facts which may be useful in
the administration of justice
• The power to impart to others verbally or in writing all those
he has observed
Medical Jurist
• A physician who
specializes/involved primarily
with medico‐legal duties
• In the service of the government
Medical Examiner
Medico‐Legal Officer
Medico‐Legal Expert
QUESTION
Who are authorized by law to perform autopsies?
I. Health officers
II.Medical Officers of law enforcement agencies
III.Member of the medical staff of accredited
hospital
A. I only
B. I and II
C. II only
D. I, II and III
ANSWER
Who are authorized by law to perform autopsies?
I. Health officers
II.Medical Officers of law enforcement agencies
III.Member of the medical staff of accredited
hospital
A. I only
B. I and II
C. II only
D. I, II and III
QUESTION
What law authorizes to perform autopsies?
A. PD 856
B. PD 658
C. PD 568
D. PD 685
QUESTION
What law authorizes to perform autopsies?
A. PD 856
B. PD 658
C. PD 568
D. PD 685
When shall Autopsy be performed on a Dead Body?
• Whenever required by special laws
• Upon order of a competent court, a mayor
and a provincial city or city fiscal
• Upon written request of police authorities
• Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or
city fiscal deem it necessary to disinter and
take possession of the remains for
examination to determine cause of death
• Whenever the nearest kin shall request in
writing the authorities concerned to ascertain
the cause of death
Sec. 2, Art III, Code of Medical Ethics of the Medical Profession of
the Philippines
“it is the duty of every physician,
when called upon by the judicial
authorities, to assist in the
administration of justice on
matters which are medico‐legal in
character”
Ordinary Physician Medical Jurist
Distinction Between an Ordinary Physician and a Medical Jurist
Ordinary Physician Medical Jurist
• Sees an injury or disease on • Sees an injury or disease on
the point of view of treatment the point of view of cause
• Examining a Patient to arrive • Examining a Patient is to
at a diagnosis so that an Include those bodily lesions in
appropriate treatment can be his report and testify before
instituted the court/investigative body
• Minor or trivial injuries are • Minor or trivial injuries must
ignored record all bodily injuries may
be proof to qualify the crime or
justify the act
Differentiation between Physician and Medical
Chemist or Medico‐legal Officer
Points of Physician Medical Chemist/
Differences Medico‐legal Officer
1. Line of Specialty Medical practitioner or Doctors of Medicine who
Specialist in other field of specialize in Forensic Medicine
Medicine except F. Medicine
2. Purpose of Examination Find out the causes of illness To determine the cause for the
and institute treatment sake of law and justice
3. Body Lesions Minor lesions in the body are All lesions in the body are
not significant significant
QUESTION
A Medical Jurist examining a patient is to
arrive at a definite diagnosis so that
appropriate treatment can be instituted this
statement is
A. True
B. False
C. Partially true
D. Partially false
ANSWER
A Medical Jurist examining a patient is to
arrive at a definite diagnosis so that
appropriate treatment can be instituted this
statement is
A. True
B. False
C. Partially true
D. Partially false
Law
• Rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laid by legitimate power for
common observance and benefit.
• Science of moral laws founded on the rational nature of man
which regulates free activity for the realization of his
individual and social ends under the aspect of mutual
demandable independence.
QUESTION
this is composed of the unwritten laws based on
immemorial customs and usages
A. Jurisprudence
B. Common law
C. Customary law
D. All of the above
ANSWER
this is composed of the unwritten laws based on
immemorial customs and usages
A. Jurisprudence
B. Common law
C. Customary law
D. All of the above
Answer: Jurisprudence, Common law, Customary

law, Case law, Lex Non-Scripta
Characteristics of law
• Rule of conduct
• Dictated by legitimate power
• Compulsory and obligatory to all
Forms of Law
• Written or Statutory (Lex Scripta)
• Unwritten or Common Law(Lex non Scripta)
QUESTION
This is composed of laws which are produced by
the country’s legislations and which are
defined, codified and incorporated by the law-
making body.
A. Written law
B. Statutory law
C. Lex scripta
D. All of the above
ANSWER
This is composed of laws which are produced by
the country’s legislations and which are
defined, codified and incorporated by the law-
making body.
A. Written law
B. Statutory law
C. Lex scripta
D. All of the above
Answer: D. Written law, Statutory law, Lex

Scripta
Forensic Legal Jurisprudence
Anything belonging • Pertains to law, • Investigates the
to the court of law arising out of, by nature, origin,
or used in court or virtue of or development and
functions of the
legal proceedings included in law. law.
or something fitted • Refers to anything
for legal or public Medicine
conformable to the Science and art
argumentations letters or rules of dealing in
law as it is • Prevention
“Forum” means administered by • Cure
Market Place the court • Alleviation of
disease
Principle Stare Decisis
• When the court has once laid down a principle of law or

interpretation as applied to a certain state of facts, it will
adhere to and apply to all future cases where the facts are
substantially the same.
Case Law
Branches of Law where Legal Medicine may be applied
Civil Law
Regulates the relation of assistance authority, and obedience
between members of the family and those which exist among
members of a society for the protection of private interest
• Determination/termination of civil personality
• Limitation/restriction of a natural person’s capacity to act
• Marriage and legal separation
• Paternity and filiation
• Testamentary capacity of a person making a will
Branches of the Law where Legal Medicine may be Applied
Criminal Law
Defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for
their punishment
• Codified in the Revised Penal Code
• Circumstances affecting criminal liability
• Crimes against person
• Crimes against chastity
Remedial Law
• Deals w/ rules concerning pleadings, practices and
procedures in all courts of Phil.
• Rules of Court of the Philippines
• Physical and mental examination of a person
• Proceedings for hospitalization of an insane person
• Rules of evidence
Special Laws
• Dangerous Drug Act
• Youth and Child Welfare Code
• Insurance Law
• Code of Sanitation
• Labor Code
• Employee’s Compensation Law
Some basic Principles Governing Application and
Effects of Laws:
• Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith.
• Laws shall have no retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided.
• Rights may be waived, unless the waiver is contrary to law, public order,
public policy, morals or good customs, or prejudicial to a third person
with a right recognized by law.
• Customs which are contrary to law, public order or public policy shall not
be countenanced. A custom must be proved as a fact according to the
rules of evidence.
• Laws are repealed only by subsequent ones, and their violation or non‐
observance shall not be excused by disuse, custom or practice to the
contrary.
Is the MEANS, SANCTIONED
by the RULES of Court, of
ASCERTAINING in a “Judicial
Proceeding” the TRUTH
respecting a MATTER OF
FACT.
Medical Evidence
The means employed to prove a fact is medical in nature
then it becomes a medical evidence
Types of Medical Evidence
Autoptic/ Real Testimonial Documentary Experimental Physical
Evidence Evidence Evidence Evidence Evidence
Limitations: • Ordinary • Medical • Allow an • Corpus
• Indecency or witness certificate/ expert Delicti
impropriety • Expert report witness to Evidence
Witness • Medical confirm his • Associative
• Repulsive opinion
objects/ expert Evidence
offensive to opinion • Tracing
sensibilities • Deposition Evidence
HISTORY OF LEGAL MEDICINE
IMHOTEP (2980 B.C.)
The earliest recorded medico legal
expert.
He was the Chief Physician and
Architect of King Zoser.
Builder of the first Pyramid.
First recorded report of Murder Trial written
on the clay tablet.
Code of Hammurabi (2200 B.C.)
“The oldest code of law”
Includes legislation on Adultery, rape,
divorce, incest, abortion and violence.
Hippocrates (460‐355 B.C.) Aristotle (384‐322 B.C.)
In Greece he discussed the Fixed the Animation of Fetus
Lethality of wounds. at 40th day after conception.
Chinese Materia Medica Hashish
(300 B.C.) (200 B.C.)
Was said to have been used as a narcotic in
Gave the information on poison surgery.
including aconite, arsenic and opium.
QUESTION
The word hashis is derived from the name
Hasan/Hashasin, a Muslim leader. Hashis refers
to:
A. male marijuana plant
B. female marijuana plant
C. the marijuana resin
D. marijuana leaves
ANSWER
The word hashis is derived from the name
Hasan/Hashasin, a Muslim leader. Hashis refers
to:
A. male marijuana plant
B. female marijuana plant
C. the marijuana resin
D. marijuana leaves
Numa Pompilius
(600 B.C.)
Promulgated that bodies of
all women dying should be
opened in order to save the
child’s life.
ANTISTIUS
(100‐44 B.C.)
“The FIRST POLICE SURGEON” /
Forensic Pathologist
Performed AUTOPSY to the
body of Julius Ceasar
Found out that Julius Ceasar
suffered 23 wounds.
JUSTINIAN
(483‐565 B.C.)
PHYSICIAN are not ordinary
witness
Physician gives judgement
rather than testimony
Led to the recognition of
EXPERT WITNESS.
CONSTITUTO CRIMINALIS
CAROLINA
(1532)
First TEXTBOOK in
LEGAL MEDICINE
It was made during the reign of
Emperor Charles V in Germany.
Pope INNOCENT III
1209
Issued an edict
Appointment of doctors to the
courts for the determination of
the nature of wounds
Pope GREGORY IX
1234
Caused the preparation of
NOVA COMPILATIO DECRETALIUM
Concerned on the ff:
Medical Evidence
Marriage
Nullity
Impotence
Delivery
Caesarian section
Legitimacy
Sexual offenses
Crime against person
Witchcraft
Pope JOHN XXII
14th Century
The need Experts in Ecclesiastical
Courts for the diagnosis of
LEPROSY and many MEDICO‐
LEGAL DOCUMENTS.
CHINA
HSI YUAN LU
(Instructions to Coroner)
5 Volumes dealing with:
Inquest
Criminal abortion
Infanticide
Signs of death
Assault
Suicide
Hanging
Strangling
Drowning
Burning
Poisoning and antidotes
Examination of dead
AMBROISE PARE
Considered Legal Medicine as a separate
discipline
Discussed in his book:
Abortion
Infanticide
Death by lightning
Hanging
Drowning
Feign diseases
Distinction between ANTE‐MORTEM and
POST‐MORTEM wound
Poisoning by Carbon Monoxide and
Corrosives
PAULUS ZACCHIAS
Papal Physician
“FATHER OF FORENSIC
MEDICINE”
Published
“Questiones Medico‐Legales”
Dealt with the legal aspects of
wounds and detection of
secret homicide
SEVERIN PINEAU
PUBLISH PARIS WORK ON VIRGINITY
AND DEFLORATION
Confirmed the existence of the
hymen and that it may not rupture
during sexual intercourse.
Mathieu Orfila
Founder of Modern “Toxicology”
Traite’ des Poison
(Chemical methods in Toxicology)
Mentioned:
Physiology
Pathology
And Legal Medicine
HISTORY OF LEGAL MEDICINE IN THE PHILIPPINES
WHEN WHO WHAT WHERE
1858 Dr. Rafael Gerard y Mas “Manual de Medicina Domestica”
First medical text book printed.
1871 Teaching of Legal Medicine as an Universidad de

academic subject Santo Tomas
March 31, Position of “Medico Royal Decree No. 188
1876 Titulares” By the King of Spain
1894 Regulating the service of “Medico
Titular Y Florences
1895 Medico‐legal Laboratory City of Manila
WHEN WHO WHAT WHERE
1898 American Civil Government
preserved the Forensic Medicine
System
1901 Philippine Commission Created provincial, insular and
municipal board of health
(act Nos. 157, 307, and 308)
1908 Philippine Medical Incorporated teaching of Medico
School Legal 1 hour a week to the 5th
students
1919 University of the Created the department of Legal
Philippines Medicine and Ethics and Dr. Sixto de
los Angeles as the Chief
WHEN WHO WHAT WHERE
Jan. 10, The head of the Department of Legal
1922 Medicine Became the chief of
Medico Legal Department of Phil.
Gen. Hospital
March 10, Philippine Legislature Act No. 1043 the department
1922 became the branch of Department
Of Justice
Dec. 10, Dr. Gregorio L. Lantin as CA no. 181 creating the Division of
1937 the Chief Investigation under DOJ
March 3, Dept of Legal Meddicine was
1939 ablosihed in UP and was transferred
to the Medico Legal Section of
Division of Investigation of DOJ
WHEN WHO WHAT WHERE
July 4, 1942 Pres. Jose P. Laurel Consolidated by executive order all
the different law‐enforcing agencies
and created the BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION on July 8, 1944
1945 Dr. Mariano Lara as the The provost marshal of the US Army Liberation of City
Chief created criminal investigation of Manila
laboratory with the office of the
Medical Examiner
June 28, Division of Investigation under DOJ
1945 was reactivated
June 19, Dr. Enrique V. de los RA 157 CREATES NATIONAL BUREAU
1947 Santos as the chief OF INVESTIGATION
WHEN WHO WHAT WHERE
June 18, RA 409 amended by RA 1934 Under the Police
1949 provides for the creation of the Department of
office of medical examiners and City of Manila
criminal investigation laboratory
Dec. 23, Person who are PD 856
1975 Authorize to conduct
Autopsies: Autopsis shall be performed in the
• Health Officers following cases:
• Medical officers of • Whenever required by special laws
LEAs • Upon order of Competent Court, mayor, prov.
And city fiscal
• Members of Medical • Upon written request of police authorities
Staff of accredited • Solicitor General examination for cause of
hospitals death
• Nearest Kin
Medical‐Legal cases
• Injuries or deaths involving persons who have • Death sue to improper negligent act of
no means of being identification. another person
• Persons pronounced as “dead on arrival” • Physical injuries caused by:
• Death under the following circumstances. • Gunshot wound, stab wound etc.
• Death occurring within twenty‐four (24) • Vehicular accident
hours of admission when the clinical • Asphyxia
cause of death in unknown or • Electrocution, chemical or thermal insult
determined.
• Accident, attempted homicide or suicide
• Unexpected sudden death especially when
• Poisoning
the deceased was in apparent good health
• Death due to natural diseases but• Cases of child abuse, domestic violence, rape,
associated with physical evidence alcoholism and drug addiction
suspicious of foul play. • Cases involving the mental incompetency of
• Death as a result of violence, accident, the patient.
suicide of poisoning
Medico‐Legal Aspects of Death
Importance of Death Determination
• The civil personality of a natural person is extinguished by death
• The property of a person is transmitted to his heirs at the time of death
• The death of a partner is one of the cause of dissolution of partnership
agreement
• The death of either the principal or agent is a mode of extinguishment of
agency
• Criminal liability of a person is extinguished by death
• The civil case for claims which does not survive is dismissed upon death of
the defendant
• Notice to creditor to be issued by court
Death
• Termination of life
• Complete cessation of all the
functions without possibility of
resuscitation.
• Irreversible loss of properties of
living matter.
• The complete and persistent
stopping or cessation of all vital
functions of the body (heart,
termination of life)
• Irreversible condition followed by
decay
Death
Brain Death
Occurs when there is deep irreversible coma,
absence of electrical brain activity and complete
cessation of all the vital functions WITHOUT
POSSIBILITY OF RESUSCITATION.
Cardio‐Respiratory Death
Occurs when there is a continuous and
persistent cessation of heart action and
respiration. Cardio‐respiratory death is a
condition in which the physician and the
members of the family pronounced a person to
be dead based on the common sense of intuition.
Brain Death
(Harvard Criteria)
• Unreceptivity and unresponsibility
• No movements or breathing
• No reflexes
• Flat EEG
Philadelphia Protocol
• Lack of responsiveness to internal and external environment
• Absence of spontaneous breathing movements for 3 minutes, in the absence of hypocarbia while
breathing room air.
• No muscular movements with generalized flaccidity and no evidence of postural activity or shivering.
• Reflexes and response:
• Pupils fixed and dilated, non‐reactive to strong stimuli.
• Corneal reflexes absent
• Subraorbital or other pressure response absent
• Absence of snouting or sucking response
• No reflex to upper airway stimulation
• No reflex to lower airway stimulation
• No ocular response to ice water stimulation of the inner ear
• No DTR
• No superficial reflexes
• No plantar respnses.
• Falling arterial pressure without support by drugs or other means.
• Iso‐electric EEG.
Kinds of Death
• Somatic Death or Clinical Death
• Complete, persistent and continuous cessation of the vital functions of the
brain, heart and lungs which maintain life and health.
• Molecular or Cellular Death
• Three to six hours later.
• Apparent Death or State of Suspended Animation
• Transient loss of consciousness or temporary cessation of the vital functions
of the body.
SIGNS OF DEATHS
1. CESSATION OF HEART ACTION AND CIRCULATION
2. CESSATION OF RESPIRATION
3. COOLING OF THE BODY / ALGOR MORTIS
‐ POST‐MORTEM CALORICITY
4. INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY AND LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE
5. CHANGES IN THE SKIN
6. CHANGES IN AND ABOUT THE EYE
SIGNS OF DEATH
Cessation of heart action and circulation.
• “if there is no heart action for a period
of five minutes, death is regarded as
certain.”
• Five minutes (5 mins) – death is certain
• Ultimen mariens (ventricle – auricle)
• Judicial hanging – 20 mins or 30 mins
• Decapitation – for an hour
SIGNS OF DEATH
EXAMINATION OF THE HEART
• Palpitation of the pulse
• Auscultation for the heart sound at the
precordial area
Errors in the method
‐ May be in the state of suspended animation
‐ Sound may not be always appreciable
• Stout persons
• Fatty degeneration of heart
• Pericardial effusion
• Flouroscopic examination
• Electrocardiograph
SIGNS OF DEATH
EXAMINATION OF THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
• Magnus Test
ligature is applied around the base of a
finger with moderate tightness.
factor that may affect:
‐Anemic
• Opening of small Artery
blood escapes in jerk and at a distance.
• Icard’s test
injection of the solution of fluorescein.
• Pressure on the fingernails
pressure applied on the fingernails
intermittently
SIGNS OF DEATH
EXAMINATION OF THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
• Diaphanous test
the fingers are spread wide and the finger
webs are viewed through a strong light.
• Application of Heat on the skin
heated material is applied in skin of a dead
man, it will not produce true blister.
• Palpitation of the radial pulse
palpation of the radial artery with the
fingers, one will feel the rhythmic pulsation of the
vessel due to flow of blood.
• Dropping of Melted Wax
melted sealing wax is dropped on the breast
of a person
SIGNS OF DEATH
Cessation of Respiration
“ a person can hold his breath for a period
not longer than 3 ½ minutes.”
Suspension of respiration without death

ensuing.
a. Purely voluntary act (Divers,
Swimmers) it cannot be longer than 2
mins
b. Peculiar condition of respiration
(chene‐stokes respiration) apneic
interval cannot be longer than 15‐20
seconds.
c. Apparent drowning
d. Newly born infants
SIGNS OF DEATH
Cessation of Respiration
METHODS OF DETECTING CESSATION OF RESPIRATION
• Chest and abdomen observation
• Stethoscope examination
• Examination with mirror
• Examination with feather or cotton
fibers
• Examination with a glass of water
• Winslow test
SIGNS OF DEATH
“ALGOR MORTIS”
• Progressive fall of the body
temperature is one of the most
prominent sign of death.
• Rapid during the first 2 hours (not
uniform)
• Rate becomes slower when
gradually approaches the
temperature of the surroundings.
• 15 ‐20 Fahrenheit (certain sign of
death)
• In Cancer, Phthisis and Collapse fall
of temperature may occur before
death.
SIGNS OF DEATH
“ALGOR MORTIS”
Factors influencing the rate
of cooling of the body.
• Factors Delaying Cooling
‐ Acute pyrexial diseases, Sudden
death in good health. Obesity of
person, Death from asphyxia,
Death of the middle age.
• Factors Accelerating Cooling
‐ Leanness of the body, Extreme age,
Long‐standing or lingering illness,
Chronic pyrexial disease associated
with wasting.
SIGNS OF DEATH
“ALGOR MORTIS”
Factors influencing the rate of
cooling of the body.
• Factors Delaying Cooling
‐ Acute pyrexial diseases, Sudden
death in good health. Obesity of
person, Death from asphyxia,
Death of the middle age.
• Factors Accelerating Cooling
‐ Leanness of the body, Extreme age,
Long‐standing or lingering illness,
Chronic pyrexial disease associated
with wasting.
SIGNS OF DEATH
“POST‐MORTEM CALORICITY”
• Rise of temperature of the body
after death (due to rapid
putrefaction and internal
changes)
• Usually observed in first two
hours after death.
• Occurs in Cholera, Yellow Fever,
Liver abscess, Peritonitis,
Cerebro‐spinal Fever, Tetanus,
Smallpox, Strychnine Poisoning.
SIGNS OF DEATH
“INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY AND LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE”
• After death the whole body is
insensible.
• no kind of stimulus is capable of
letting the body have voluntary
movement.
• Must be observed with cessation
of heart beat and circulation and
cessation in respiration.
SIGNS OF DEATH
“CHANGES IN THE SKIN”
• Waxy‐looking (absence of
circulation)
• Loss of elasticity of the skin
‐Post‐Mortem Contact Flattening
• Opacity of the skin
• Effect of application of Heat
SIGNS OF DEATH
“CHANGES IN AND ABOUT THE EYE”
• Loss of corneal reflex
‐ General anesthesia, Apoplexy,
Uremia, Epilepsy, Narcotic poisoning, local
anesthesia.
• Clouding of the cornea
‐ Opacity of cornea may be found in
certain disease (Cholera) and therefore nt a
reliable sign of death.
• Flaccidity of the eyeball
• Ophthalmoscopic fidings
• The pupil is in the position of rest
• “Tache noir de la sclerotique”
• Due to the thinning of the sclera.
SIGNS OF DEATH
“CHANGES OF HEAT ON THE SKIN”
• Useful to determine whether death
occurred before or after the
application of heat.
Note: BLISTERS
The following combinations of signs

show death has occurred:
a. Loss of animal heat to a point not
compatible with life.
b. Absence of response of muscle to
stimulus.
c. Onset rigor mortis.
CHANGES IN THE BODY FOLLOWING DEATH
1. CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE
a. STAGE OF PRIMARY FLACCIDITY
b. STAGE OF POST‐MORTEM RIGIDITY
c. STAGE OF SECONDARY FLACCIDITY OR COMMENCEMENT OF
PUTREFACTION
2. CHANGES IN THE BLOOD
3. AUTOLYTIC OR AUTODIGESTIVE CHANGES AFTER DEATH
4. PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY
“CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE”
• Changes in the muscle
• Muscular system is contractile for 3‐6 hours
after death, then rigidity sets‐in.
• Stage of primary flaccidity or period
muscular irritability (post‐mortem
muscular irritability).
• Stage of post‐mortem rigidity, or cadaveric
rigidity or “rigor mortis.” (death struggle of
muscles)
• Stage of secondary flaccidity or secondary
relaxation or commencement of
putrefaction (decay of the muscles)
Stage of primary flaccidity or period muscular irritability
(post‐mortem muscular irritability).
Complete relaxation and softening of all the muscles
of the body.
•The muscles are relaxed and capable of contracting
when simulated.
•Dilated pupils, eyeball loses its tension.
•Extremities may be flexed
•Lower jaw falls
•Incontinence of urination and defecation
NOTE:
this stage usually lasts about three to six (3‐6) hours
after death (in warm places)
Average duration is only one hour and fifty‐one

minutes (1 hour and 51 mins).
Stage of post‐mortem rigidity, or cadaveric rigidity or “rigor mortis.”
(death struggle of muscles)
•3‐6 hours after death the muscles gradually stiffen.
•Usually starts at the muscles of the
‐ neck, lower jaw, chest, arms and lower limbs.
•Includes voluntary and involuntary muscles.
(heart may be mistaken for CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY).
•Lactic acid and phosphoric contents
– reaction becomes acidic.
•Coagulation of the plasma protein.
•Utilized for approximate time of death
‐ temperate countries appears 3‐6 hours
‐ warmer countries may develop earlier
‐ may last temperate countries may last 2‐3 days
‐ tropical countries
24‐48 hours ‐ Cold weather
18‐36 hours ‐ Summer
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TIME
OF ONSET OF RIGOR MORTIS
• Internal Factors
• State of the muscles
• Age
• Integrity of the nerves
• External Factors
• Temperature
• Moisture
CONDITIONS SIMULATING RIGOR MORTIS
• Heat Stiffening
• Coagulation of muscle proteins.
• 75 deg. Cel. ‐ pugilistic attitude (boiling
fluid/burned to death)
• Cold Stiffening
• Solidification of fat
• Cadaveric spasm or Instantaneous Rigor
• Extreme nervous tension, exhaustion and
injury to the nervous system or injury to the
chest
Stage of secondary flaccidity or secondary relaxation or commencement of
putrefaction (decay of the muscles)
• After disappearance of RIGOR MORTIS
• Muscles becomes soft and flaccid
• Does not respond to mechanical or
electrical stimulus
• Due to dissolution of muscle protein
“CHANGES IN THE BLOOD”
• Coagulation of the blood
• Blood may remain fluid inside the blood
vessels after death for 6‐8 hours
• Livor mortis / Post‐Mortem lividity /
Cadaveric lividity / Post‐mortem
suggilation / Post‐mortem Hypostasis
• Occurs in most extensive areas of the
most dependent portions of the body.
• Involves the superficial layer of the skin
• Does not appear elevated from the rest
of the skin
• The color is uniform
• No injury of the skin.
AUTOLOYTIC OR AUTODIGESTIVE CHANGES
• Autolytic action, seen in the
maceration of the dead fetus
inside the uterus.
• Due to the proteolytic, glycolytic
and lipolytic ferments of
glandular tissues
PUTREFACTION
• Breaking down of the complex
proteins into simpler
components associated with the
evolution of foul smelling gasses
and accompanied by the change
of color of the body.
TISSUE CHANGES IN PUTREFACTION
• Changes in the color of the • Evolution of gases in the tissues.
tissue • Carbon dioxide, ammonia,
• “marbolization” hydrogen, sulphurated hydrogen,
• Prominence of the superficial phosporetted hydrogen and
veins with reddish discoloration methane gases are formed.
during the process of
decomposition
TISSUE CHANGES IN PUTREFACTION
• Liquefaction of the Soft Tissues
CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF PUTREFACTIVE CHANGES OCCURING IN
TROPICAL REGIONS
• Rigor mortis present all over. Hypostasis well‐developed and fixed.
Greenish discoloration showing over the caecum.
12 hours
• Rigor mortis absent all over. Green discoloration over whole
abdomen and spreading to the chest. Abdomen distended with
24 hours gases.
• Ova of flies seen. Trunk bloated. Face discolored and swollen.
Blisters present. Moving maggots seen.
48 hours
• Whole body grossly swollen and disfigured. Hair and nails loose.
Tissues soft and discolored.
72 hours
CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF PUTREFACTIVE CHANGES OCCURING IN
TROPICAL REGIONS
• Soft viscera putrefied
1 week
• Only more resistant viscera distinguishable
2 weeks • Soft tissues largely gone
• Bone skeletonized
One month
CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF PUTREFACTIVE CHANGES WHEN THE BODY HAS
BEEN SUBMERGED IN WATER
• Very little change is water is cold. Rigor mortis may persist
• The skin on the hands and feet became sodden and bleached. The face appears
4‐5 DAYS softened and has a faded white color
• Face swollen and red. Greenish discoloration on the eyelids, lips, neck and
sternum.
5‐7 days • Skin of the hands and feet wrinkled. Upper surface of brain greenish in color
• Skin wrinkled. Scrotum and penis distended with gas. Nails and hair still intact.
1‐2 weeks
Lungs, emphysematous and covered the heart.
• Abdomen distended, skin of hands and feet come off with nails like glove.
4 weeks; 6‐8
weeks
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FLOATING OF THE BODY IN WATER
Age Conditions of the body
Sex
Season of the year
Influence of Bacteria in Decomposition
• EARLY PERIOD
• Aerobic
• LATE PERIOD
• Facultative aerobes and
anaerobes
Microorganisms
Other bacteria:
•Bacillus coli
•Bacillus
proteusvulgaris
Clostridium welchii
•Bacillus mesentericus
‐ Plays an important and
dominant role in •Bacillus
decomposition aerogenescapsulatus
Special Modification of Putrefaction
• Mummification
• Dehydration of the whole body
which results in the shivering and
preservation of the body.
Special Modification of putrefaction
• Saponification or Adipocere
formation
• The fatty tissues of the body are
transformed to soft brownish‐
white substance known as
adipocere.
Special Modification of putrefaction
• Maceration
• Softening of the tissues when in a
fluid medium in the absence of
putrefactive microorganism.
Duration of Death
• Rigor mortis • Presence of post‐mortem lividity
• Sets in from 2‐3 hours after death. • Develops 3‐6 hours after death
• Fully developed in the body after
12 hours
• May last from 18 hours to 36
hours
Duration of Death
• Onset of Decomposition • Stage of Decomposition
• Tropical countries decomposition • The approximate time of death
is early and the average time is 24‐ may be inferred from the degree
48 hours after death of decomposition, although it
must be made with extreme
• Entomology of the Cadaver caution.
• Larva: 24 hours
• Maggots: >24 hours
Duration of Death
• Stage of Digestion of Food in the • Amount of urine in the bladder
Stomach • State of clothing
• Presence of live fleas in the • Chemical changes in the CSF
clothings in drowning cases
• Flea can survive for approximately
• Post‐mortem clotting and
24 hours submerged in water, decoagulation of blood
Duration of Death
• Presence or absence of soft tissues in skeletal remains.
• Condition of the bones
Stage of Digestion of Food in the Stomach
• Takes normally 3 to 4 hours for the stomach to evacuate its contents
after a meal.
• The approximate time of death may be deducted from the amount of
food in the stomach in relation to his last meal.
• The extent of the gastric emptying and the progression of the last
meal in the GI tract can be useful in estimating the time of death.
Factors influencing the position and condition of the
decedent's last meal
• Size of the last meal
• The stomach usually starts to
empty within 10 minutes after the
first mouthful has entered.
• light meal ‐ 1 1/2 to 2 hrs
• medium sized meal ‐ 3 to 4 hrs
• heavy meal 4 to 6 hrs
Factors influencing the position and
condition of the decedent's last meal
• Kind of meal
• Liquids move more rapdily than
semi solid, and the latter more
rapidly than solids
• Personal Variation
• Psychogenic pylorospasm can
prevent departure of the meal
from a stomach for several hours
Other factors
• Kinds of food eaten
• Vegetables may require
more time for gastric
digestion.
• The absence or
insufficiency of pepsin
and other digestive
ferments will delay the
food in the stomach.
Stage of digestion of food in the stomach
• The head of the meal
ordinarily reaches the
distal ileum and cecum
between 6 and 8 hours
after eating.
Presence of live fleas in the clothings in
drowning cases
• A flea can survive for approximately 24 hours submerged in water.
• If the body is found in water, the fleas maybe found in woolen
clothings.
• The fleas recovered must be placed in a watch glass and observed if it
is still living.
• If it moves, then the body has been in water for less than 24 hours
Amount of urine in the bladder
• The amount of urine in the urinary bladder may indicate the time of
death when taken into consideration, he was last seen voiding his
urine
Chemical changes in the CSF
• Lactic acid increases
from 15mg to 200mg per
100cc.
• Non‐protein nitrogen
increases from 15 to
40mg.
• Amino acid
concentration rises from
1 to 25% following
death.
Presence or absenceof soft tissues in skeletal
remains
• The soft tissues of the
body may disappear 1 to
2 yrs time after burial.
• The disappearance of the
soft tissues varies and
are influenced by several
factors.
Condition of the bones
• The degree of erosion of
the epiphyseal ends of
long bones, pulverization
of flat bones and the
diminution of weight due
to the loss of animal
matter may be the basis
of the approximation.
Investigation of Death
Stages of Medico‐legal examination
1. Crime Scene
Investigation
2. Autopsy
CRIME SCENE
‐ place where the essential
ingredients of the
criminal act took place
‐ Setting of the crime
‐ Adjoining places of
entry and exit of both
offender and victim
Officials of the gov’t authorized to make
death investigations:
• Provincial and city fiscals
• Regional Trial Courts (Judges of the courts of the
first instance)
• Municipal Trial Courts (Justice of the Peace)
• Director of the National Bureau of Investigation
• Chief of police of the city of Manila
• Solicitor general
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI)
IMPORTANCE
‐ Great amount of physical evidence may be lost if
investigation merely starts at the autopsy table
‐ Violent death cases, manner and cause of death may
be inferred from condition of the crime scene
‐ Opportunity to interview persons who have
knowledge of the circumstances of the actual events
Physician Photographer Helper
Persons to compose the search team:
Methods of conducting a search:
Strip method
Double strip/ Grid method
Wheel method
Spiral method
Zone
method
Examination of the dead body in the crime
scene:
After a complete search, the physician should make a thorough
inspection of the dead body. Special considerations should be
made on the following:
• Evidences which will
tend to prove identity
• Position of the victim
• Condition of the
apparel worn
• Approximate time of
death
Autopsies
• Comprehensive study of a dead body, performed by a trained
physician employing recognized dissection procedure and techniques.
• Removal of tissues for further examination
Kinds of
autopsies
• Hospital or non‐official
autopsy
• Medico‐legal or official
autopsy
Kinds of autopsies
• HOSPITAL/ NON‐OFFICIAL AUTOPSY
• Consent from relatives
• Spouse, descendants of the nearest
degree, ascendants of nearest degree,
brothers and sisters (decreasing order)
Kinds of autopsies
• HOSPITAL/ NON‐OFFICIAL AUTOPSY
• Purpose:
• Determine cause of death
• Provide clinical correlation of diagnosis and
clinical symptoms
• Determine the effectiveness of therapy
• Study natural course of the disease process
• Educating students and physicians
Kinds of autopsies
• MEDICO‐LEGAL or OFFICIAL AUTOPSY
• Dead body belongs to the state for protection of
public interest
• All that needs to be turned over to the next of kin
would be burial of the deceased
Kinds of autopsies
• MEDICO‐LEGAL or OFFICIAL AUTOPSY
• Purpose:
• Determine cause, manner and time of death
• Recovering, identifying and preserving evidentiary
material
• Providing interpretation and correlation of facts and
circumstances related to death
• Providing a factual, objective medical report for law
enforcement, prosecution and defense agencies
• Separating death due to disease and death due to
external cause
When shall an autopsy be performed on a
dead body
SEC 98 (B) P.D. 856, Code of Sanitation
• Whenever required by special laws
• Upon order of a competent court, a mayor and a
provincial or city fiscal
• Upon written request of police authorities
• Whenever the solicitor general, provincial or city fiscal
as authorized by existing laws shall deem it necessary
to take possession of the remains and determine
cause of death
Persons who are authorized to perform
autopsies and dissections
• Health officers
• Medical officers of the law
enforcement agencies
• Members of the medical staff of
accredited hospitals
Distinction between medico‐legal
and pathological autopsies
Pathological Medico‐legal
Requirement Must have the consent It is the law that gives the

of the next of kin consent. Consent of the
relatives are not needed
Purpose Confirmation of clinical Correlation of tissue changes
findings of research to criminal act
Emphasis Notation of all Emphasis laid on effect of

abnormal findings wrongful act on the body.
Other findings may only be
noted in mitigation of the
criminal responsibility
Distinction between medico‐legal
and pathological autopsies
Pathological Medico‐legal
Conclusion Summation of all Must be specific for the

abnormal findings, purpose of determining
irrespective of its whether it is in relation to the
correlation with clinical criminal act
findings
Minor or non‐ Need not be If the investigator thinks it is

pathological mentioned in the useful in the administration of
report justice, then it must be
included
Other salient features peculiar to medico‐
legal autopsies
• Clinical history of the deceased absent sketchy or doubtful
• Identity of the deceased is the responsibility of the
forensic pathologist
• Time of death and timing of tissue injuries
• Possible inconsistencies between apparent cause of death
and the actual findings in the crime scene
• Examine external surface: trauma, clothings, pattern of
injuries
• Autopsy report written in a style that will make it easier
for laymen to read it
• The professional and environmental climate of a forensic
pathologist is with the courts, attorneys and police who
make scrutiny of the findings and conclusion
Manner of deaths that must be
autopsied:
Death by
violence
Accidental
death
autopsied:
• Sudden death of persons who are
apparently in good health
autopsied:
•Suicide
autopsied:
•Death by unattended physician
•Death in hospitals or clinics
wherein the physician was not
able to arrive at a clinical
diagnosis as the cause of death
•Death occurring in an unnatural
manner
Procedure of the Autopsy
• The pathologist must be guided for the purposes for
which autopsy is to be performed
• Autopsy must be comprehensive and must not leave
other parts of the body unexamined
• Bodies which are mutilated, decomposing or damaged
by fire are still suitable for autopsy
• All autopsies must be performed in a manner than
shows respect for the dead body
• Proper identity of the deceased autopsied must be
established in the non‐official autopsy. Autopsy on the
wrong body may be a ground for damages.
• Permit/ authorization to
perform the examination
Precautions to • Issued by inquest officer
• Absence of which can hold
be observed in physician civilly and criminally
liable
making post • Detailed history of previous
mortem symptoms and condition of
the deceased
medico‐legal • True identity of the
examination deceased must be
ascertained
• Perform exam in a well‐lit
place
• No unauthorized person
Precautions to must be present
be observed in • All external findings must be
properly described
making post • Sketches
mortem • Photographs
medico‐legal • All steps and findings in the
examination must be
examination recorded
Rules in the examination:
• Look before you cut!
• Never cut unless you know exactly what
you are cutting
• Weigh and measure everything that can
be weighed and measured
Stages in post‐mortem examination of
the dead body
• PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
• Examine surroundings
• Position of wounding weapon,
fingerprints
• Examine clothes
• Identity of the body
• Weight, height, color of hair, eyes
the dead body
• EXTERNAL EXAMINATION
• Examine body surfaces, orifices
• Describe all wounds in detail
• Determination of the position and
the approximate time of death
• Degree of hypostasis, rigor
mortis and putrefaction
the dead body
INTERNAL EXAMINATION
Examine all orifices for blood and foreign bodies
Advantages of starting autopsy on the head:
If autopsy starts at chest or abdomen, excision of
the organs can cause the blood content of brain
and the meninges to lose its original pattern
Unavoidable contamination: prevents liable
culturing of microorganisms from the cranial
contents
Manipulation of the blood vessels esp at the neck
may result in air bubbles being artificially drawn
in the cerebral vessels
the dead body
Primary incision starts from
suprasternal notch to the symphysis
pubis passing to the left of the umbilicus
Cut rectus abdominis muscle to expose the
abdominal cavity
Disarticulate sternoclavicular joint and cut

ribs medial to the costo-chondral junction
the dead body
Remove breast and examine the ff
Abdominal and chest wall (fat,
musculature)
Peritoneal cavity (fluid, omentum,
liver)
Chest cavity (Fluid, adhesions,
pleura, mediastinum, thymus)
the dead body
Open pericardial sac, examine
contents
Pericardial fluid 5-6 cc, yellowish
Heart- weight, external,
epicardium, cavities, measure of
the orifices, thickness of the
ventricle, endocardium,
myocardium, coronary vesse ls
the dead body
Remove LUNGS by cutting at the region of
the hilus
Check: fluid, adhesions, weight, external
examination
Examine MEDIASTINUM for enlargement of
lymph glands, hemorrhage, inflammatory
conditions and other pathology
the dead body
Go to the abdominal cavity, remove

the spleen – pull it and cut the
vessels at the region of the hilus
Separate the intestine by cutting the
mesentery near its root
the dead body
Open duodenum
Patency of the CBD; Examine stomach,
Small Intestine, Large intestine, Rectum
Remove liver by separating it from diaphragm
Gallbladder
Remove kidneys after adrenals (weight,
internal examination, cut surface)
Pelvis, ureter, bladder, genital organs
the dead body
Cardiovascular system
Neck organs- remove larynx, pharynx and tongue (inc tonsils)
Head
Incise scalp from mastoid process passing through vertex to
the mastoid process of the opposite side
Turn flaps to the back and to the front
Open skull: saw at forehead above the eyebrow to region of
upper portion of the ear, vertically a little above vertex and
meet transverse at upper portion of ear
the dead body
Head
Remove flap of bone: check meninges
Remove brain
Make several incisions of brain
Average measurement of internal
organs
HEART males females
weight 500 g 250 g
Relative weight of the heart to the 1 : 169 1:162
body
Length of the heart 5.5‐9 cm 6‐ 8.5 cm
•Circumference of the mitral orifice
HEART 10.0 cm 10.4 cm
Tricuspid orifice 12.7cm 12.0 cm
• (
Aortic orifice 8.0 cm 7.7cm
Pulmonary orifice 9.2 cm 8.9 cm
Pulmonary artery 5.0 cm
Circumference of the base of the 28.8 cm
ventricle
Thickness R ventricle 1.1‐ 1.4 cm
Thickness L ventricle 0.5‐0.7 cm
organs
ADRENALS PANCREAS
Weight 4.8‐7.3 90‐120 g
grams
23x 4.5 x 2.8 cm
Measurement 40 x
20 x 2 mms • SPLEEN
• 150‐250 g
• 12 X 4.5 X 3 cm
organs
• LIVER
• Weight 1500‐ 1800 g
• Length from R to L 25‐32 cm
• Width of the R lobe 18‐20 cm
• Vertical diameter of the R lobe 20‐22 cm
• Vertical diameter of the L lobe 15‐16 cm
organs
KIDNEYS
Weight 150 g
11x 5 x 4.5 cm
Thickness of the cortex 4.6 cm
Medulla 1-3 cms
Relation to body weight 1:200
Relation to weight of the
heart 1: 1.1
OVARY
Weight 7 g
organs
BRAIN
Male 1,358 g
Female 1,234 g
organs
• Weight of the THYMUS
21‐25 years 34.73 grams
Newborn 12‐.26 grams 25‐35 years 19.8 grams
1‐5 years 22.08 grams 36‐45 years 16.27 grams

Mistakes in Autopsies
• Error or omission in the collection of evidence for
IDENTIFICATION
• Failure to make frontal, oblique and profile
photographs of the face
• Failure to have fingerprints made
• Failure to have a complete dental examination
performed
• Error or omission in the collection of evidence required
for the ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TIME OF DEATH
• Failure to report the rectal temperature of the body
• Failure to observe changes that may occur in the
intensity and distribution of rigor mortis—before,
during and after autopsy
Failure to observe
ingredients of the last
meal and its location in the
alimentary tract
• Error or omission in the COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE
required for other medico‐legal examination
• Failure to collect specimens of blood and brain for
determination of contents of alcohol and barbiturates
• Failure to determine the blood group of the dead
person if death by violence was associated with
external bleeding
• Failure to collect nail scrapings and samples of hair if
there is reasonable chance that death resulted from
assault
• Failure to search for seminal fluid if there is
reasonable chance that the fatal injuries occurred
incident to a sexual crime
• Failure to examine clothings, skin and the
superficial portion of the bullet tract for residue of
powder and the failure to collect samples of any
residue for the purpose of chemical identification
Failure to use an X-ray for

locating a bullet of fragments of
bullet if there is any doubt with
regard to their presence and
location
Failure to protect bullet from
defacement, such as is likely to
occur if handled with metal
instruments
• Error or omission in the COLLECTION OF
EVIDENCE required for other medico‐legal
examination
• Failure to collect separate specimens of
blood from the right and left sides of the
heart in instances where the body is
recovered from water
• Failure to strip the dura mater from the
calvaria and base of the skull (fractures)
• Error or omission result in the PRODUCTION OF
UNDESIRABLE ARTIFACTS or in the DESTRUCTION OF
VALID EVIDENCE
• Opening of skull before blood is permitted to drain in
the SVC blood escapes in the subdural and
subarachnoidal space
• Use of hammer or chisel for opening skull confused
with ante‐mortem fracture
• Failure to open thorax underwater if one wishes to
obtain evidence of pneumothorax
• Error or omission result in the PRODUCTION OF
UNDESIRABLE ARTIFACTS or in the DESTRUCTION OF
VALID EVIDENCE
• Failure to open R ventricle and PA if pulmonary
thromboembolism is suspected
• Failure to tie the great vessels between sites of
transection and the heart when embolism is
suspected
• Failure to remove the vagina, vulvae and uterus en
masse if rape or abortion is suspected
• Negative autopsies‐ if after all
efforts, including gross and
microscopic studies, and
toxicological analyses, fail to reveal a
cause of death
2‐10% of total autopsies
• Negligent autopsies‐ no cause of
death is found on account of
imprudence, negligence, lack of skill,
or lack of foresight of examiner
• Negligent autopsies
• Failure to have adequate history or facts
• Failure to make a thorough external examination
• Inadequate internal examination
• Improper histological examination
• Lack of toxicological or other laboratory aids
• Pathologist incompetence
Disposal of the Dead Body
Disposal of the Dead Body
• Spouse, next of kin, authorities
• Right of custody to body: for burying the body (COD, communicable
disease)
• Sanitation
• Public health risk
Embalming
• Preserving the body
• Embalming fluid—mixture of
formaldehyde, alcohol, glycerine
injected into the arterial system
Embalming
Burial/Inhumation
Burial/Inhumation
• w/in 24‐48hrs, after which a new
permit is needed
• Communicable disease—w/in
12hrs
• Unless for: legal investigation,
authorized by local health
authority
Burial/Inhumation
• Certificate of death
• Issued by:
• Attending physician
• Municipal health officer
• Municipal secretary, any councilor
• Local civil registrar w/in 48hrs
• Unless there is suspected violence or crime
Cremation
• Pulverization into ashes by application of heat
• Identify the body, Obtain permit
• Degree/intensity/duration of heat, condition of the body
• Not done if:
• Against deceased wishes
• Identity/COD unknown
Cremation
Disposal into the sea
• no dangerous communicable disease present
• Will of the deceased or part of a religious practice
Use for scientific purposes
Use for scientific purposes
• Use for medical studies and scientific research
• Unclaimed for 24hrs after death
• Subject for approval
• Provide for decent burial after
Donation of parts
Donation of parts
• Who can grant permission: deceased, guardian, spouse, nearest relative,
hospital/institution
• Who can detach organs: licensed physicians and surgeons, known
scientists, medical/scientific institutions
• Valid authorization: in writing, specify the recipient, specify the part,
signed by the grantor and 2 witnesses, furnish copy of authorization
Beware of communicable diseases!
exhumation
Exhumation
• Deceased may be
raised/disinterred upon lawful
order of proper authorities
• Post‐mortem exam
• Name of deceased
• Place of exhumation
• Date and time of exhumation
• Duration of interment
• Purpose of exhumation
Medico‐legal exhumation
1. Formal request
2. For COD, identification
3. Recover tissues—tox, histopath, smears, blood
4. Recover foreign bodies—metal fragments, slugs
Concerns:
Identity of the deceased
Refusal of next of kin to give consent/cooperate
Medico‐legal aspects of Physical
Injuries
All injuries must be described, however small.
The description of the wounds must be

comprehensive, and if possible a sketch or photograph
must be taken.
The examination must not be influenced by any other

information obtained from others in making a report
or a conclusion.
A. General Investigation of the Surroundings
B. Examination of the Wounded Body
C. Examination of the Wound
Medico‐legal investigation of
physical injuries
Examination of the surroundings
• Place of the crime
• Things found in the scene of the crime
• Persons who may be witnesses
• Wounding instrument
• Photography, sketching, or accurate description
Examination of the wounded body
• Examinations applicable to the living and dead
• Examinations applicable only to the living
• Examinations applicable to the dead victim
Examination of the wound
• Character
• Location
• Depth
• Extent
• Direction
• Number
• Locality
• Hemorrhage copious; • Hemorrhage slight or
arterial. none at all; venous.
• Marks of spouting of • No spouting of blood.
blood from arteries.
• Clotted blood. • Blood not clotted.
ANTE‐MORTEM WOUND POST‐MORTEM WOUND
• Gaping edges. • Edges are closely
approximated to each
other.
• No inflammation or
• Inflammation and reparative processes.
reparative processes
present.
• Deep staining not • Edges and cellular tissues
removed by washing. are not deeply stained.
ANTE‐MORTEM WOUND POST‐MORTEM WOUND
Homicidal?
Suicidal?
Accidental?
Points to be considered
• External signs and circumstances related to the
position and attitude of the body
• Location of the weapon
• Motive underlying commission of crime
• Personal character of the deceased
• Offender purposely changed the truth
• Signs of struggle, number/direction/nature/extent of
wound, state of the clothing
Length of time of survival of
the victim
Degree of healing
Changes in the body
Age of the blood stain
Witness’ testimony
Body changes
Possible inflicting instruments
• Contusion • Sharp‐pointed instrument
• Incised wound • Blunt instrument
• Lacerated wound • Rough hard surface
• Punctured wound • Diameter of entrance
• Abrasion • Sharp‐edged instrument
• Gunshot wound
Which of the wounds was
inflicted first?
• Relative position of the assailant and victim
• Location and direction of wound, nature of the instrument
• Trajectory or course of the wound inside the body
• Organs involved and degree of injury
• Testimony of the witness
• Presence of defense wounds
Extrinsic evidences in
wounds
Wounding weapon
Clothings of the victim
Examination of the assailant
Scene of the crime
Medico‐Legal Investigation of
Wounds
• All injuries must be described
• Description of the wounds must be comprehensive, if possible sketch
or photograph must be taken
• Examination must not be influenced by any other information
The following rules must always be observed by
the physicians in the examination of wounds:
Outline of the Medico‐Legal Investigation of
Physical Injuries
1. General Investigation of the surroundings:
• Place where the crime was committed
• Foreign bodies that can be found in the scene of the crime
• Investigation of persons who may be witnesses
• Photography, sketching, or accurate description of the scene of the crime for
the purpose of preservation
Physical Injuries
2. Examination of the Wounded body
A. Examinations applicable to the living and dead victim:
• Age of the wound
• Determination of the weapon used in the commission of the offense
• Reasons for the multiplicity of wounds
• Determination whether the injury is accidental, suicidal, or homicidal
Physical Injuries
B. Examinations applicable to the living:
• Whether injury is dangerous to life;
• Injury will produce permanent deformity
• Wound(s) produced shock
• Injury will produce complication as a consequence
Physical Injuries
C. Examinations applicable to dead victim
• Whether the wound is ante‐mortem or post‐mortem;
• Wound is mortal or not
• Death is accelerated by a disease or some abnormal developments which are present
at the time of the infliction of the wound
• Wound was caused by accident, suicide or homicide
3. Examination of the wound:
• Character
• Type of wound, must include the size, shape, nature of the edges.
• Location
• Region of the body where the wound is situated
• Important in determining the trajectory or course of the wounding
weapon inside the body
• Depth
• Determination of the exact depth
• Not be attempted in a living subject, if in so doing it will prejudice the
health or life
• Condition of the surroundings
• Area surrounding the wound must be examined
• Gunshot – produce tattooing of the surrounding skin
• Suicidal incised wound – hesitation cuts
• Lacerated wounds – show contusion of the neighboring skin
Outline of the Medico‐Legal
Investigation of Physical Injuries
3. Examination of the wound:
• Extent of the wound
• Extensive injury may show marked degree of force applied
• Direction of the wound
• Relative position of the victim and the offender
• Number of wounds
• Several wounds found in different parts of the body are generally
indicative of murder or homicide
• Conditions of the locality
• Degree of hemorrhage
• Evidence of struggle
• Information as to the position of the body
• Presence of letter or suicide note
• Condition of the weapon
Outline of the Medico‐Legal
Investigation of Physical Injuries
Distinction between Ante‐mortem and Post‐
mortem Wounds
Ante‐mortem wound Post‐mortem wound
• Hemorrhage more or less copious and • Hemorrhage slight or non at all and
generally arterial always venous
• Marks of spouting of blood from arteries • No spouting of blood
• Clotted blood • Blood is not clotted; if at all, it is a soft
• Deep staining of the edges and cellular clot
tissues, which is not removed by washing • The edges and cellular tissues are not
• The edges gape owing to the reaction of deeply stained. The staining can be
the skin and muscle fibers removed by washing
• Inflammation and reparative processes • The edges do not gape, but are closely
approximated to each other, unless the
wound is caused within one or two hours
after death
• No inflammation or reparative processes
Determinations whether the wounds are
homicidal, suicidal or accidental
1. As to the Nature of the wound inflicted:
• Abrasions
• Accidental death – extensive abrasions
• Suicidal death – rarely observed
• Murder ‐ not common, except when body is dragged on the ground
• Homicide‐ commonly observed especially when victim offered resistance to the
attacker
• Contusion
• Rarely observed in suicidal deaths, except when act was done by jumping from a height
• Incised wounds
• Commonly observed in suicide and homicide
1. External signs and circumstances related to the position and
attitude of the body when found
2. Location of the weapon or the manner in which it was held
3. The motive underlying the commission of the crime and the like
4. The personal character of the deceased
5. The possibility for the offender to have purposely changed the truth
of the condition
Points to be considered in the determination as
to whether the wound is homicidal, suicidal, or
accidental
6. Other information
• Signs of struggle
• Absence of signs of struggle is more in suicide, accident or murder
• Number and direction of wounds
• Multiple wounds in concealed portions of the body generally
indicative of homicide
• Single wound located in a position the deceased could have been
conveniently inflicted is usually suicidal
• Direction of the wound
• Case of cut‐throat; transverse in case of homicide, oblique in case of
suicide
• Nature and extent of the wound
• Homicidal wounds – wounding instrument; suicidal wounds‐ sharp
instruments
• State of the clothing's
• Suicide case‐ no change in the condition of the clothings
• Homicidal death – on the account of struggle before death, clothing
are in a disorderly fashion
Points to be considered in the determination as to whether the wound is
homicidal, suicidal, or accidental
Length of time of survival of the victim after
infliction of the wound
1. Degree of healing
• By the degree of granulation tissue formation and other reparative changes,
the age of the wound may be estimated
2. Changes in the body in relation to the time of death
• Length of time in the survival of the victim may be approximated from the
systematic changes in the body
3. Age of the blood stain
• Maybe determined from the physical color changes of the skin
4. Testimony of the witness when the wound was inflicted
• Actual witness may testify in court as to the exact time the wound was
inflicted by the offender
Possible instruments used by the assailant in
inflicting the injuries
1. Contusion – blunt instrument
2. Incised wound – sharp‐edged instrument inflicted by hitting
3. Lacerated wound – blunt instrument
4. Punctured wound – sharp‐pointed instrument
5. Abrasion – body surface is rubbed on a rough hard surface
6. Gunshot wound – diameter of the wound of entrance my
approximate the caliber of the wounding firearm
Which of the injuries sustained by the victim
caused death?
• Crime of conspiracy ‐ act of one is the act of all
• No conspiracy – it is necessary to determine who gave the fatal injury
to the victim, because they are only responsible for their individual
acts
• In a case wherein the victim has multiple injuries, the determination
as to which of the injuries caused death is dependent on the
testimony of the physician
Which of the wounds was inflicted first?
• If the first wound was inflicted in a treacherous way that the victim
after receipt is incapable of defense, the murder is committed, but if
the fatal wound was inflicted last, it is possible that the crime
committed is only a homicide
Determination as to which of the wounds
present was inflicted first
1. Relative position of the assailant and the victim when the first injury
was inflicted on the latter
2. Trajectory or course of the wound inside the body of the victim
3. Organs involved and degree of injury sustained by the victim
4. Testimony of the witness
5. Presence of defense wounds of the victim. If the victim tried to
make a defensive act during the initial attack , then the defense
wounds must have been inflicted first
Effect of Medical and surgical intervention on
the death
• If the death of the victim followed a surgical or medical intervention,
the offender will still be held responsible for the death of the victim if
it can be proven that death was inevitable and that even without the
operation, death is a normal and direct consequence of the injuries
obtained.
• If the victim merely received minor wounds but the death resulted on
the account of the gross incompetence or negligence of the physician,
then the offender cannot be held responsible for the death
Effect of Medical and surgical intervention on
the death
• If the death occurred from complications arising from a simple injury
owing to the negligence of the injured person in its proper care and
treatment, the offender is still held responsible for the death.
• Refusal of the deceased to be operated does not relieved the
offender on the criminal liability for his death ( People v. Sto.
Domingo, C.A. – G.R. No. 3783, May 1939)
• If it could be proven that the negligence of the victim is deliberate
and that this intention is really the cause of death on himself, then
the offender cannot be held responsible for the death but only for the
physical injuries he had inflicted
Power of volitional acts of the victim after
receiving a fatal injury
• Sometimes it is necessary to determine whether a victim of a fatal
wound is still capable of speaking, walking or performing any other
volitional acts
• The determination of the victim’s capacity to perform volitional acts
rests upon the medical witness
Relative position of the victim and the
assailant when the injury was inflicted
1. Location of the wound in the body of the victim
2. Direction of the wound
3. Nature of the instrument used in inflicting the injury
4. Testimony of the witness
1. Evidences from the wounding weapon:
• Position of the wound
• Accidental or suicidal death – wounding weapon is found near the body of
the victim
• Blood on weapon
• Weapon must be subjected to a complete examination to determine
whether it is the one used in the commission of the offense
• Hair and other substance on weapon
2. Evidences in the clothings of the victim
3. Evidences derived from the examination of the assailant
• Clothing of assailant may be stained with blood
• Paraffin test‐ whether the assailant fired gun in case of shooting
4. Evidences derived from the scene of the crime
• Condition of the surrounding objects
• Amount of hemorrhage
• Presence of identifying articles belonging to the victim or assailant
Extrinsic evidences in wounds
Physical Injuries in Different Parts of
the Body
Physical Injuries in Different Parts of the Body
• Head and Neck Injuries
• Injuries in the Chest
• Abdominal Injuries
• Pelvic Injuries
• Extremities
Head and Neck Injuries
Factors influencing the degree and Extent of
head injuries:
a) Nature of the wounding agent
• Degree if injury depends upon
• Degree of violence applied, thickness of scalp struck and weight of the weapon
b) Intensity of the force
 Proportional to the degree of damage
c) Point of Impact
 There are sensitive areas.
 Fractures of the vaults stellate comminution
d) Mobility of the skull at the time of application of force
 Mobile, unsupported and free‐ shearing movement; produce contusion laceration
or hemorrhage WITHOUT fracture
 Fixed and supported‐ jarring movement is absent but fracture is EXTENSIVE
Classification as to the Site of the Application
of Force
1. Direct or Coup Injuries
 Site of application
2. Indirect Injuries
a) Countre Coup Injuries
 Opposite the side of application
b) Remote Injuries
 Produced in areas with no relation to the head
c) “Locus Minoris Resistencia”
 Areas of the skull with the least resistance
3. Coup‐contre‐coup Injuries
• at site of impact • directly opposite
point of impact
• due to the inbending • tensile force injuries
bone snapping back due to the brain
(rebounding) that rebounding backward
inflicts tensile force from the skull
injuries on the brain following impact
Wounds of the Scalp
• Always potentially serious because
• Difficult to prevent spread of infection
• Proximity to brain
• Free vascular connection between the structures inside
and outside the cranium
• Difficult to determine extent of damage
Wounds of the Scalp
• Abrasion‐ unnoticed due to protective covering of hair
• Contusion‐ may not be visible due to thick resistant scalp
• Hematoma‐ typically develops becouse the cranium is located
superficially and the subaponeurotic tissue is loose
• Laceration‐ most common; irregular borders
• Incised wound‐ clean‐cut
Fractures of the Skull
• Fissure Fractures
• Involves the inner and outer table
• Localized Depressed Fracture
• Fracture a La Signature
• Shows the nature of the instrument
• Penetrating Injuries of the skull
• Sharp‐edged instrument clean cut
• Gun shot
Fractures of the Skull
• Comminuted fractures
• Indication of severity of force or use of heavy weapon
• Majority: MVA
• Near shot with firearm “spider web” comminution
• Pond or Indented Fracture
• Common in infants due to elasticity of the skull
• Gutter Fractures
• Tangential or glancing approach of a bullet furrow
• Bursting Fractures
• Extensive fracture running parallel to the two points of contact
Intracranial Injuries
• Extradural or Epidural Hemorrhages
• Subdural Hemorrhage
• Subarachnoidal Hemorrhage
• Cerebral Hemorrhage
Extradural or Epidural Hemorrhages
• Almost exclusively due to trauma
• Fracture of the skull laceration of blood vessels
• Most frequently affects the MIDDLE MENINGEAL VESSELS
• Discus‐shaped clot
• Compression of the brain
Subdural Hemorrhage
• VENOUS or CAPILLARY
• Most common cause of cerebral compression
• Usually comes from small blood vessels which cross the subdural
space to the subarachnoid area.
• Crescent‐shaped
Ageing Subdural Hematoma
(Munro‐Merritt Method)
Time Characteristics
1st 24 hours Deposit of fibrin at the margin; RBC and WBC well
preserved
24‐36 hours Fibroblast at the junction of dura and blood clot
4 days Definite histological evidence of 2 to 3 layers of cell
thickness membrane
4‐5 days Increasingly prominent membrane; extension of
fibroblasts into underlying clot
8th day Membrane has become 12‐14 cells thick; Pigment‐
laden phagocytes are found
Ageing Subdural Hematoma
(Munro‐Merritt Method)
11th day Clot broken up into islands
15th days Membrane has formed on the undersurface of the clot and
strands of fibroblasts; Outer layer is 1/3 to ½ the thickness of
overlying dura
26th day Neomembrane is about the thickness of the dura
1 to 3 months Progressive decrease in no. of nuclei of the fibroblasts and
hyalinization of the membrane; Sinusoidal vessels
6 to 12 months Neomembrane has become thick and fibrous; blood has
disappeared
1 to 2 years New‐formed membrane is distinguishable fro the dura only by parallel
arrangements of the connective tissue fibers
Subarachnoidal Hemorrhage
• Trauma or spontaneous rupture
• Causes:
• Severe head injury (contre coup)
• Ruptured cerebral aneurysm – base of the brain
• Extension of spontaneous hemorrhage of the brain
• Asphyxia petechial hemorrhage
Cerebral Hemorrhage
• Bleeding inside the brain
• May be traumatic or spontaneous
• Usually due to laceration or contusion
• Crushing of the skull may cause
sharp‐edges of bone to lacerate vessels
Distinction between Cerebral Apoplexy and Post‐traumatic
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Traumatic Cerebral Cerebral Apoplexy
Hemorrhage
Interval between injury and onset of
stroke is usually a week or less
Head should be in motion and
hemorrhage is a result of coup‐
contre‐coup mechanism
Located in the central white matter Located usually in the basal ganglia
of the frontal or temporo‐occipital
region
Hx of head trauma Hx of HPN and evidence of
degenerative disease
Brain
• Laceration of the Brain
• Direct or Coup Laceration
• By fracture of the skull
• Follows the line of fracture
• Most frequent site: Parietal and Frontal
• Contre‐coup Laceration
• Directly across pt. of impact and fracture
• Occurs when the head is free to move
• Ex: Frontal impact laceration of the cerebellum
Histopathological changes following contusion
and laceration of the Cerebral Cortex
Within 3 hours Minimal alteration of cellular elements; microglia may show slight
swelling; fracturing of the myelin sheath; cortical nerve cells may show
pyknotic changes
6 to 12 hours Pyknotic cells more apparent; glial cells look swollen as cerebral edema
starts to develop
12‐24 hours Cortical nerve fibers show fairly numerous end bulbs and early
degeneration of the interrupted fibers; Loss of Nissl substance may be
detected in larger cells
1‐2 weeks Increase in no. of granular corpuscles in activity of phagocytic action;
plump astrocytes with very prominent nuclei; Cerebral edema well
shown by spongy appearance of the white matter; fatty degeneration
and cytoplasmic vacuolation
1 month Scarring process becomes fairly static.; gliotic astrocytic scar shrinks and
appears gray or brownish; blood vessels are thickened hyalinized coats
Brain
• Edemas of the Brain
• Localized Edema
• Observed in deep brain lacerations
• affected are is Soft, swollen, gelatinous and yellowish‐red
• Generalized Edema
• Assoc. with severe head trauma
• Swollen, with flatenning and broadening of the convolutions and
diminution of the size of ventricles
Brain
• Concussion of the brain
• a transitory period of unconsciousness
resulting from a blow on the head,
unrelated to any injury to the brain which
is apparent to the unaided eye.
• Occur only when head is free to move
• RETROGRADE AMNESIA and
AUTOMATISM
Brain
• Compression of the brain
• Compression of some vital areas may lead to paralysis or loss of
consciousness
• May be also be caused by newgrowth, abscess and hydrocephalus
Medico‐Legal Questions in Intracranial Injuries:
• Is the origin of the Intracranial Hemorrhage due to trauma or
disease?
• In cases of cerebral concussion, can the victim remember the
incidents before, during or after incident?
• Can the victim of head injuries still retain voluntary movement and
speech?
Medico‐Legal Questions in Intracranial Injuries:
• Post‐traumatic Automatism
• In gunshot wounds of the head, how can the point of entrance be
determined?
• Post‐traumatic Irritability
FACE
• Heal relatively faster
• Serious because they cause
• Ugly scars or other forms of deformity
• Proximity to and presence of free communication with the brain
Eye
• Contusion of the soft tissue about the eye is subconjunctival
• Frequently observed in fist blow
Nose
• Nasal Fracture is a common sequelae of fist blows
• May cause severe epistaxis and facial deformity
• Dangerous due to potential extension of infection to brain
Ear
• blow to the ear may produce rupture
of the tympanic membrane
• Hemorrhage from the ear fracture
of the base of the Middle cranial fossa
• May cause septic infection and extend
to brain and cause death
Mouth
• Contusion laceration and swelling of
the lips
• Fracture of the lower jaw
• Most common site: region of insertion
of canine and region of epicondyle
• Always associated with laceration of the
gums
• Infections following injury may extend
to the upper respiratory system 
edema and gangrene of the glottis
NECK
• Manual Strangulations Abrasions
• Hanging or strangulation by ligature Ligature markers
• Incised wounds
• Suicidal cut‐throats (DIAGONAL)
• Homicidal (HORIZONTAL)
• May involve the trachea, big blood vessels and nerves
• Asphyxia, pneumonia, hemorrhage and shock
• Severance of the recurrent laryngeal nerve  Aphonia
Vertebral Columns and the Spinal Cord
Fracture of the Vertebrae
• Dangerous because of involvement of the spinal cord
• Upper four cervical vertebrae paralysis of phrenic nerve
• 5th cervical to the first dorsal vertebrae paralysis of all extremities
• Causes of the fracture of the spine
• Direct Violence
• Indirect Violence
Concussion of the Spine
• Jarring of the spinal cord even without any visible signs
• Usual complaints:
• Headache
• Restlessness
• Pain and tenderness over the spine
• Loss of sexual power
• Irritability of the bladder
• Inability to walk
• Weakness of limbs
Injuries in the Chest
Injuries to the Chest Wall
• Easily contused due to superficial location of the ribs
• Lacerations are rarely from direct violence
• Stab wounds are common‐ accessibility
• Bullet wounds of the chest hemorrhage, collapse of lungs and
pneumonia
• Fracture of the ribs cause severe pain in each phase of respiration
Fractures of the ribs may be caused by:
• Direct Violence
• Fracture of the ribs
• mc: along the mid‐axillary line or may run obliquely in the chest depending on the
application of force
• Fracture of the sterrnum
• Mc: jxn of the manubrium and the gladiolus
Injuries to the Lungs
• Hemorrhage in the pleural cavity from either from the intercostal
vessels or lung tissue  compression and collapse of lungs
• May cause bloody froth coming out of the mouth
• Severe traction may tear lungs from pt. of attachment
Complications of Lung Injuries
• Hemorrhage
• Compression of the lungs
• Severe Pneumothorax
• Cerebral Air Embolism
• Hemoptysis
• Subcutaneos Emphysema
Injuries to the Heart
• Heart may fail due to an existing natural disease
independent of trauma
• Contusion‐ easily produced on account of its vascularity
• Wounds in ventricle if small and oblique is LESS
DANGEROUS than those of the auricle due to thickness of
wall
• RV‐ mc because it is most exposed
Injuries of the Diaphragm
• Wounds are caused by injuries either of Chest or abdomen
• Any penetrating wound  Diaphragmatic herniation
• Increased intraabdominal pressure RUPTURE
Abdominal Injuries
Abdominal Wall
• Areas most vulnerable:
• Pt of attachment of internal organs (source of blood vessels and where BV
change direction
• Vulnerable to trauma applied from any direction
• Middle superior half of the abdomen, forming a triangle bounded by the ribs and a line
drawn horizontally though the umbilicus
Stomach
• Spontaneous rupture in gastric ulcer or new growth
• Most frequent site of rupture:
• pyloric end and the greater curvature
Intestine
• Rupture may cause peritonitis and hemorrhage
• When applied to the front of the patient, intestine is pressed to the
vertebral column
Liver
• On of the most vulnerable because of...
• Size, weight, location, friablity and fixed position
• RIGHT lobe more frequently involved owing to size and exposed location
Spleen
• Although its upper portion is protected by the ribs and by air‐
containing visceral organs, it is still usually affected by trauma due to
its superficiality
• Laceration if more common a the region of the hilus
Kidney
• Blow on the Lumbar region (12th rib)
• Injury to the kidney is accompanied by peri‐renal hemotoma which
consists of blood and urine
• “Crush syndrome”
• Secondary kidney changes in crush injuries
• Edema and auria
Pancreas
• Violent blow to the epigastric region
• Death due to the ff:
• Hemorrhage, shock, and insulin insufficiency
• Fat necrosis
• Leakage of lipolytic enzyme
Pelvic Injuries
Pelvic Injuries
• Urinary Bladder
• Injury to the hypogastrium
especially when distended
with urine
• Uterus
• Spontaneous rupture
usually among pregnant
women
• Vagina
• Due to sexual act or faulty
instrumentation to induce
criminal abortion
• May be lacerated during
parturition
Extremities
Usually due to:
• Direct Violence
• Crushing Injuries of the limb
EXPLOSIONS
Death or Physical Injuries Caused by
Explosion
Concerned in determining the following:
• What exploded?
• What caused it to explode?
• How did it produce the injury?
• How was it initiated?
Classification of Explosion
as to source of Energy
• Mechanical (Hydraulic)
Explosion
• Electrical explosion
• Nuclear explosion
• Atomic explosion
• Chemical explosion
• Diffused reactant explosion
• Condensed reactant
explosion
• Low order explosive
(Deflagrating explosive)
• High order explosive
• Stable
• Unstable
Death or injury may be due to…
• Victim in contact with the explosive, there is complete
disruption and fragmentation of the body
• Victim is not so close to the site of explosion, the body
may remain in one piece, though badly injured
• As the distance from the site of explosion increases,
peppering kind of injuries may be observed
• Other effects of the blast wave
• Impact of high pressure wave can knock down a person
• Bronchus may be lacerated or mucosa of trachea may
develop petechial hemorrhages
• Ear is the organ most vulnerable to the blast
Death or injury may be due to…
• Burns from flame or heated gas
• Asphyxia due to lack of oxygen
• Poisoning by inhalation of CO,
nitric gases, hydrogen sulfide.
Sulfur dioxide, or hydrocyanic
gases
• Direct injury by the flying
missiles
• Injuries from fallen debris
Identification of the site of explosion and
Collection of Evidence
• Presence of a crater
• Soil and other debris may be
collected
• Detonation mechanism
• Blown out materials tested for
explosive residues
• Odor of the gas
• Scrapings from the debris and
other materials near the site
• Extensive stereotropic and
microscpoic exam
Common Spot Test for Common Medical
explosives
Substance Griess Diphenylamine Alcoholic KOH
Chlorate No color Blue No color
Nitrate Pink to red blue No color
Nitrocellulose Pink Blue‐black No color
Nitroglycerin Pink to red Blue No color
PETN Pink to red Blue No color
RDX Pink to red Blue No color
TNT No color No color Red
Tetryl Pink to red Blue Red Violet

explosives
• Griess Reagent
• Solution 1 – dissolve 1 mg
sulfanilic acid on 100 ml of 30%
acetic acid
• Solutiono 2 – dissolve 1 mg alpha
naphthylamine in 230 ml of
boiling distilled water, cool
*Decant colorless supernatant
liquid and mix with 110mL of
glacial acetic acid. Add Solutions
1 and 2 and a few milligrams of
zinc dust to the suspect extract
explosives
• Diphenylamine reagent
• Dissolve 1g diphenylamine in
100mL concentrated sulfuric acid
• Alcoholic KOH Reagent
• Dissolve 10g of potassium hydroxide
in 100mL of absolute alcohol
• Other tests of Extract
• Infra‐red spectrophotometry
• X‐ray diffraction
• Gas chramatographic analysis
Atomic Bomb Explosion
• Place of atomic explosion
• Aerial
• Ground
• Submarine
• Rays emitted by Radioactive
substances during explosions
• Alpha rays
• positively charged helium, poor penetrating
power
• Beta rays
• positively or negatively charged, higher
penetrating power than alpha rays
• Gamma rays
• short rays
• Neutron rays
Characteristics of Nuclear Bomb Explosion vs
Conventional High Explosive Bomb Explosion
• Many thousand times as powerful as a
highly conventional bomb explosion and
effects of blast are very prominent
• Large proportion of its energy emitted as
thermal radiation, causing skin burns and
is capable of starting a fire at a
considerable distance
• Explosion emits highly penetrating and
harmful radiation and the substance
which remains after the explosion
continues to emit radiation over a long
period of time
Effects of the Atomic Explosion on the Human
Body
• General Effects
• Massive dose
• Generalize erythema
• disorientation followed by coma and
death
• Lesser dose
• Nausea, vomiting followed by
prostration
• rapidly developing and persistent
leukemia
• Later symptoms
• Rise of temperature
• Ulceration of lymphoid
• Easy fatigablility
• Oropharyngeal ulceration
• Severe leukopenia
Effects of the Atomic Explosion on the Human
Body
• Local Effects
• Individual cells
• Retardation of cell division, structural
changes in chromosomes and cytoplasm,
vacuolization, evidence of maturation
• Loss of supporting mesenchymal cells
• Skin
• Epilation of the hair with the follicles
remaining intact, sweat glands lose their
function, erector pili muscles not much
affected
• Edematous, desquamated and ulcerated
• Radiation dermatitis, painful with patchy
keratitis and foci of ulceration
Effects of the Atomic Explosion on the Human Body
• Blood vessels
• endothelial necrosis and localized thrombosis
• Blood vessels thicken – hyalinization of collagen
• Occlusion – loss of muscular layer
• Eye
• cataract
• Genital organ
• Females – sterility, abortion, stillbirth
• Males – sterility without loss of sexual potency
Factors responsible for Effects of radiation
• Age
• Children and old persons more susceptible
• Dosage
• Larger doses cause more damaging effects on body tissues
• Kind of radiation
• Gamma and neutron radiation are most destructive
• Fractional doses
• Single dose lethal if administered over longer period of time
• Sensitivity
• Radioresistant – muscles and connective tissues
• Radiosensitive – actively dividing tissues (blood forming organs, intestinal
epithelium)
Other sources of radiation
• Natural source
• Cosmic origin
• Sun or outer space
• Terrestrial origin
• Radiothorium series of granite rocks
Other sources of radiation
• Man‐made source
• Diagnostic x‐ray equipment
• Clinical nuclear pharmaceutical agents
• Therapeutic radiation apparatus
• Radiation sources used in our industry,
like nuclear powerplant
• Disposal of radioactive wastes in the
form of:
• Gas chiefly emitted as vapor
• Liquids resulting from leakage,
primary coolant water and other
substances exposed to neutron flux
radioactivity
• Solid from inert dust particles that
have absorbed radioisotopes on the
air
THERMAL
Injuries and Deaths
Thermal Injuries
caused by an appreciable deviation from normal temperature capable
of producing cellular or tissue changes in the body
THERMAL DEATH
Thermal Injuries
• DEATH or INJURY FROM COLD
• DEATH or INJURY FROM HEAT
Factors Influencing Degree of Damage
• Severity of the cold
• Duration of exposure
• Area of body involved
• Sex
• Humidity
Effects of Cold
• Local Effect
Erythema, edema, &
Blanching & paleness swelling due to vascular Blister formation due to Necrosis, vascular
of the skin due to dilatation with paralysis advancing vascular occlusion, thrombosis,
vascular spasm & increased capillary paralysis & gangrene
permeability
Effects of Cold
Effects of Cold
• Systematic Effects
• Slowed metabolic processes
• Decreased respiration
• Decreased heart action
Effects of Cold
• Primary cause of death/injury:
• decreased dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin
• diminished power of the tissue to utilize O2
• Mummification develops later
• Individual cells, tissues, organs are well‐preserved
Signs and Symptoms
• Gradual lowering of the body temperature is accompanied by
increasing stiffness, weariness, & drowsiness
• Lethargy, Comatose, Death
• Delusion, convulsion, delirium
• Hardening and coldness of
cutaneous surfaces
Post‐mortem Findings
• Externally:
• Cold stiffening
• Pallor
• Frost‐erythema
• Delayed onset of rigor mortis
• Internally:
• Bright red color of blood
• Parenchymatous organs: (+) congestion, (+) petechial hemorrhage
• Audible cracking upon flexion of large joints: breakdown of frozen synovial
fluid
• If death occurs after sometime, pathological findings related to complications
like bronchopneumonia, toxemia due to gangrene, etc.
Petechial Hemorrhage
Thermal Injuries
• DEATH or INJURY FROM COLD
• DEATH or INJURY FROM HEAT
Effects of Heat
• Systemic Effects
• Heat cramps
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke
Heat: Systemic Effects
• Heat Cramps
• Involuntary spasmodic painful contraction of
muscles due to dehydration and loss of chlorides by
sweating
• Miner’s cramp, fireman’s cramp, stoker’s cramp
• Signs and Symptoms:
• Sudden onset, agonizing pain
• Headache, dizziness, vomiting
• Flushed face, dilated pupils, tinnitus, abdominal pain
• Decreased urine chloride excretion
• MGT: Replace electrolyte and fluid losses
• Heat Exhaustion
• Due to heart failure primarily caused by heat and
precipitated by muscular exertion and warm clothing
• Heat collapse, syncopal fever, heat syncope, heat
prostration
• Signs and symptoms:
• Sudden attack of syncope, body weakness, giddiness and
staggering movement
• Pale face, cold skin, dilated pupils, weak and thready pulse,
sighing respiration, diarrhea, dimness of vision
• Exhaustion with throbbing in the temple
• MGT: Removal from heated area; symptomatic
management
• Post‐mortem finding: Cloudy swelling of the heart
musculature
• Heat Stroke
• Usually occurs among those working in ill‐ventilated
areas with dry and high temperature or due to a
direct exposure to the sun
• Sunstroke, Heat hyperpyrexia, Comatous form,
Thermic fever
• Signs and Symptoms:
• Temperature rises suddenly, flushed dry skin with burning
sensation, complete cessation of sweating
• Face is congested, full and pounding pulse, irregular
respiration, contracted pupils
• Death occurs within ½ to 1 hour after onset
• Heat Stroke
• Post‐mortem Findings:
• Cadaveric rigidity comes soon and passes off soon
• Putrefaction occurs early
• Marked lividity
• Brain & heart: (+) petechial hemorrhage
• Congestion of internal organs
• Temperature may rise after death
Heat Exhaustion vs. Heat Stroke
Effects of Heat
• Local Effects
• Scald
• Burns
• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical and Lightning
• Radiation
Heat: Local Effects
• Scald
• Caused by hot liquid; tissue destruction by moist heat
• “geographical” lesion
• Lesion may be located in covered portions of the body
without affecting clothing
• No burning of the hair nor deposit of carbonaceous
material on skin surface
• Usually 1st, 2nd, or 3rd degree except in cases of heated oil
or molten metals
• Inhalation of heated vapor: inflammatory reaction of air
passages
• Redness of skin immediately after the application 
blister
• Sepsis and death: great area of the body surface
Scald
Heat: Local Effects
• Thermal Burns
• Dry heat
• Application of heat or chemical substances to the
external or internal surfaces of the body, the effect
of which is destruction of the tissue of the body
• Fire, radiant heat, solid substances, fire, friction, &
electricity
Characteristics of Burns
• Simple erythema to complete carbonization of the body
• Singeing of hair and carbon deposits
• Area involved is general and usually without any demarcation line of
the affected and unaffected parts
• Lesions in covered portions of the body also involve the clothing over
it.
Thermal Burns
Body Surface Area
Classification of Burns by Degree
(Dupuytren)
• 1st Degree
• Erythema with superficial inflammation and slight
swelling
• 2nd Degree
• Vesicle formation with acute inflammation
• Skin blackened and hair is singed
• Superficial layers of the epithelium are destroyed
• 3rd Degree
• Destruction of cuticle and part of true skin
• Very painful: nerve endings exposed
Classification of Burns by Degree
• 4th Degree
• Whole skin is destroyed with formation of slough which is yellowish‐brown or
parchment‐like
• Not painful: complete destruction of the nerve endings
• 5th Degree
• Deep fascia and muscles involved
• 6th Degree
• Charring of the limb involving subjacent tissues, organs, and bone; Death
Factors Influencing the Effect of Burns in the
Body
• Degree of heat applied
• Duration of exposure or contact
• Extent of the surface involved
• Age of victim
• Sex of victim
• Septic infection
• Depth of burns
Causes of Death in Burns and Scalds
• Immediate Fatal Result
• Death from shock
• Death from concomitant physical injuries with burns
• Suffocation
• Delayed Fatal Result
• Exhaustion
• Dehydration with hemoconcentration
• Secondary shock
• Hypothermia
• Complications
• Changes in the blood due to heat
Time Required to Completely Burn a Human
Body
• Degree or intensity of heat applied
• Duration of the application of heat
• Physical condition of the body
• Presence of clothing and other protective materials
Proofs: Alive before burned to Death
• Presence of smoke on the air passage
• Increase carboxy‐hemoglobin blood level
• Dermal erythema, edema, vesicle formation
• Subendocardial left ventricular hemorrhage
Death due to Burning
• Presence of vital reaction of the heated areas
• Presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood
• Presence of carbon particles in the tracheo‐bronchial lumen
Ante‐mortem vs. Post‐mortem
(Burns and Scald)
• External Findings
• Presence of external lesion
• Pugilistic or fencing posture
• Blackening of body surface
• Singeing of scalp and other hairs of the body
• Internal Findings
• Cherry red blood
• Increase lymphoid tissue
• Marked dehydration
• Hemoconcentration w/ increased capillary permeability
• Congestion and hemorrhagic infarcts
• Carbon particles in respiratory tract
• Brain and spinal cord shrunken
Chemical Burns
• Strong acids and alkalis
• Absence of vesication
• Staining of the skin or clothing by the chemical
• Presence of chemical substances
• Ulcerative patches on skin
• Inflammatory redness of the skin surface
• Healing is delayed
• Geographic appearance
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
• Depth is greater than surface appearance
• Kinds of Electrical Burns
• Contact
• Close contact with an electrically live object
• Spark
• Due to poor contact and the resistance of dry skin
• Pricked appearance with a central white zone and surrounding of hyperemia
• Flash
• Arborescent pattern to crocodile skin appearance
Electrical Burns
Radiation Burns
• X‐ray
• Reddening and inflammation of skin
• Blisters, atrophy of superficial tissue, obliteration of superficial blood vessels
• Malignancy
• UV Light
• Severe and persistent dermatitis
• Blister
Death or Physical Injuries Due
to Change of Atmospheric
Pressure
(Barotrauma)
The normal atmospheric
pressure at sea level is 760 mm
Hg. A person is subjected to an
INCREASE of atmospheric
pressure as he goes DEEPER in a
body of water and a DECREASE
as he ascends HIGHER in the
atmosphere
CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• HYPERBARISM
• Increase in atmospheric pressure
• DECOMPRESSION
• Decrease in atmospheric pressure
HYPERBARISM
HYPERBARISM
HENRY’S LAW
“ At constant temperature, the amount of
gas dissolved in a liquid is directly
proportional to the pressure”
NITROGEN NARCOSIS
• “rupture or drunkenness of the deep”
• preceded by a feeling of euphoria
THE DIVER MAY SUFFER FROM…
• cerebral anoxia
• muscular cramp
• physical injuries in the process of
diving and hitting hard objects
• injuries caused by aquatic animals
POST‐MORTEM FINDINGS
• If death has been IMMEDIATE

• Subcutaneous emphysema
• Generalized visceral congestion
• Presence of gas bubbles
• Extravascular bubbles and hemorrhages in
adipose tissues, like the mesentery and
omentum
POST‐MORTEM FINDINGS
• If death occurred AFTER A LAPSE OF SEVERAL

DAYS
• Degeneration and softening of the white
matter of the spinal cord
• Fat necrosis of the liver
• Osteonecrosis
DECOMPRESSION
• 1. HYPOBARISM
• At a HIGHER altitude:
atmospheric pressure becomes
LOWER
a. “Bends”
b. “Chokes”
c. Substernal emphysema
d. Trapped gas
DECOMPRESSION
• 1I. ANOXIA
• At HIGHER altitude: oxygen
content of the atmosphere
becomes lesser and lesser
• Hypoxia: felt between 8,000 to
15,000 feet level
Aircraft injuries and fatalities
CAUSES OF INJURIES AND FATALITIES IN
AIRCRAFT ARE:
• During the Flight Altitude
b. Speed
c. Toxins
d. Temperature
e. Pre‐existing disease
CAUSES OF INJURIES AND FATALITIES IN
AIRCRAFT ARE:
• During the Crash
a. Fracture of the tibia and fibula
b. Fracture of the femur
c. Sternal injuries
d. Cranio‐facial injuries
e. Rupture of the heart or aorta
• structural failure
HELICOPTER • engine and
A helicopter is a rotary-wing airplane. The rotor is control failure
the source of power and its aerodynamics causes its lift.
The bulk of its weight is on the rotor, gear box and gear
train and engine. All of these parts are located above the
center of gravity of the helicopter so that when the
helicopter drops down, the aircraft will be in an inverted
position.
Most of the helicopter accidents are due to
structural failure, engine and control failure. Other causes
are the unseen obstacles such as wire, weather, and error
of judgment. Because of the low speed, accidents do not
take place during take-off or landing, but during flight.
injuries are on the head and region of the spinal
cord. Crash injuries may be laceration of the heart due to
extreme compression of the chest or bursting of the heart
due to a hydrostatic pressure (paper bag pressure).
Child Abuse or Neglected Child
Child Abuse or
Neglected Child
Child Abuse or Neglected Child
 Physical and mental injury or maltreatment of a child by a
person who is responsible for the child’s welfare, under
circumstances which will indicate that the child’s health or
welfare is harmed or threatened. Infliction is willful, not
accidental.
 Victim is of tender age, usually <3 years old
 Occurs all levels of economic strata
 Parents: immature, self centered, impulsive with poor controlled
aggression
Duties of Parents
• Article 46 The Child and Youth Welfare Code
• Give him affection, companionship, understanding
• Extend to him benefits of moral guidance, self discipline and
religious instruction
• Supervise activities including recreation
• Inculcate value of industry, thrift and self‐reliance
• Stimulate interest in civic affairs, teach duties of citizenship,
develop commitment to country
• Advise him properly on any matter affecting development and
well‐being
• Set a good example
• Provide adequate support
• Indispensible for sustenance, dwelling, clothing, medical attendance
• Education
• Administer property
Rights of Parents
• Child and Youth Welfare Code
• Article 45: right to discipline
• Civil Code
• Article 316: unemancipated children
• Duty to support them, have them in their company, educate, instruct them in keeping
with their means, represent them in all actions which may redound to their benefit
• Power to correct them and punish moderately
Act or Omission Affecting Child’s Health or Welfare
 Involves use of • Failure to provide child
instrument or fist blow
with necessities of life
 Act of physical or
Physical Abuse
emotional persuasion • Inadequate or
that forces or places a insufficient medical care,
child in a potentially nourishment, clothing,
dangerous situation in
which subsequent and supervision, housing or
significant physical the like
injuries are severe • Failure to provide must
enough to require
medical treatment be willful
Physical Neglect
Physical Abuse
Physical Neglect
Causes of Child Abuse or Neglect
1. Unwanted Child
• Husband disputing paternity of child
• Illegitimacy
• Child born of unmarried woman
• Wife committed adultery
• Born as a consequence of rape
• Congenital or acquired deformity
• “bad luck” to family
2. Abusive Parent
• Uncontrollable abuse by psychotic, pervasively angry or temperamental
parent
• Controllable abuse by compulsive disciplinarian or impulsive but generally
inadequate parents
3. Child as a center of a triangle
• Couple or mother‐live‐in boyfriend, more often the child is placed in middle
of an emotional triangle
• Resentment builds between them, child becomes the target of man’s hostility
4. may be a hindrance to the socio‐economic activities of the parents
Classification of Child Abuser
Intermittent Child One‐time Child Constant Child Ignorant Abuser
Abuser Abuser Abuser
• Periodically batter • Manhandle their • actually hates his •Most tragic
a child with periods children for a time, or her child •Parents “mean”
of proper care never repeat the • callously and well but their
• do not intend to act deliberately beats attempts at rearing
hurt the child • more likelihood a and miscares for it their children result
•Driven by panic or one‐time abuser •Intention to hurt in a permanent
compulsion into will repeat the act the child and be injury or death
abusive behavior until child is killed indifferent to child’s •“truly sorry” when
•Becomes sincerely or had experienced sufferings child dies
remorseful a sudden surge or •Have personality
afterwards self‐restraint disorders
Medical Evidence Tending to Show Injuries due to abuse
• Skin imprints from forcefully striking objects – hand, cord, chain
• Multiple bruises and or scars, particularly on the trunk, head and face
• Multiple small burns or emersion burn levels – cigarette, iron, boiling
water
• Multiple fresh healing fractures; “twist fractures”
• Trauma to mouth, nose, ears and eyes
• Sexual abuse: injuries to genitalia, peri‐rectal and peri‐vaginal may be
present
Case 3: A 9‐year‐old assaulted 3
days before. Deep V‐shaped
laceration is present at the 6:30
position. Fresh‐cut edges of the
wound are still visible. The patient
was examined with the supine,
labial traction method.
• In case of child neglect, signs of malnourishment, poor hygiene,
infection, poor growth and development may be observed.
Facts to be considered to Suspect that a Child is a Victim
of Abuse
• Child is emotional, fearful, with vague history of injury
• Parents present a vague and defensive detail of child’s illness
• Too many previous unexplained signs of injuries or history of previous
illness
• Extended delay in seeking medical care
• Poor growth and development of child
Social Reaction to Child Abuse and Neglect
• Report of maltreated or abused child
• Article 166, Child and Youth Welfare Code (PD 603)
• All hospitals, clinics and other institutions as well as private
physicians providing treatment shall within 48 hours from
knowledge of case report in writing to the city or provincial
fiscal or Local Council for Protection of Children or nearest
DSWD
• Violation: fine of not more than P 2,000
• Report:
• Name, DOB, age, sex, date and time of admission, name of person
who brought the child to health institution, address and relationship
to the child, name and address of father/mother/guardian of child if
other than the person who brought the child, tentative date of
discharge, medical findings/case summary relative to
maltreatment/abuse/exploitation of child, evidence of
parent’s/employer’s negative attitude towards incident
Mandatory reporting of child abuse
Advantage Disadvantage
•Compels hesitant physician or medical •Increases health hazard, abusing parents
institution to report such child abuse or will be reluctant to seek medical aid for
neglect so proper remedial measures can abused child
be applied to protect the child •Concentration on one child ‐ possibility
•Article 167 Freedom from liability of of danger to other siblings within the
reporting person, placing traditional right family
of the child above parent’s right to •Reported parents are exonerated,
privileged communication released and reunited with family, pent
up anger may be released to the
vulnerable child
• Court may deprive parents of their authority over the child or
adopt other measure for welfare of child
• Judge may warn or counsel them
• Order medical and psychiatric treatment for child and parents
• Protective supervision in a welfare home
• Establishment of public and private welfare institutions for care
of abused, neglected, abandoned, infirmed or other conditions
which require aid, support or treatment
• Abuse, neglect, or abandonment of children is made a criminal act or
omission
• If child dies, then offender is guilty of parricide (Article 246, Revised Penal
Code)
• Any person who kills his father, mother, or child, legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his
ascendants or spouse shall be guilty of parricide and punished by penalty of reclusion
perpetua to death
• Child does not die, but a victim of physical injuries, offender can be charged
with frustrated parricide or physical injuries
• Child is abandoned or neglected, offender can be charged for abandonment
of minors
• Article 276 Revised Penal Code
• Penalty of arresto mayor
• Fine not exceeding P 500 upon anyone who shall abandon a child under 7 years of age,
custody of which is incumbent upon him
• Death of a minor result from abandonment
• Prision correccional (medium and maximum period)
• Life of minor is in danger
• Prision correccional (minimum and medium period)
• Article 277, Revised Penal Code – Abandonment of minor by person
entrusted with his custody; indifference of parents
• Penalty of arresto mayor
• Fine not exceeding P500
• imposed on anyone who having charged with the rearing and education of a
minor, shall deliver said minor to a public institution or other persons, without
consent of the one who entrusted such child to his care or in the absence of the
latter without the consent of the proper authorities
• Same penalty is imposed upon parents who shall neglect their children by not
giving them the education which their station in life require and their financial
condition permits
TIME MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH
5 mins General Rule: no Heart Action death is certain
20‐30 mins Judicial Hanging: Heart is still beating after execution
1 hour Decapitation: Heart still beating after execution
2 Hours Algor Mortis (Cooling of the body): Rapid during the first 2 hours (not
uniform)
15‐20 degrees Farenheit (Certain sign of death)
Rate becomes slower when gradually approaches the temperature of the surroundings.
2 Hours Post‐mortem Caloricity (Rise of temperature of the body)

usually observed after death (Cholera, Yellow Fever, Liver abscess, Peritonitis, Cerebro‐spinal
fever, Rheumatic Fever, Tetanus, Small pox, Strychnine poisoning)
3‐4 Hours Takes normally for the stomach to evacuate its contents after a meal.
light meal (1 1/2 to 2 hours)
medium sized meal (3 to 4 hours)
heavy meal (4 to 6 hours)
3‐6 Hours Molecular or Cellular Death: Death of individual cells
TIME MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH
6‐8 Hours BLOOD: Fluid inside blood vessels
12 Hours after Rigor Mortis and Livor Mortis: Full Development / Completion
24 Hours Entemology of Cadaver: Usual time for hatching egg of flies into larva;

maggots; death has occurred more than 24 hours
24 Hours Presence of live fleas in clothes in drowning cases.
18‐36 Hours Duration of RIGOR MORTIS in tropical countries (summer)
24‐48 Hours • Onset Decomposition
• Duration of RIGOR MORTIS in tropical countries (cold)
2‐3 Days Duration of RIGOR MORTIS in temperate countries

‐That branch of chemistry which deals with the
application of chemical principles that arise in
connection with the administration of justice
‐Concerned with the proper collection,

preservation and transportation of evidence.
A.
‐ The circulating tissue of the body
THREE COMPONENTS OF
1) Erythrocytes, or red corpuscles
2) Leukocytes, or white corpuscles
3) Blood platelets
‐ the constituent of blood responsible for the formation of

haemocromagen crystals
‐The fluid or liquid portion of the blood where the cells
are suspended
‐The most abundant protein in the blood
‐The soluble precursor of fibrin which forms blood clot
‐Straw‐colored liquid squeezed out of clotted blood if

allowed to stand for some time
‐The liquid that separates from blood when it coagulates
‐ means blood clumping

1) PRELIMINARY TEST
‐determines whether stain is blood or
another substances
2) CONFIRMATORY TEST
‐confirms the result of the preliminary test
‐conclusively identifies substances as blood
3) PRECIPITIN TEST
‐determines if blood is of human or animal
origin
‐if human blood, there appears a white ring
the tube
4) BLOOD GROUPING TEST
‐determines the blood group, if human
blood
1) BENZEDINE TEST
‐if positive, the result is blue
2) PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST
‐if positive, the result is pink
‐when exposed to ammonia fumes, it gives off pink
3) GUAIACUM TEST‐ beautiful blue
4) LEUCOMALACHITE GREEN TEST‐recommended by Edler1904
‐blue‐green/ Peacock Blue
5) LUMINOL TEST
‐if positive, haemcromagen crystals will be produced
‐color of the crystals is salmon pink
‐shape of the crystals is rhombic
Microscopic Test
1. Human‐reddish circular
2. Mammals‐ biconcave reddish
3. Avis Reptiles‐ oval
Acetonic‐haemin/ wagenhaar test
‐ small dark, dichronoic acicular crystal‐Aceteneo
haerain are seen
1) TYPE A
2) TYPE B
3) TYPE AB‐ rarest blood type
4) TYPE 0‐ the most common blood type
‐ Stands for DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
‐ Functionally, it is the hereditary material that contains
the genetic information necessary for the duplication of
cells and for the production of proteins
‐ Chemically, it is an acid, containing deoxyribose sugar and
contains four bases:
a) A‐ adenine
b) T‐ thymine
c) C‐ cytosine
d) G‐ guanine
‐ structurally, it is a double‐helix composed of two complimentary
strands
‐ All cells in the body have the same DNA composition
‐British molecular biologist who first recognized DNA analysis as having
application to forensic science
1) It is sable‐ it can be isolated from material even after a long period

of time
2) DNA can be examined from wide variety of biological resources
3) DNA can be replicated in the laboratory through the process of
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PRC)
4) DNA shows greater variability from one individual to next
‐ Unity of heredity
‐ Complex chemical units contained in the chromosomes
‐ Carriers of heredity
‐Microscopic rod‐shaped bodies bearing genes which carries the
traits for transmission
‐Every normal individual has 46 pairs of chromosomes
‐A technique for replicating or copying a portion of a

DNA strands outside a living cell
‐A viscid, whitish fluid secreted by the male reproductive tract consisting of
spermatozoa suspended in secretion of accessory glands
1.) SEMINAL FLUID
‐ viscid, gelatinous and sticky
‐ Has characteristic alkaline odor
‐ Becomes more liquid in character when exposed to air
‐ Slightly alkaline in reaction
2.) ORMED CELLULAR ELEMENTS:
a) Spermatozoa or sperm cell
b) Epithelial cells
c) Crystals of choline and lecithin
1‐5 to 3‐5 cc. ‐ the normal quantity of seminal fluid in a single

ejaculation
400‐500 million ‐the total number of spermatozoa contained in a
single ejaculation of a healthy young man
‐A condition where male have no spermatozoa at all their seminal fluid
‐A condition where males have abnormally low sperm counts or very few
spermatozoa
1) As fresh:
‐ Vaginal contents
‐ Rectal contents
2) As wet or dry condition
‐ Hair
‐ Skin around the genitals
3) As dry strains
‐ Underclothing
‐ Bed clothing
Microscopic Test
1. Test Spermatozoa (Fresh)
2. Test Spermatozoa (if dry specially to seminal stain
dirty‐ tail green & Red head if it is stained w/ Loff
ler’s Sol.
Dr. Glaister‐ Found spermatozoa after 46 hrs (death)
Aspermia‐No spermatozoa
Ologospermia‐ few spermatozoa
Ovarisim‐ No sperm caused by VD \Testicular Damage
1) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION‐alkaline odor,brown if dry
2) CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
a) Florence Test‐ specific to human
‐Dr. Flourence Lyons‐ needle look
like( dark brown crystal, rhombic)
b) Barberio’s Test‐restore semen evidence. Max
of 6 yrs (prostic Secreation)
c) Acid Phosphates Test‐ Dr Sydney Keye (Separate
spermatozoa to seminal to fluid)
3) MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION‐Yellow tinted
Rhombic crystal, due
to picric acid‐(Salmon to
Flesh)
4) BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION‐ det. Animal to human
‐That mixture of chemical of barious compositions designed to propel the
projectile by means of the expansive force of gas when burned
‐Also called propellant or powder charge
1) BLACK POWDER
‐ The oldest of the propellants
‐ Composition is the following:
Sodium nitrate =75%
Sulphur = 10%
Charcoal = 15%
2) SMOKELESS POWDER‐
‐ The most powerful of propellants
1) SINGEING
‐ The slight burning of clothing or the skin around the bullet hole
2) SMUDGING
‐ The blackening of the area surrounding the bullet hole
3) TATTOOING
‐ The individual specks of nitrates and nitrites around the bullet hole visible to he
naked eye
4) PRESENCE OF NITRATES
‐ Can be determined when paraffin test is conducted
‐Radiographic Exam and Gunshot wounds
‐Infrared Photograph‐ around the wound
‐Reveals Smoking
1) 0 to 2 inches (contact firing) – there is the presence of all the

characteristics patterns
2) 2 to 6 inches – there is singeing, smudging, tattooing and presence
of nitrates
3) 6 to 12 inches – there is smudging, tattooing and presence of nitrates
4) 12 to 36 inches – there is tattooing and presence of
nitrates
‐The taking of the cast to extract the nitrates embedded or
implanted on the skin
‐Must be done within seventy‐two (72) hours or three days
‐Determines the presence and distribution of nitrates through the

use of the diphenylamine reagent; the chemical aspect of the test
‐Minute specks of blue in color will appear when positive for

nitrates‐
‐On hands, the nitrates appears greenish‐blue when dropped with
diphenylamine reagent
1) Type and caliber of the ammunition‐ different types of
ammunition fired in the same weapons and from the same
distance may give different patterns
2) Length of the barrel of the gun‐ a weapon with a shorter barrel
will deposit residues over a larger are than a weapon with al
longer barrel even thought they are fired from the same distance
and with the same type of ammunition
3) Distance of the muzzle from the target‐ the closer the muzzle,
the more residues it will deposit
4) Humidity‐ power having lesser amount of moisture will burn
more rapidly and completely with in a given time, yielding
greater amount of residue
5) Wind velocity and direction‐ in high winds, the residue will be
blown in the direction of the wind yielding a scattered pattern
6) Direction of firing‐ when gun is fixed downward or vertically, all
of the residues will fall on the target, but when fired horizontally,
some of the residues are likely to fall short of the target
‐Any substances that may cause an explosion by its sudden decomposition
or combustion
‐A material, either single substance or mixture of substances, which is
capable of producing an explosion by its own energy
‐When exploded, it is almost always accompanied by heat and formation
of gas
1) PROPELLANT OF LOW EXPLOSIVES

‐ Combustible material containing within themselves all oxygen
needed for their combustion which burn but do not explode and
function by producing gas which produces explosion
2) PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES OR INITIATORS
‐ Explode or detonate when they are heated or subjected to shock
‐ The material themselves explode but do not burn
3) HIGH EXPLOSIVES
‐ Explode under influence of shock of the explosion of a primary
explosive
‐ Examples are ammonium nitrate (AN), dynamite, trinitrotoluene
(TNT, the most widely used explosive), nitroglycerine
‐An appendage of the human body which appear all over the body
except on palms and soles
‐A slender, tread‐like growth of the skin
‐In human hair, the medulla is interrupted and its medullar index is
less than 0.3
‐In animal hair, the medulla is continuous and its medullar index is
more than 0.5
1) Root
‐ Portion embedded in the skin
2) Shaft
‐ Portion above the surface of the skin
‐ The most distinctive part
3) TIP
‐ The distal end of an uncut hair shaft
1) CUTICLE
‐ The outermost covering if the hair
2) MEDULLA (0.05mm to Animal and 0.05 mm to Human)
‐ Center of the hair structure
3) CORTEX
‐ The intermediate and the thickness layer of the shaft
1) NATURAL
2) SYNTHETIC OR ARTIFICIAL
U. V Test
1) VEGETABLE
‐ Made of cellulose Veg.- Yellowish Green Color
2) ANIMAL Animals- Bluish Color
‐ Made of protein Natural Silk- Very Bright Blue
3) MINERAL White than acetate in
daylight
Nitro Silk- Brilliant Light blue-
1) ORGANIC yellowish in daylight
2) INORGANIC Unbleached wool- Brilliant Blue
‐ A simple preliminary examination
‐ Determines whether fiber is mineral, animal or vegetable
‐ Determines the general group to which a fiber belongs

‐ However it is not reliable for positive identification of fiber
‐ The most reliable and best means of identifying

fiber
fiber (NaOH‐ cultivated silk
dissolved Lead/Alkaline‐
wool‐brown to black
‐The process of reproducing physical evidence by plaster molds
‐‐Stereoscopic exam is best to see striation in the impression, ridges,
depression
‐A faithful reproduction of an impression with the use of casting materials
‐Any material which can be changed from a plastic or liquid state to the
solid condition
‐Best casting material is PLASTER OF PARIS
‐To hasten the setting time, table salt is added
‐To retard the setting time, sugar or borax is added
‐SHELLAC is sprayed on the impression to harden the sides
‐The process of extracting and working on metals by application of chemical
and physical knowledge
‐Branch of metallurgy that deals with the study of the microstructure of

metals and alloys
‐Chemicals used in restoring tampered serial

numbers
‐The branch of geology which deals with the systematic classification and
identification of rocks, rocks‐forming mineral and soil
‐Also includes study of dust, dirt, ceramics and other such materials
1) PRIMARY MINERALS
2) CLAY MINERALS
3) ORGANIC MINERALS
1) DENSITY GRADIENT APPARATUS

2) X‐RAY DIFFRACTION
3) SPECTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
4) THERMAL ANALYSIS
I. CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
DOCUMENT
An original or official written or printed paper furnishing information or
used as proof of something else.
PACKING, PRESERVATION AND TRANSPORTATION OF EVIDENCE/DOCUMENTS
1.Documents should be handled, folded and marked as little as possible.
2.If folding is necessary to send to the laboratory, the fold should be made
along old lines. Place it in a Manila paper envelope or brown envelope or
it can be placed in a transparent plastic envelope.
3.On receipt the document should be placed between two sheets of plane
white paper in folder.
4.Documents should not be touched with pencil, pen or anything that could
possibly mark them.
THE EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
EXAMINATION AND COMPARISON OF PAPER
The essential materials in a document examination of any kind are
the paper and ink or pencil or writings. The examination of paper maybe
necessary if we want to know the age of the document, the presence of
alterations, erasures and other forms of forgery.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN DOCUMENT EXAMINATION ANALYSIS OF
PAPER
1. Whether two pieces of paper originated from the same
source.
2. Determine of probable age of paper.
3. Determination of the composition of paper.
COMPOSITION OF PAPER
Paper is made of three components namely:
1. Fiber Composition
2. Sizing Material – to improve quality of paper
3. Loading Material – to add weight to the paper
EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS ‐ one of the earliest substance used for writing. It is

form the name papyrus, that the word paper was derived.
FIBER COMPOSITION: practically all papers maybe classified form the

standpoint of their basic fiber composition into sets of fiber mixtures
namely:
a) mechanical pulp‐ground wood sulfite mixture.

b) Soda‐sulfite mixture
c) Rag sulfite
SIZING MATERIAL – added to paper to improve its texture.
Examples of sizing materials are rosin, casein, gelatin, starch.
LOADING MATERIAL – added to paper to give weight. It partially

fills the pores between the fibers of the paper. Examples are
calcium sulfate and barium sulfate.
THE EXAMINATION OF PAPER
The four test for paper:

1. Preliminary Examination
2. Physical test causing no perceptible change
3. Physical test causing a perceptible change
4. Chemical Test
I. PRELIMINARY TEST FOR PAPER
The test deals with the appearance of the document and the
following are observed:
a. folds and creases
b. odor
c. impressions caused by transmitted light
d. presence of discoloration and daylight and under ultraviolet light.
WATERMARKS – it is a distinctive mark or design placed in the paper at
the time of its manufacture by a roll usually a dandy roll.
WIREMARKS – marks produced on paper by the flexible wire soldered to

the surface of the dandy roll that carries the watermark.
PHYSICAL TEST CAUSING NO PERCEPTIBLE CHANGE
A test applied on paper without perceptibly changing or
altering the original appearance of the document.
a. Measurement of length and width
b. Measurement of thickness
c. Measurement of weight/unit area
d. Color of the paper
e. Texture
f. Gloss
g. Opacity
h. Microscopic Examination
OPACITY – the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through
or which prevents dark objects from being seen through the paper.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION CAUSING A PERCEPTIBLE CHANGE
This is done only if sufficient samples are available and if proper
authorization from the court is acquired this can be done.
a. bursting strength test or “POP” test
b. folding endurance test
c. accelerated aging test
d. absorption test
CHEMICAL TEST ‐ This test determines the fiber composition, the
loading material and sizing material used in the paper.
FIBER COMPOSITION – examination is purely microscopic and it

determines the material used and nature of processing.
LOADING MATERIALS – is determined by burning and ashing a

portion of the paper and then the ash examined.
SIZING MATERIAL – gelatin is extracted by boiling the paper in

water and the solution treated with tannic acid; rosin is
extracted by heating the paper with 95% alcohol. The alcohol
evaporated and the residue treated with acetic anhydride and
strong sulfuric acid; starch is determined by addition of dilute
iodine solution; case in is determined by addition Millon’s
reagent.
INK
Some of the most important questions that arise in the
analysis of inks are:
1. Whether the ink is the same or like or different inking from

ink on other parts of the same documents or other
document.
2. Whether two writings made with the same kind of ink were
made with the identical ink, or inks of different qualities or in
different conditions.
3. Whether an ink is as old as purports to be
4. Whether documents of different dates or a succession of
differently dated book entries show the natural variations in
ink writing or whether the conditions point to one
continuous writing at one time under identical conditions.
TYPES OF INK
1. Gallotannic ink or iron‐nutgall ink – the type of ink where age maybe determined.
Today the most frequently used ink for making entries in record books and for
business purposes. Gallotannic ink is made of a solution off iron salt and nutgall. This
ink can penetrate into the interstices of the fiber and not merely on the surface, thus making its
removal more difficult to accomplish.
2. Logwood ink – made of saturated solution of logwood to which very small amount of
potassium dichromate is added. Hydrochloric acid is added to prevent formation of
precipitate. Phenol is added as preservative. This ink is inexpensive and does not
corrode steel pen. Will not wash off the paper even fresh, flows freely.
3. Nigrosine Ink or Aniline Ink – made of coal tar product called nigrosine dissolved in
water. It easily smudge, affected by moisture, maybe washed off from the paper
with little difficulty. It is best determined by spectrographic method.
4. Carbon ink or Chinese ink or India Ink – the oldest ink material known. Made of carbon in the
form of lampblack. Does not penetrate deeply into the fibers of the paper so that it may easily
be washed off. Not affected by the usual ink testing reagents.
5. Colored writing ink – today, almost all colored inks are composed of synthetic aniline
dyestuffs dissolved in water. In certain colored inks ammonium vanadate is added to
render the writing more permanent.
6. Ball Point Pen ink – made of light fast dyes soluble in glycol type solvents as carbitol,
glycol or oleic acid. Paper Chromatography is the best way of determine this type of ink.
TEST FOR INK
1. Physical Test
2. Chemical Test or Spot Test
3. Paper Chromatography Test
DISCUSSION OF TEST
1. Physical Test – applied to determine the color and presence of
alterations, erasures, destruction of sizes with the use of stereoscope,
handlens or microscope.
2. Chemical Test – a simple test wherein different chemicals or reagents
are applied on the ink strokes and the chemical reactions or
characteristic color reactions or other changes in the ink is observed.
Reagents used: 5% HCI, 10% oxalic acid, tartaric acid, 2% NaOH, 10%
NaOC1, C12, H2O, KCNS, water.
3. Paper Chromatography – a reliable procedure that can be adopted to
identify and compare ballpoint pen ink.
DETERMINATION OF APPROXIMATE AGE OF DOCUMENT
1. Age of Ink – no definite procedure which can be given for this determination except
when the color is black, because on the observation that within a few hours, the color
of ink writings becomes darker because the dye contain therein is influenced by the
light of the room, oxygen of the air, acidity or alkalinity of the paper.
There are several methods of determining the degree of
oxidation of the ink writing and apparently these methods
depend upon:
1. Physical phenomena such a matching the color of the ink writing with the standard
colors of with itself over a period of time.
2. Chemical reaction that may reveal some information concerning the length of time
the ink has been on the paper
2. Age of paper
a. through watermarks
b. in certain case from the composition of paper
OTHER ASPECT OF DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
ILLEGIBLE WRITINGS – unnecessary writings that are not capable
of being read usually made on checks, birth certificate, passport and
transcript of record.
SOME ILLIGIBLE WRITINGS
1. Erasure – means removal of writing from the paper. Can be made
chemically or mechanically.
2. Obliteration – the obscuring of writing by superimposing ink, pencil
or other marking material.
3. Sympathetic Ink or Invisible ink – substances used for invisible
writing.
4. Indented Writing – term applied to the partially visible depression
appearing on a sheet of paper underneath the one that the visible
writing appears.
5. Writings on Carbon Paper – used sheets of carbon paper can be
made readable.
6. Contact Writing – black paper may contain traces of ink because of
previous contact with some writings.
the theory of
Metwyeff (Stretching)
Metwyeff‐Russian Criminologist explain in diff. curves
‐Super cooled liquid which possesses high viscosity and rigidity

‐non‐crystalline inorganic substances
Silica ‐Base commercial glasses

Soda(Na₂O) ‐act as flex for sil
Lime (CaO) ‐give durability
MgO ‐ Impurity
Al₂O₃/K₂O ‐gives greater chem. Durability &
freedom from devitrification
‐ The most important constituent of glass
‐ Stress lines produced on a glass pane which are perpendicular

to the rear
‐ Known also as primary fracture which resemble the spokes of a
wheel radiating outward from the point of impact
‐ Stress lines which are on a glass pane perpendicular to the

front
‐ Known also as secondary fracture having the appearance of
circles around the point of impact connecting one radiating
crack to the other and forming triangular pieces of glass
Types of Glass:
• Soda‐lime glass: Mostly
sand, sodium carbonate
and calcium oxide:
• Used for
manufacturing most
window and bottle
glass
Float Glass
• Flat glass typically used
for windows.
• Soda‐lime glass that
has been cooled on
top of a bath of molten
tin.
Borosilicates
• The common metal‐oxides found in
soda‐lime glass are sodium,
calcium, magnesium and
aluminum.
• In addition, a wide variety of
special glasses can be made by
substituting in whole or in part
other metal oxides for the silica,
sodium and calcium oxides.
• Automobile headlights, heat‐
resistant glass such as Pyrex are
manufactured by adding Boron
oxide to the oxide mix
• Lab glassware, thermometers,
cookware.
Leaded Glass
• Fine glassware and decorative
art glass, called crystal or
leaded glass substitutes lead
oxide for calcium oxide (lime).
• The addition of lead oxide
makes the glass denser. As
light passes through the more‐
dense glass, the light waves are
bent, giving the glass a
sparkling effect.
Tempered Glass
• This glass is made stronger
than ordinary window glass by
introducing stress through
rapid heating and cooling of
the glass surfaces.
• When tempered glass breaks, it
does not shatter but rather
fragments or “dices” into small
squares with litter splintering.
• Used for side and rear windows
of automobiles sold in the
United States.
Laminated Glass
• This glass derives its strength
by sandwiching one layer of
plastic between two pieces of
ordinary window glass.
• The windshields of all cars
manufactured in the United
States are constructed from
laminated glass.
Bulletproof Glass
• Bulletproof glass is a combination of two or
more types of glass, one hard and one soft.
• The softer layer makes the glass more elastic
so it can flex instead of shatter.
• The index of refraction for both of the
glasses used in the bulletproof layers must
be almost the same to keep the glass
transparent and allow a clear view through
the glass.
• Bulletproof glass varies in thickness from
three‐quarter inch to three inches.
ANALYSIS / TEST FOR GLASS
1. Spectrographic analysis/test
2. X‐ray diffraction analysis/test
3. Physical properties examination
4. Ultraviolet light examination
5. Polish marks examination
DISCUSSION OF TEST
SPECTROGRAPHIC TEST – an instrumental method of analysis that determines
the presence of trace element. Shows the constituent elements of a glass. It will not
give sufficient information to establish the origin of the samples examined. A rapid
examination and an adequate method for glass analysis since it requires only a
small amount of sample.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS – not as effective as the spectrographic analysis. Determines

the type of pattern of glass. The type of pattern depends upon the composition of glass.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXAMINATION – the most sensitive method of determining differences

of composition in glass samples and it depends upon the study of the physical properties
of glass. Properties like specific gravity or density, refractive index.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EXAMINATION – determines the differences in the appearance of their

fluorescence thus indication of physical and chemical differences.
POLISH MARKS – optical glass and other fine glassware are usually polished. In the
polishing of glass fine marks are often left on the surface that can sometimes serve as a
basis of comparison.
GLASS AS EVIDENCE OF CRIME
In the field of Forensic Chemistry emphasis is placed on:
1. Automobile glass in case of hit and run.
2. Broken windows caused by pressure, blow or bullet in case of
robbery.
3. Broken bottles, drinking glass or spectacles found at the scene
of assault or other crimes of violence.
THE PRINCIPLE OF 3Rs RULE FOR RADIAL CRACK
3RsRule – “Stress lines on a radial crack will be at right angle to

the rear side of the glass.”The front side is referred to as the
side that was struck.
THE PRINCIPLE OF RFC RULE FOR CONCENTRIC CRACK
RFC Rule – “Stress lines on a concentric crack will be at right

angle to the front side” that is the side from which the blow
came, rather than the rear sides
1) SPECTOGRAPHIC TEST
‐ An instrumental method of analysis which determines the presence of
trace elements
‐ Shown the constituent elements of a glass
2) X‐RAY DIFFRACTION TEST
‐ Determines the type if pattern of glass
‐ The type of pattern depends upon the composition of glass
3) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXAMINATION
‐ The most sensitive of determining differences of composition in glass
samples
4) ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EXAMINATION
‐ Determines the differences in the appearance of their fluorescence
which indicate physical and chemical differences
5) POLISH MARK TEST
‐ Polish marks serve as basis of comparison
A GOAL: “Dream to be a Criminologist and a Topnotcher”
Are you dreaming to become a Criminologist? I am a criminologist and I am
one of the living proof and yes I will give you the burden, the burden are
herein stated you just need to follow through it. A glance of my past before I
became a Criminologist, when I was dreaming to top the Licensure exam I
often asked from most of my seniors, professors and most of them told me
“go aim to top the board” you have the potential as the board exam came
too soon I was not able to maintain my goal because of many factors and
unfortunately I failed to top the board but fortunately I’d just passed and
now I am a criminologist. As I learned that this saying is worth of credence
“Go aim for the stars and if you failed so you will still land on the moon”.
Most of the candidate for licensure exam aim only to pass the grueling exam
and as a result if they got out of luck on that goal they will fail. Believe me
you, it is important to dream big as a reviewee will exert more effort than
the normal. Embed this to your mind and heart, if you only dream of trivial
matter or just passing the board exam, expect that the effort that will be
exerted is also trivial. So now! Future Criminologist. Dream to top the board
exam!
LEGAL MEDICINE
SET 1
By
1. Is a poisonous gas which smells like a rotten egg ?
A. H2S
B. CO
C. CO2
D. H20
1. Is a poisonous gas which smells like a rotten egg ?
A. H2S
B. CO
C. CO2
D. H20
2. In the schematic outline on the isolation and
identification of some common poisons, the specimen
should first be.
A. Alkaline solution
B. Distilled with or without stem
C. Ether-extracted
D. Mixed with chemical antidotes.
2. In the schematic outline on the isolation and
identification of some common poisons, the specimen
should first be.
A. Alkaline solution
B. Distilled with or without stem
C. Ether-extracted
D. Mixed with chemical antidotes.
3. Is the normal amount of semen per ejaculation of
normal built person.
A. 1.5 to 3.5 cc
B. 2.5 to 3.5 cc
C. 3.5 to 5.5 cc
D. 3.5 to 4.5 cc
3. Is the normal amount of semen per ejaculation of
normal built person.
A. 1.5 to 3.5 cc
B. 2.5 to 3.5 cc
C. 3.5 to 5.5 cc
D. 3.5 to 4.5 cc
4. What is known as the reproduction of an impression
made on soft surface by ultilizing casting materials.
A. Dry fussion
B. Metallic aides
C. Moulage
D. Plaster of paris
4. What is known as the reproduction of an impression
made on soft surface by ultilizing casting materials.
A. Dry fussion
B. Metallic aides
C. Moulage
D. Plaster of paris
5.What will be the possible child of a man with group A
and type M blood with a woman of group B. type N blood.
A. AB, N
B. B,N
C. O,M
D. AB, MN
5.What will be the possible child of a man with group A
and type M blood with a woman of group B. type N blood.
A. AB, N
B. B,N
C. O,M
D. AB, MN
6.What kind of a solution is used in the restoration of
serial numbers ? ( stainless, lead, cast iron are
example).
A. Saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate
B. Etching solution
C. Colloidal magnesium
D. Borax solution
6.What kind of a solution is used in the restoration of
serial numbers ? ( stainless, lead, cast iron are
example).
A. Saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate
B. Etching solution
C. Colloidal magnesium
D. Borax solution
7.What is the last stage in the toxicological
examination.
A. Qualification
B. Multiplication
C. Quantification
D. Division
7.What is the last stage in the toxicological
examination.
A. Qualification
B. Multiplication
C. Quantification
D. Division
8.Which of the following substance is most likely to be
used in committing murder?
A. Antimony
B. Strychnine
C. Alcohol
D. Belladonna
8.Which of the following substance is most likely to be
used in committing murder?
A. Antimony
B. Strychnine
C. Alcohol
D. Belladonna
9.Gun powder residue maybe determined by ?
A. Takayama test
B. Paraffin test
C. Diphenylamine
D. Florence test
9.Gun powder residue maybe determined by ?
A. Takayama test
B. Paraffin test
C. Diphenylamine
D. Florence test
10. Is the chemical substance found in all cells whose
composition have been passed on from parent to their
children
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. Genotype
D. Phenotype
10. Is the chemical substance found in all cells whose
composition have been passed on from parent to their
children
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. Genotype
D. Phenotype
11.To comfirm the presence of blood we look for?
A. White crystalline
B. Salmon pink, haemochromogen
C. Dark brown rhomboid crystal
D. White cloudy precipitate
11.To comfirm the presence of blood we look for?
A. White crystalline
B. Salmon pink, haemochromogen
C. Dark brown rhomboid crystal
D. White cloudy precipitate
12. A mercury fulminate is as example of what explosive
?
A. Low
B. Primary
C. High
D. None
12. A mercury fulminate is as example of what explosive
?
A. Low
B. Primary
C. High
D. None
13. Is a white colorless crystalline powder with a
bitter numbering taste known as metamphetamine
hydrochloride.
A. Cocaine
B. Tawas
C. Shabu
D. Heroine
13. Is a white colorless crystalline powder with a
bitter numbering taste known as metamphetamine
hydrochloride.
A. Cocaine
B. Tawas
C. Shabu
D. Heroine
14. What is the principal active component of opium
which comes in white crystalline powder and light
tablets.
A. Heroin
B. Morphine
C. Cocaine
D. Shabu
14. What is the principal active component of opium
which comes in white crystalline powder and light
tablets.
A. Heroin
B. Morphine
C. Cocaine
D. Shabu
15. Type of drugs that relieves pain and often induce
sleep.
A. Narcotics
B. Stimulants
C. Sedatives
D. Neurotics
15. Type of drugs that relieves pain and often induce
sleep.
A. Narcotics
B. Stimulants
C. Sedatives
D. Neurotics
16. A preliminary test blood in a solution of 1 to
300,000 dilution is :
A. Benzidine
B. Phenolphthalein
C. Guiacum
D. Leucomalachine green
16. A preliminary test blood in a solution of 1 to
300,000 dilution is :
A. Benzidine
B. Phenolphthalein
C. Guiacum
D. Leucomalachine green
17.________ are drugs which affect sensation, thinking,
self awareness and emotion. It may be mild or
overwhelming depending on dose and quality of drugs.
A. Narcotics
B. Hallucinogens
C. Sedatives
D. Stimulants
17.________ are drugs which affect sensation, thinking,
self awareness and emotion. It may be mild or
overwhelming depending on dose and quality of drugs.
A. Narcotics
B. Hallucinogens
C. Sedatives
D. Stimulants
18. Which one is not included in street name of
MARIJUNA?
A. MARYJANE
B. DOPE
C. FLOWER
D. BROWNIES
E. NONE OF THE ABOVE
18. Which one is not included in street name of
MARIJUNA?
A. MARYJANE
B. DOPE
C. FLOWER
D. BROWNIES
E. NONE OF THE ABOVE
19. The center core of a stand of the hair, which form
the bulk of the fiber.
A. Cuticle
B. Cortex
C. Medulla
D. Shalf
19. The center core of a stand of the hair, which form
the bulk of the fiber.
A. Cuticle
B. Cortex
C. Medulla
D. Shalf
20. An alkaloid derived from morphine, it is like a
white crystalline powder taken orally, through inhaling,
injection or by smoking
A. Heroin
B. Amphetamine
C. Cocaine
D. Opium
20. An alkaloid derived from morphine, it is like a
white crystalline powder taken orally, through inhaling,
injection or by smoking
A. Heroin
B. Amphetamine
C. Cocaine
D. Opium
21.Is consider as the highest form of a proof.
A. Documentary
B. Real
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
21.Is consider as the highest form of a proof.
A. Documentary
B. Real
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
22. In 1858, who published the first textbook in legal
medice ?
A. DR. RAFAEL GENARD Y MAS
B. DR. GREGORIO T. LATIN
C. DR. SIXTO DELOS ANGELES
D. DR.MERIANO LORA
22. In 1858, who published the first textbook in legal
medice ?
A. DR. RAFAEL GENARD Y MAS
B. DR. GREGORIO T. LATIN
C. DR. SIXTO DELOS ANGELES
D. DR.MERIANO LORA
23. Its is a complete and persistent cassation of
respiration, circulation and almost all brain functions.
A. Molecular death
B. Somatic death
C. Apparent death
D. None of the above
23. Its is a complete and persistent cassation of
respiration, circulation and almost all brain functions.
A. Molecular death
B. Somatic death
C. Apparent death
24. The following are signs of death exept one-
A. Cessation of respiration
B. Cooling of the body
C. Censsation of heart function and circulation
D. Heating of the body
24. The following are signs of death exept one-
A. Cessation of respiration
B. Cooling of the body
C. Censsation of heart function and circulation
D. Heating of the body
25. It is change of the color of the body after death
when blood accumulates in the dependent portion of the
body
A. Rigor mortis
B. Algor mortis
C. Livor mortis
25. It is change of the color of the body after death
when blood accumulates in the dependent portion of the
body
A. Rigor mortis
B. Algor mortis
C. Livor mortis
26. Molecular death is a kind death where:
A. There is loss of the individual cells of cells of
the body
B. It occurs immediately after death
C. Its is usually pronounced by the physician
D. There is a transient los of vital function of the
body
26. Molecular death is a kind death where:
A. There is loss of the individual cells of cells of
the body
B. It occurs immediately after death
C. Its is usually pronounced by the physician
D. There is a transient los of vital function of the
body
27. The elements of violent death are the following
exept one :
A. That the victim at the time the injuries were
inflicted was in normal health
B. That the death may be expected from physical injuries
C. That death ensued within a reasonable time.
D. That death ensued from lingering illness
27. The elements of violent death are the following
exept one :
A. That the victim at the time the injuries were
inflicted was in normal health
B. That the death may be expected from physical injuries
C. That death ensued within a reasonable time.
D. That death ensued from lingering illness
28. X and Y are husband and wife, X has a mistress, miss
W , to whom he has a son C, a three days old infant,
what kind of death is involved if X killed his
illegitimate child C.
A. Homicidal death
B. Parricidal death
C. Murder
D. Infanticidal
28. X and Y are husband and wife, X has a mistress, miss
W , to whom he has a son C, a three days old infant,
what kind of death is involved if X killed his
illegitimate child C.
A. Homicidal death
B. Parricidal death
C. Murder
D. Infanticidal
29. What if it is Y who killed C ?
A. Homicidal death
B. Parricidal death
C. Murder death
D. Inflammation
29. What if it is Y who killed C ?
A. Homicidal death
B. Parricidal death
C. Murder death
D. Inflammation
30. The sum of total of all reaction of tissues or
organs for which the activities of the living cells are
necessary.
A. Physical reaction
B. Vital reaction
C. Chemical reaction
D. Inflammation
30. The sum of total of all reaction of tissues or
organs for which the activities of the living cells are
necessary.
A. Physical reaction
B. Vital reaction
C. Chemical reaction
D. Inflammation
31. Is the breaking down of the complex proteins into
simpler component associated with the evolution of foul
smelling gasses and accompanied by the change off color
of the body.
A. Putrefaction
B. Auto digestion
C. Maceration
D. Saponification
31. Is the breaking down of the complex proteins into
simpler component associated with the evolution of foul
smelling gasses and accompanied by the change off color
of the body.
A. Putrefaction
B. Auto digestion
C. Maceration
D. Saponification
32. What is a waxy substance derived from the body fat
and is caused by hydrolysis and hydrogenation of adipose
tissue.
A. Adipocere
B. Lipo
C. Saponification
D. None of these
32. What is a waxy substance derived from the body fat
and is caused by hydrolysis and hydrogenation of adipose
tissue.
A. Adipocere
B. Lipo
C. Saponification
D. None of these
33. Deaths due to injuries inflicted in the body by some
form of outside force.
A. Violent death
B. Natural death
C. Sudden death
D. None of thse
33. Deaths due to injuries inflicted in the body by some
form of outside force.
A. Violent death
B. Natural death
C. Sudden death
D. None of thse
34. A a mayor of municipality X killed B , his brother,
with abuse of his public position. Death is classified
or condition
A. Eusthanasia
B. Suicide
C. Pathological death
D. None of these
34. A a mayor of municipality X killed B , his brother,
with abuse of his public position. Death is classified
or condition
A. Eusthanasia
B. Suicide
D. None of these
35. The act or practice of killing or bringing about the
death of a person who suffer from incurable diseases or
condition.
A. Euthanasia
B. Suicide
D. None of these
35. The act or practice of killing or bringing about the
death of a person who suffer from incurable diseases or
condition.
A. Euthanasia
B. Suicide
D. None of these
36. The following judicial execution were exercised in
the Philippines exept.
A. Judicial hanging
B. Musketry
C. Electrocution
D. Lethal injection
36. The following judicial execution were exercised in
the Philippines exept.
A. Judicial hanging
B. Musketry
C. Electrocution
D. Lethal injection
37. If post-mortem of death , cadaveric spasm will
suggest _____?
A. Duration of death
B. Cause of death
C. Age of the victim
37. If post-mortem of death , cadaveric spasm will
suggest _____?
A. Duration of death
B. Cause of death
C. Age of the victim
38. Stage of muscular change, which occur 3-6 hours
after death.
A. Livor mortis
B. Algor mortis
C. Secondary flascidity
D. Post-mostem rigidity
38. Stage of muscular change, which occur 3-6 hours
after death.
A. Livor mortis
B. Algor mortis
C. Secondary flascidity
D. Post-mostem rigidity
39. Post mortem lividity or livor mortis is a very good
basis to dertermine the
A. Time of death
B. Relative position of the assailant
C. Position maintained by the body after death
D. Cause of death
39. Post mortem lividity or livor mortis is a very good
basis to dertermine the
A. Time of death
B. Relative position of the assailant
C. Position maintained by the body after death
D. Cause of death
40. The following are muscle change after death except:
A. Primary flascidity
B. Secondary flascidity
C. Rigor mortis
D. Post mortem lividity
40. The following are muscle change after death except:
A. Primary flascidity
B. Secondary flascidity
C. Rigor mortis
D. Post mortem lividity
41. Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the body, which is
always to occur in case of deat. What is that condition
characterized by spontaneous stiffening of certain group
of muscles.
A. Heat stiffening
B. Livor mortis
C. Cold stiffening
D. Codaveric spasm
41. Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the body, which is
always to occur in case of deat. What is that condition
characterized by spontaneous stiffening of certain group
of muscles.
A. Heat stiffening
B. Livor mortis
C. Cold stiffening
D. Codaveric spasm
42. Pulverization of the body into ashes with the use of
intense fire ______
A. Charring
B. Cremation
C. Exhumation
D. Baking
42. Pulverization of the body into ashes with the use of
intense fire ______
A. Charring
B. Cremation
C. Exhumation
D. Baking
43. How many minutes is necessary when persistent
cessation in respiration, circulation and brain function
sufficient to declare a person clinically dead.
A. 5 minutes
B. 15 minutes
C. 10 minutes
D. 20 minutes
43. How many minutes is necessary when persistent
cessation in respiration, circulation and brain function
sufficient to declare a person clinically dead.
A. 5 minutes
B. 15 minutes
C. 10 minutes
D. 20 minutes
44. A muscular change characterized by the softness of
the muscles and no longer responds to mechanical or
electrical stimulus due to dissolution of protein
A. Livor mortis
B. Stage of primary flaccidity
C. Rigor mortis
D. Stage of secondary flaccidity
44. A muscular change characterized by the softness of
the muscles and no longer responds to mechanical or
electrical stimulus due to dissolution of protein
A. Livor mortis
B. Stage of primary flaccidity
C. Rigor mortis
D. Stage of secondary flaccidity
45. Maggots are seen in dead bodies particular in warm
countries within how many days from death.
A. 1 day
B. 2 days
C. 3 days
D. 4 days
45. Maggots are seen in dead bodies particular in warm
countries within how many days from death.
A. 1 day
B. 2 days
C. 3 days
D. 4 days
46. Livor mortis or post mortem lividity is completed in
how many hours after death ?
A. 24 hrs
B. 12 hrs
C. 32 hrs
D. 48 hrs
46. Livor mortis or post mortem lividity is completed in
how many hours after death ?
A. 24 hrs
B. 12 hrs
C. 32 hrs
D. 48 hrs
47. Period of time wherein human bone will not exhibit
change .
A. 10 years
B. 20 years
C. 30 years
D. 40 years
47. Period of time wherein human bone will not exhibit
change .
A. 10 years
B. 20 years
C. 30 years
D. 40 years
48. Average time of decomposition for tropical countries
such as Philippines.
A. 12-24 hrs
B. 24-48 hrs
C. 36-48 hrs
D. 48-72 hrs
48. Average time of decomposition for tropical countries
such as Philippines.
A. 12-24 hrs
B. 24-48 hrs
C. 36-48 hrs
D. 48-72 hrs
49. A wound which resembles the shape or object of the
instrument which caused it
A. Defense wound
B. Self inflicted wound
C. Patterned wound
D. Mutilated wound
49. A wound which resembles the shape or object of the
instrument which caused it
A. Defense wound
B. Self inflicted wound
C. Patterned wound
D. Mutilated wound
50. Wound produced by a butcher’s knife.
A. Punctured wound
B. Hack wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Incised wound
50. Wound produced by a butcher’s knife.
A. Punctured wound
B. Hack wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Incised wound
51. It is a formation of a soft Froebel brownish white
greasy substance in the soft tissue after death.
A. Mummification
B. Saponification
C. Putrefaction
D. Decomposition
51. It is a formation of a soft Froebel brownish white
greasy substance in the soft tissue after death.
A. Mummification
B. Saponification
C. Putrefaction
D. Decomposition
52. Average time for the stomach to empty its contents
A. 2-3 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 4-5 hours
D. 5-6 hours
52. Average time for the stomach to empty its contents
A. 2-3 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 4-5 hours
D. 5-6 hours
53. A person who is considered dead if no rate of fall
of body temperature is about
A. 10-15ƒ
B. 20-25ƒ
C. 15-20ƒ
D. 25-30ƒ
53. A person who is considered dead if no rate of fall
of body temperature is about
A. 10-15ƒ
B. 20-25ƒ
C. 15-20ƒ
D. 25-30ƒ
54. Period of time wherein the body would be completely
skeletonized under normal conditions in tropical
countries
A. 1 month
B. 3 months
C. 6 months
D. 12 months
54. Period of time wherein the body would be completely
skeletonized under normal conditions in tropical
countries
A. 1 month
B. 3 months
C. 6 months
D. 12 months
55. It is the dissolution of the tissues by the
digestive enzymes and bacteria
A. Primary flaciddity
B. Cadaveric spasm
C. Putrefication
D. Rigor mortis
55. It is the dissolution of the tissues by the
digestive enzymes and bacteria
A. Primary flaciddity
B. Cadaveric spasm
C. Putrefication
D. Rigor mortis
56. It is the death that occurs due to illness of the
body
A. Somatic death
B. Apparent death
C. Natural death
D. Molecular death
56. It is the death that occurs due to illness of the
body
A. Somatic death
B. Apparent death
C. Natural death
D. Molecular death
57. After death, the metabolic process inside the body
ceases, heat is no longer produced and the body slowly
losses its temperature
A. Rigor mortis
B. Algor mortis
C. Cadaveric spasm
D. Suspended animation
57. After death, the metabolic process inside the body
ceases, heat is no longer produced and the body slowly
losses its temperature
A. Rigor mortis
B. Algor mortis
C. Cadaveric spasm
D. Suspended animation
58. as a general rule, if there is no heart action for a
period of ____ death is regarded as certain.
A. 5 minutes
B. 6 minutes
C. 7 minutes
D. 8 minutes
58. as a general rule, if there is no heart action for a
period of ____ death is regarded as certain.
A. 5 minutes
B. 6 minutes
C. 7 minutes
D. 8 minutes
59. An adult has only ___ bones.
A. 200
B. 202
C. 204
D. 206
59. An adult has only ___ bones.
A. 200
B. 202
C. 204
D. 206
270 Infants
60. One important characteristic of the gunshot wounds
of exit.
A. That the edge is everted
B. Presence of gun powder nitrates
C. That the edge is inverted
D. Smaller opening
60. One important characteristic of the gunshot wounds
of exit.
A. That the edge is everted
B. Presence of gun powder nitrates
C. That the edge is inverted
D. Smaller opening
61. Vital reaction is/are present on the following
EXCEPT:
A. Ante mortem injuries
B. First blow over the body
C. Stab wound over the body
D. Post mortem injuries
61. Vital reaction is/are present on the following
EXCEPT:
A. Ante mortem injuries
B. First blow over the body
C. Stab wound over the body
D. Post mortem injuries
62. It is a physical injury wherein the victim is ill
treat or incapacitated for work or require medical
attendance for a period of 9days
A. Slight physical injury
B. Less physical injury
C. Serious physical injury
D. Mutilation
62. It is a physical injury wherein the victim is ill
treat or incapacitated for work or require medical
attendance for a period of 9days
B. Less physical injury
D. Mutilation
63. Stab wound is produced by
A. Sharp edges and sharp pointed instrument
B. Sharp edged instrument
C. Blunt instrument
D. Pointed instrument
63. Stab wound is produced by
A. Sharp edges and sharp pointed instrument
B. Sharp edged instrument
C. Blunt instrument
D. Pointed instrument
64. Student of criminology and police science must know
very well
A. Death
B. Physical injury
C. Sexual offenses
D. All of the above
64. Student of criminology and police science must know
very well
A. Death
B. Physical injury
C. Sexual offenses
D. All of the above
65. Solution of the natural continuity of any tissue of
the living body is called
A. Fracture
B. Dislocation
C. Wound
D. Contusion
65. Solution of the natural continuity of any tissue of
the living body is called
A. Fracture
B. Dislocation
C. Wound
D. Contusion
66. Points to be considered in reporting of wound
A. Character of the wound
B. Location of the wound
C. Number of the wound
D. Measurement of the wound
E. All of the above
66. Points to be considered in reporting of wound
A. Character of the wound
B. Location of the wound
C. Number of the wound
D. Measurement of the wound
E. All of the above
67. The following injuries are classified as an open
wounds except
A. Lacerated wound
B. Punctured wound
C. Abrasion
D. Simple fracture
67. The following injuries are classified as an open
wounds except
A. Lacerated wound
B. Punctured wound
C. Abrasion
D. Simple fracture
68. A wound which is the result of instinctive reaction
of self protection is what special type of wound
A. Defense
B. Self inflicted wounds
C. Offensive
D. Pattterned
68. A wound which is the result of instinctive reaction
of self protection is what special type of wound
A. Defense
B. Self inflicted wounds
C. Offensive
D. Pattterned
69. When the head is free and mobile, a blow on the back
of the head may produce laceration in the front part of
the brain. This is what type of injury.
A. Direct or coup injury
B. Contre-coup injury
C. Remote
D. Coup injury
69. When the head is free and mobile, a blow on the back
of the head may produce laceration in the front part of
the brain. This is what type of injury.
A. Direct or coup injury
B. Contre-coup injury
C. Remote
D. Coup injury
70. Infanticide is the killing of a child less than
A. Three months
B. Three weeks
C. Three days
D. Three years
70. Infanticide is the killing of a child less than
A. Three months
B. Three weeks
C. Three days
D. Three years
71. Wound which inflicted in the body which is so
serious that it will endanger ones life
A. Non-mortal wound
B. Mortal wound
C. Trauma
D. Coup injury
71. Wound which inflicted in the body which is so
serious that it will endanger ones life
A. Non-mortal wound
B. Mortal wound
C. Trauma
D. Coup injury
72. In gunshot wounds, where there is evident burning of
tissue and blackening of the skin, it may be ascertained
that it is a near contact fire meaning that the distance
of the body of the gun is approximately.
A. 6 inches
B. 12 inches
C. 18 inches
D. 24 inches
72. In gunshot wounds, where there is evident burning of
tissue and blackening of the skin, it may be ascertained
that it is a near contact fire meaning that the distance
of the body of the gun is approximately.
A. 6 inches
B. 12 inches
C. 18 inches
D. 24 inches
73. A physical injury which is found in the site and
also at the opposite of the application of force
A. Extensive injury
B. Coup injury
C. Contre-coup injury
D. Coup-contre coup injury
73. A physical injury which is found in the site and
also at the opposite of the application of force
A. Extensive injury
B. Coup injury
C. Contre-coup injury
D. Coup-contre coup injury
74. A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as a
piece of wood or stone
A. Punctured wound
B. Hacked wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Incised wound
74. A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as a
piece of wood or stone
A. Punctured wound
B. Hacked wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Incised wound
75. When the person stabbed by an ice-pick, what would
be exhibited
A. Hacked wound
B. Punctured wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Incised wound
75. When the person stabbed by an ice-pick, what would
be exhibited
A. Hacked wound
B. Punctured wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Incised wound
76. DNA is found in all nucleats cells of the body, it
is regarded as the fingerprint of life. What does it
stands for
A. Deonatural acide
B. Deoxyribonucleic acid
C. Dynamic natural anti-body
D. Deocxyriboclic acid
76. DNA is found in all nucleats cells of the body, it
is regarded as the fingerprint of life. What does it
stands for
A. Deonatural acide
B. Deoxyribonucleic acid
C. Dynamic natural anti-body
D. Deocxyriboclic acid
77. An injury or disease which survived for a prolonged
interval which allowed the development of complication
which becomes the cause of death.
A. Proximate cause of death or secondary cause of death
B. Immediate or primary cause of death
C. Cardio-respiratory arrest
D. Nactural death
77. An injury or disease which survived for a prolonged
interval which allowed the development of complication
which becomes the cause of death.
A. Proximate cause of death or secondary cause of death
B. Immediate or primary cause of death
C. Cardio-respiratory arrest
D. Nactural death
78. Their presence in the cadaver would indicate that
death has occurred more than 24 hours hence are useful
to approximate the time of death.
A. Flies
B. Earthworms
C. Bees
D. Butterflies
78. Their presence in the cadaver would indicate that
death has occurred more than 24 hours hence are useful
to approximate the time of death.
A. Flies
B. Earthworms
C. Bees
D. Butterflies
79. A complete study of a dead body, undertaken by a
trained physician.
A. Autopsy
B. Embalming
C. Medical examination
D. Post-mortem examination
79. A complete study of a dead body, undertaken by a
trained physician.
A. Autopsy
B. Embalming
C. Medical examination
D. Post-mortem examination
80. Transient loss of consciousness with temporary
cessation of the vital functions of the body
A. Death
B. Coma
C. State of suspended animation
D. Rigor mortis
80. Transient loss of consciousness with temporary
cessation of the vital functions of the body
A. Death
B. Coma
C. State of suspended animation
D. Rigor mortis
81. Refers to the determination of the characteristics
by which an individual is distinguished from all others.
A. Identification
B. Individualization
C. Personalization
D. None of these
81. Refers to the determination of the characteristics
by which an individual is distinguished from all others.
A. Identification
B. Individualization
C. Personalization
D. None of these
82. The greater the number of similarities or
dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the
conclusion to be correct.
A. Law of multiciplicity of evidence
B. Odd-even rule
C. Inclusion-exclusion rule
D. None of these
82. The greater the number of similarities or
dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the
conclusion to be correct.
A. Law of multiciplicity of evidence
B. Odd-even rule
C. Inclusion-exclusion rule
D. None of these
83. The following are characteristics of a person that
may easily be changed, except:
A. Gait
B. Profession
C. Grade
D. None of these
83. The following are characteristics of a person that
may easily be changed, except:
A. Gait
B. Profession
C. Grade
D. None of these
84. These are characteristics movements of the body
peculiar to a person.
A. Mannerism
B. Gait
C. Left or right handedness
D. None of these
84. These are characteristics movements of the body
peculiar to a person.
A. Mannerism
B. Gait
C. Left or right handedness
D. None of these
85. system of body measurement of adult individual for
personal identification
A. Bertillion system
B. Henry system
C. Vucench system
D. None of these
85. system of body measurement of adult individual for
personal identification
A. Bertillion system
B. Henry system
C. Vucench system
D. None of these
86. A purplish color that appears under the skin on
those portions of the body closest to the ground.
A. Hypostasis
B. Rigor mortis
C. Post mortem caloricity
D. None of these
86. A purplish color that appears under the skin on
those portions of the body closest to the ground.
A. Hypostasis
B. Rigor mortis
C. Post mortem caloricity
D. None of these
87. Is a general stiffening of the body caused by a
build up of enzymes and acids in the muscle tissue.
A. Rigor mortis
B. Livor mortis
C. Algor mortis
D. All of these
87. Is a general stiffening of the body caused by a
build up of enzymes and acids in the muscle tissue.
A. Rigor mortis
B. Livor mortis
C. Algor mortis
D. All of these
88. In the determination of the sex of the skeleton, the
following bones must be studied, except.
A. Sacrum
B. Skull
C. Sternums
D. None of these
88. In the determination of the sex of the skeleton, the
following bones must be studied, except.
A. Sacrum
B. Skull
C. Sternums
D. None of these
89. The state of complete and persistent cessation of
respiration, circulation and other vital functions of
the body.
A. Somatic death
B. Cellular death
C. Apparent death
D. All of these
89. The state of complete and persistent cessation of
respiration, circulation and other vital functions of
the body.
A. Somatic death
B. Cellular death
C. Apparent death
D. All of these
90. What test determines cessation of respiration?
A. Winslow’s test
B. Magnus test
C. Diapahanus test
D. None of these
90. What test determines cessation of respiration?
A. Winslow’s test
B. Magnus test
C. Diapahanus test
D. None of these
91. What is the temporary cessation of the vital
functions of the body on account of disease, external
stimulus or other forms of influence such as hysteria,
enemas, catalepsy, and electric shock?
A. State and suspended animation
B. Euthanasia
C. Natural death
D. None of these
91. What is the temporary cessation of the vital
functions of the body on account of disease, external
stimulus or other forms of influence such as hysteria,
enemas, catalepsy, and electric shock?
A. State and suspended animation
B. Euthanasia
C. Natural death
D. None of these
92. Legal medicine is that branch of medicine which
deals with the application of medical knowledge to the
purpose of____
A. Law and justice
B. Determination of cause of death
C. Identifying the victim
D. None of these
92. Legal medicine is that branch of medicine which
deals with the application of medical knowledge to the
purpose of____
A. Law and justice
B. Determination of cause of death
C. Identifying the victim
D. None of these
93. Medical jurisprudence is that branch of ____ which
deals with the regulation and organization of medical
profession
A. Law
B. Medicine
C. Justice
D. Jurisprudence
93. Medical jurisprudence is that branch of ____ which
deals with the regulation and organization of medical
profession
A. Law
B. Medicine
C. Justice
D. Jurisprudence
94. The following methods of approximating the height of
a person except
A. Two times the length from the vertex of the skull to
the coccyx
B. Two times the length of one arm plus 12 inches for
the clavicle and 1.5 inches for the sternum
C. The distance between the tips of the middle fingers
of both hands with the arms extended laterally
D. None of these
94. The following methods of approximating the height of
a person except
A. Two times the length from the vertex of the skull to
the coccyx
B. Two times the length of one arm plus 12 inches for
the clavicle and 1.5 inches for the sternum
C. The distance between the tips of the middle fingers
of both hands with the arms extended laterally
D. None of these
95. Is a chemical substance found in all cells whose
composition has been passed on from parents to their
children
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Genes
D. Chromosomes
95. Is a chemical substance found in all cells whose
composition has been passed on from parents to their
children
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Genes
D. Chromosomes
96. What is death due to reckless imprudence, lack of
foresight or skill?
A. Negligent death
B. Accidental death
C. Sudden death
D. None of these
96. What is death due to reckless imprudence, lack of
foresight or skill?
A. Negligent death
B. Accidental death
C. Sudden death
D. None of these
97. Refers to the stiffening of the muscles due to the
sohdification the body is exposed to freezing
temperature
A. Cold stiffening
B. Iced stiffening
C. Froze stiffening
D. None of these
97. Refers to the stiffening of the muscles due to the
sohdification the body is exposed to freezing
temperature
A. Cold stiffening
B. Iced stiffening
C. Froze stiffening
D. None of these
98. The following are important of cadaveric lividity
except.
A. Sign of death
B. Determines whether the position of the body has been
changed
C. May indicate the cause of death
D. None of these
98. The following are important of cadaveric lividity
except.
A. Sign of death
B. Determines whether the position of the body has been
changed
C. May indicate the cause of death
D. None of these
99. Except one, the following are characteristics of
cadaveric spasm
A. A natural phenomena which occur after death
B. Appears immediately after death
C. Involves only a group of muscles
D. All of these
99. Except one, the following are characteristics of
cadaveric spasm
A. A natural phenomena which occur after death
B. Appears immediately after death
C. Involves only a group of muscles
D. All of these
100. Is a form of ligature strangulation in which the
force applied to the neck is derived from the
gravitational drag of the weight of the body?
A. Hanging
B. Strangulation
C. Lynching
D. None of these
100. Is a form of ligature strangulation in which the
force applied to the neck is derived from the
gravitational drag of the weight of the body?
A. Hanging
B. Strangulation
C. Lynching
D. None of these
LEGAL MEDICINE
SET 2
By
1. The main and official purpose of medico-legal post-
mortem examination of a cadaver is to determine the:
A. Proper treatment
B. Origin of death
C. Complications
D. Cause of death
1. The main and official purpose of medico-legal post-
mortem examination of a cadaver is to determine the:
A. Proper treatment
B. Origin of death
C. Complications
D. Cause of death
2. Which of the following should be a must or be
included in the sketch?
A. Name of witness
B. Time prepared
C. Place prepared
D. Compass direction
2. Which of the following should be a must or be
included in the sketch?
A. Name of witness
B. Time prepared
C. Place prepared
D. Compass direction
3. In addition to medical certificates, as prober, how
can you preserve perishable evidence like injuries,
contusions, hematoma and the like? By:
A. Photographing it
B. Written interrogatories
C. Tape recording them
D. Memoirs
3. In addition to medical certificates, as prober, how
can you preserve perishable evidence like injuries,
contusions, hematoma and the like? By:
A. Photographing it
B. Written interrogatories
C. Tape recording them
D. Memoirs
4. What is the test used in determining whether the
blood is a human origin or not?
A. Acid hematin
B. Albumin test
C. Precipitin test
D. Alkaline test
4. What is the test used in determining whether the
blood is a human origin or not?
A. Acid hematin
B. Albumin test
C. Precipitin test
D. Alkaline test
5. If in drowning cases a prober found “live fleas” in
the clothing of the victim: it indicates that the
drowning did exceed how many hours?
A. 12
B. 36
C. 15
D. 18
5. If in drowning cases a prober found “live fleas” in
the clothing of the victim: it indicates that the
drowning did exceed how many hours?
A. 12
B. 36
C. 15
D. 18
6. Onset of rigor mortis means the setting of body
changes due to:
A. Death
B. Putrefaction
C. Obesity
D. Poisoning
6. Onset of rigor mortis means the setting of body
changes due to:
A. Death
B. Putrefaction
C. Obesity
D. Poisoning
7. What is the test used in conforming the presence of
blood?
A. Benzidine test
B. Simon’s test
C. Takayama test
D. Marquis test
7. What is the test used in conforming the presence of
blood?
A. Benzidine test
B. Simon’s test
C. Takayama test
D. Marquis test
8. To a biologist, it is a microscope: to a document
examiner, it is?
A. Telescope
B. Cameras
C. Stethoscope
D. Magnifying glasses
8. To a biologist, it is a microscope: to a document
examiner, it is?
A. Telescope
B. Cameras
C. Stethoscope
D. Magnifying glasses
9. In violent death, it is indispensable that the
victim’s death is due to the natural and direct
consequence of the injuries inflicted. If there is an
intervening cause, the offender can:
A. Invoke mitigating circumstance
B. Be held liable
C. Be held jointly liable
D. Escape liability
9. In violent death, it is indispensable that the
victim’s death is due to the natural and direct
consequence of the injuries inflicted. If there is an
intervening cause, the offender can:
A. Invoke mitigating circumstance
B. Be held liable
C. Be held jointly liable
D. Escape liability
10. What is this death is due to a sudden, fatal
stoppage of heart functioning?
A. Heart attack
B. Death from syncope
C. Thrombosis
D. Myocardiac infarction
10. What is this death is due to a sudden, fatal
stoppage of heart functioning?
A. Heart attack
B. Death from syncope
C. Thrombosis
D. Myocardiac infarction
11. Blood may remain fluid inside the blood vessels up
to between how many hours after death?
A. 8 to 10
B. 4 to 6
C. 2 to 4
D. 6 to 8
11. Blood may remain fluid inside the blood vessels up
to between how many hours after death?
A. 8 to 10
B. 4 to 6
C. 2 to 4
D. 6 to 8
12. Murder should be discounted if there exists in
photographs of the crimes scene, broken glasses,
disarray of furnitures which shows the possible defenses
put-up by the:
A. Probers
B. Assailant
C. Victim
D. Bystanders
12. Murder should be discounted if there exists in
photographs of the crimes scene, broken glasses,
disarray of furnitures which shows the possible defenses
put-up by the:
A. Probers
B. Assailant
C. Victim
D. Bystanders
13. Which of the following evidence is not material or
no bearing the conviction of an accused?
A. Inadmissible
B. Optic/real
C. Documentary
D. Circumstantial
13. Which of the following evidence is not material or
no bearing the conviction of an accused?
A. Inadmissible
B. Optic/real
C. Documentary
D. Circumstantial
14. A victim’s cadaver if exposed to either heat or cold
may result to post-mortem lividity color of:
A. Violet
B. Bright-red
C. Yellowish
D. Pole
14. A victim’s cadaver if exposed to either heat or cold
may result to post-mortem lividity color of:
A. Violet
B. Bright-red
C. Yellowish
D. Pole
15. What do you call a situation of one where there are
abnormal reaction patterns that are seriously
incapacitating but there is no loss of contact with
reality?
A. associative reaction C. neuroses
B. hysteric reaction D. psychoses
15. What do you call a situation of one where there are
abnormal reaction patterns that are seriously
incapacitating but there is no loss of contact with
reality?
A. associative reaction C. neuroses
B. hysteric reaction D. psychoses
16. In our law, euthanasia is the willful, deliberate and
painless acceleration of death of what?
A. tissue C. none of these
B. person D. organ
16. In our law, euthanasia is the willful, deliberate and
painless acceleration of death of what?
A. tissue C. none of these
B. person D. organ
17. Cadaveric lividity may determine how long the person
has been:
A. in comatose C. in the area
B. dead D. strangulated
17. Cadaveric lividity may determine how long the person
has been:
A. in comatose C. in the area
B. dead D. strangulated
18. In the Philippines which is generally a warm country,
rigor mortis starts to occur how many hours after death?
A. 48 C. 24
B. 12 D. 36
18. In the Philippines which is generally a warm country,
rigor mortis starts to occur how many hours after death?
A. 48 C. 24
B. 12 D. 36
19. The process of dissolution of tissues by the digestive
action of the enzymes and bacteria resulting to
liquefaction of tissues and liberation of foul-smelling
gases is called?
A. decomposition C. decay
B. detixification D. putrefaction
19. The process of dissolution of tissues by the digestive
action of the enzymes and bacteria resulting to
liquefaction of tissues and liberation of foul-smelling
gases is called?
A. decomposition C. decay
B. detixification D. putrefaction
20. Hemorrhage or loss of blood maybe fatal. Which can
stand more loss of blood, the male or the female?
A. female
B. it depends
C. male has no known advantage
D. male
20. Hemorrhage or loss of blood maybe fatal. Which can
stand more loss of blood, the male or the female?
A. female
B. it depends
C. male has no known advantage
D. male
21. What is this condition in which the supply of oxygen in
the body ceases and as a result thereof the person dies?
A. valvular disease C. thrombosis
B. rupture of the aortic D. asphyxia
21. What is this condition in which the supply of oxygen in
the body ceases and as a result thereof the person dies?
A. valvular disease C. thrombosis
B. rupture of the aortic D. asphyxia
22. Which of the following are objects of an autopsy if
legally ordered or requested?
A. Victim of suspended animation
B. fire victim’s cadaver
C. victims in coma
D. victim’s cadaver who died not of natural cause
22. Which of the following are objects of an autopsy if
legally ordered or requested?
A. Victim of suspended animation
B. fire victim’s cadaver
C. victims in coma
D. victim’s cadaver who died not of natural cause
23. What is this means of identification which occurs when
the original tissues have been injured or destroyed
noticeable marks?
A. deformities C. scars
B. bitten marks D. tattoos
23. What is this means of identification which occurs when
the original tissues have been injured or destroyed
noticeable marks?
A. deformities C. scars
B. bitten marks D. tattoos
24. Medico-legal officers can immensely contribute in the
administration of justice by noting in his report even
minor injuries and other noticeable physical appearance in
the:
A. patient’s diagnostic report
B. victim’s body
C. suspect’s record
D. gang’s modus operandi
24. Medico-legal officers can immensely contribute in the
administration of justice by noting in his report even
minor injuries and other noticeable physical appearance in
the:
A. patient’s diagnostic report
B. victim’s body
C. suspect’s record
D. gang’s modus operandi
25. Normally, how many how many hours after meal for the
stomach to digest the food taken?
A. 1 to 2 C. 5 to 6
B. 3 to 4 D. 6 to 8
25. Normally, how many how many hours after meal for the
stomach to digest the food taken?
A. 1 to 2 C. 5 to 6
B. 3 to 4 D. 6 to 8
26. What is the color of the ultra-violet powder in money
bills when subjected to UV lamp examination?
A. purple to blue
B. orange to brown
C. brownish
D. brilliant yellow
26. What is the color of the ultra-violet powder in money
bills when subjected to UV lamp examination?
A. purple to blue
B. orange to brown
C. brownish
D. brilliant yellow
27. Although you are an expert witness, the court is:
A. answerable to the public
B. welcoming other witnesses
C. not bound to believe your testimony
D. duty bound to believe you
27. Although you are an expert witness, the court is:
A. answerable to the public
B. welcoming other witnesses
C. not bound to believe your testimony
D. duty bound to believe you
28. In photographing sexual crime victims especially rape,
you must first secure a written permission from the?
A. Court
B. Officer on case
C. doctor or priest or parents
D. victim
28. In photographing sexual crime victims especially rape,
you must first secure a written permission from the?
A. Court
B. Officer on case
C. doctor or priest or parents
D. victim
29. Who declared with scientific proof that the human
skeleton is unchangeable after the 20th year?
A. Alphonse C. Bertillon
B. Thoms D. Gumma
29. Who declared with scientific proof that the human
skeleton is unchangeable after the 20th year?
A. Alphonse C. Bertillon
B. Thoms D. Gumma
30. Is trauma or the destruction of the blood vessel wall
and the resulting hemorrhage can only be caused by external
force?
A. Sometimes C. yes
B. It depends D. no
30. Is trauma or the destruction of the blood vessel wall
and the resulting hemorrhage can only be caused by external
force?
A. Sometimes C. yes
B. It depends D. no
31. Which of the following can provide a system or
technique in making visible those things that cannot be
seen by the naked eye?
A. Gamma rays
B. Photography
C. Photographer
D. x-rays
31. Which of the following can provide a system or
technique in making visible those things that cannot be
seen by the naked eye?
A. Gamma rays
B. Photography
C. Photographer
D. x-rays
32. Another method for determining the cessation of
respiration is placing a fine feather and the like infront
of the lips and nostrils. The person is still breathing
when there what?
A. Blackening of the feather
B. movement of the feather
C. No moving of the feather
D. reddening of the feather
32. Another method for determining the cessation of
respiration is placing a fine feather and the like infront
of the lips and nostrils. The person is still breathing
when there what?
A. Blackening of the feather
B. movement of the feather
C. No moving of the feather
D. reddening of the feather
33. In dactyloscopy, plaster of paris is mainly used in?
A. Moulage
B. Developing alkaline
C. casting test
D. house construction
33. In dactyloscopy, plaster of paris is mainly used in?
A. Moulage
B. Developing alkaline
C. casting test
D. house construction
34. Can all physicians allowed to conduct Autopsy?
a. Yes
b. no
c. never
d. False
34. Can all physicians allowed to conduct Autopsy?
a. Yes
b. no
c. never
d. False
35. The test used in textile fibers.
a. photography
b. lie detection
c. burning and solubility test
d. comparison microscope
35. The test used in textile fibers.
a. photography
b. lie detection
c. burning and solubility test
d. comparison microscope
36. Brach of Metallurgy that involves the
microstructures of metals and alloys.
a. Metallography
b. alloygraphy
c. macro etching
d. micro etching
36. Brach of Metallurgy that involves the
microstructures of metals and alloys.
a. Metallography
b. alloygraphy
c. macro etching
d. micro etching
37. Three (3) types of poisons.
a. Organic, Inorganic, Biological

b. Hypnotic, Sedatives, Laxatives
c. Emetics, Biological, Inorganic
d. Organic, Sedatives, Biological
37. Three (3) types of poisons.
a. Organic, Inorganic, Biological

b. Hypnotic, Sedatives, Laxatives
c. Emetics, Biological, Inorganic
d. Organic, Sedatives, Biological
38. Antidote for Arsenic Poisoning.
a. Thiamine
b. Pyridoxine
c. Succimer
d. Fabahistine
38. Antidote for Arsenic Poisoning.
a. Thiamine
b. Pyridoxine
c. Succimer
d. Fabahistine
39. Breaking down of complex proteins into simpler
components associated with foul smelling gasses and
accompanied by chance in color of the body.
a. Putrefaction
b. Maceration
c. Mummification
d. Marbolization
39. Breaking down of complex proteins into simpler
components associated with foul smelling gasses and
accompanied by chance in color of the body.
a. Putrefaction
b. Maceration
c. Mummification
d. Marbolization
40. Can rigor mortis determine the time of death?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Never
d. Maybe
40. Can rigor mortis determine the time of death?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Never
d. Maybe
41. In post-mortem lividity, the blood cannot be
transferred even if the body has been moved to
another position when the blood is defused in the
____________.
a. tissues
b. plasma
c. Outer skin
d. Veins
41. In post-mortem lividity, the blood cannot be
transferred even if the body has been moved to
another position when the blood is defused in the
____________.
a. tissues
b. plasma
c. Outer skin
d. Veins
42. Most common form of asphyxia.
a. Strangulation
b. hanging
c. lynching
d. Garroting
42. Most common form of asphyxia.
a. Strangulation
b. hanging
c. lynching
d. Garroting
43. A condition in which the supply of oxygen to the
blood has been reduced below working levels. (5x
question)
a. Asphyxia
b. homicide
c. syncope
d. Coma
43. A condition in which the supply of oxygen to the
blood has been reduced below working levels. (5x
question)
a. Asphyxia
b. homicide
c. syncope
d. Coma
44. First police surgeon or forensic pathologist who
performed the autopsy of Julius Caesar.
a. Paul Zacchias
b. Antistius
c. Landsteiner
d. Hipocrates
44. First police surgeon or forensic pathologist who
performed the autopsy of Julius Caesar.
a. Paul Zacchias
b. Antistius
c. Landsteiner
d. Hipocrates
45. How many percent of alcohol is needed to be
considered that a person is intoxicated?
a. 0.05%
b. 0.10%
c. 0.15%
d. 1.05%
45. How many percent of alcohol is needed to be
considered that a person is intoxicated?
a. 0.05%
b. 0.10%
c. 0.15%
d. 1.05%
46. Used to see stains on clothes that are invisible to
a normal light.
a. X-ray
b. Infrared light
c. UV light
d. visible lights
46. Used to see stains on clothes that are invisible to
a normal light.
a. X-ray
b. Infrared light
c. UV light
d. visible lights
47. A little bit better than idiots.
a. Imbecile
b. Moron
c. Moral defficiency
d. Feeble-minded
47. A little bit better than idiots.
a. Imbecile
b. Moron
c. Moral defficiency
d. Feeble-minded
48. The poisonous gas that smells like a rotten egg.
a. Hydrogen sulfide
b. Sulfur dioxide
c. Hydrogen dioxide
d. Hydrochloride
48. The poisonous gas that smells like a rotten egg.
a. Hydrogen sulfide
b. Sulfur dioxide
c. Hydrogen dioxide
d. Hydrochloride
49. A violent volatile poison producing an almond odor
in vomit’s of the victim.
a. Plasma
b. Cyanide
c. Sulfur
d. Lead
49. A violent volatile poison producing an almond odor
in vomit’s of the victim.
a. Plasma
b. Cyanide
c. Sulfur
d. Lead
50. Another term for Ultra-violet light.
a. White light
b. Red light
c. Black light
d. Roentgen
50. Another term for Ultra-violet light.
a. White light
b. Red light
c. Black light
d. Roentgen
51. Covers the surface of the dermis with blunt peg-like
formation.
a. Epidermis
b. Sweat pores
c. Dermal papillae
d. Sweat gland
51. Covers the surface of the dermis with blunt peg-like
formation.
a. Epidermis
b. Sweat pores
c. Dermal papillae
d. Sweat gland
52. An instrument used to detect alcohol in human body.
a. Alcotest
b. Drunkometer
c. Breath analyzers
d. Intoximeter
52. An instrument used to detect alcohol in human body.
a. Alcotest
b. Drunkometer
c. Breath analyzers
d. Intoximeter
53. The morphological constituents of human hair.
a. Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle

b. Root, Shaft, Tip
c. Anagen, Catagen, Telogen
d. Refracting index, Birefringence, Density
53. The morphological constituents of human hair.
a. Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle

b. Root, Shaft, Tip
c. Anagen, Catagen, Telogen
d. Refracting index, Birefringence, Density
54. How many days after infliction does a “black-eye” can
be observed to be turning Purple?
a. 1-4 days
b. 4-5 days
c. 6-7 days
d. 8-9 days
54. How many days after infliction does a “black-eye” can
be observed to be turning Purple?
a. 1-4 days
b. 4-5 days
c. 6-7 days
d. 8-9 days
55. The two types of glass fractures are?
a. Radial and Ulnar fractures

b. Radial and Concentric fractures
c. Concentric and emetic fractures
d. Plain and one-way fractures
55. The two types of glass fractures are?
a. Radial and Ulnar fractures

b. Radial and Concentric fractures
c. Concentric and emetic fractures
d. Plain and one-way fractures
56. It refers to the last stage of toxological
examination.
a. Quantification
b. Microscopic examination
c. Biological
d. None of the following
56. It refers to the last stage of toxological
examination.
a. Quantification
b. Microscopic examination
c. Biological
d. None of the following
57. Human hair has medullary index of less than
________, and animal hair has a medullary index of
greater than _________.
a. 0.1, 0.2
b. 0.2, 0.3
c. 0.3, 0.5
d. 0.5, 0.7
57. Human hair has medullary index of less than
________, and animal hair has a medullary index of
greater than _________.
a. 0.1, 0.2
b. 0.2, 0.3
c. 0.3, 0.5
d. 0.5, 0.7
58. In the investigation of a rape case, use of ultra
violent light is a useful method because-
a. Only to establish whether certain stains, after they

have been located by some other method.
b. To locate stains, but not to establish whether they
are semen stains
c. Both to locate stains and to establish whether they
are semen stains
d. Neither for finding nor for determining their nature
58. In the investigation of a rape case, use of ultra
violent light is a useful method because-
a. Only to establish whether certain stains, after they

have been located by some other method.
b. To locate stains, but not to establish whether they
are semen stains
c. Both to locate stains and to establish whether they
are semen stains
d. Neither for finding nor for determining their nature
59. A drop of blood which falls from the moving object
or person is elongated and the splashes are found to
be concentrated around one end of the stain. As a
general rule, the splashes and the extension of the
drop of blood indicates –
a. Fresh blood
b. Dried stain
c. Direction of movement
d. Dead person
59. A drop of blood which falls from the moving object
or person is elongated and the splashes are found to
be concentrated around one end of the stain. As a
general rule, the splashes and the extension of the
drop of blood indicates –
a. Fresh blood
b. Dried stain
c. Direction of movement
d. Dead person
60. A characteristic of post-mortem symptom of carbon
monoxide poisoning is a –
a. Vary texture and appearance of the skin

b. Contorted position of the body
c. Pinkish lividity of all part of the body
d. Marked protuberance of the eyeballs
60. A characteristic of post-mortem symptom of carbon
monoxide poisoning is a –
a. Vary texture and appearance of the skin

b. Contorted position of the body
c. Pinkish lividity of all part of the body
d. Marked protuberance of the eyeballs
61. This condition mimics rigor mortis when the dead
body is exposed to very low temperature.
a. Cold stiffening
b. Heat stiffening
c. Cadaveric spasm
d. Instantaneous rigor
61. This condition mimics rigor mortis when the dead
body is exposed to very low temperature.
a. Cold stiffening
b. Heat stiffening
c. Cadaveric spasm
d. Instantaneous rigor
62. The type of special kind of death is done by making
convict face a firing squad and is put to death by a
volley of fire.
a. Musketry
b. Euthanasia
c. Judicial death
d. Hanging
62. The type of special kind of death is done by making
convict face a firing squad and is put to death by a
volley of fire.
a. Musketry
b. Euthanasia
c. Judicial death
d. Hanging
63. A form of sexual perversion where a male individual
derives pleasure from wearing the female apparels.
a. Homosexuality
b. Transexualism
c. Tranvestism
d. Intersexuality
63. A form of sexual perversion where a male individual
derives pleasure from wearing the female apparels.
a. Homosexuality
b. Transexualism
c. Tranvestism
d. Intersexuality
64. Portrait parle is correctly defined by which of the
following?
a. The verbal, accurate, and pictures que description of

the person identified
b. It is the file of pictures of missing or wanted
persons
c. The use of anthropometrical measurement of human body
as the basis for identification
d. It is the used of several evidences to eliminate or
include in choice for identification
64. Portrait parle is correctly defined by which of the
following?
a. The verbal, accurate, and pictures que description of

the person identified
b. It is the file of pictures of missing or wanted
persons
c. The use of anthropometrical measurement of human body
as the basis for identification
d. It is the used of several evidences to eliminate or
include in choice for identification
65. The restoration of tampered serial numbers can be
done by the use of –
a. Benzidine solution
b. Saline solution
c. Etching solution
d. Sulfuric acid
65. The restoration of tampered serial numbers can be
done by the use of –
a. Benzidine solution
b. Saline solution
c. Etching solution
d. Sulfuric acid
66. Period of time wherein human bones will not exhibit
changes.
a. 10 years
b. 20 years
c. 30 years
d. 40 years
66. Period of time wherein human bones will not exhibit
changes.
a. 10 years
b. 20 years
c. 30 years
d. 40 years
67. A wound produced by blunt object/instrument such as
log and stone.
a. Punctured
b. Incised
c. Lacerated
d. Stab wound
67. A wound produced by blunt object/instrument such as
log and stone.
a. Punctured
b. Incised
c. Lacerated
d. Stab wound
68. A physical injury which is found at the site and
also the opposite site of application of force.
a. Extensive injury
b. Coup injury
c. Contre coup injury
d. Coup and contre coup injury
68. A physical injury which is found at the site and
also the opposite site of application of force.
a. Extensive injury
b. Coup injury
c. Contre coup injury
d. Coup and contre coup injury
69. The fingerprint of a person appears on fetus between
_________ after conception.
a. 100-200 days
b. 100-120 days
c. 100-220 days
d. 100-150 days
69. The fingerprint of a person appears on fetus between
_________ after conception.
a. 100-200 days
b. 100-120 days
c. 100-220 days
d. 100-150 days
70. A type of burn produced as a result of the body come
in contact with a moving object.
a. Radiation burn
b. Electrical burn
c. Friction burn
d. Thermal burn
70. A type of burn produced as a result of the body come
in contact with a moving object.
a. Radiation burn
b. Electrical burn
c. Friction burn
d. Thermal burn
71. In cases of suicide, what would be the noticeable
muscular change?
a. Cold stiffening
b. Heat stiffening
c. Instantaneous rigor
d. Putrefaction
71. In cases of suicide, what would be the noticeable
muscular change?
a. Cold stiffening
b. Heat stiffening
c. Instantaneous rigor
d. Putrefaction
72.The following are types of medical evidence, except:
A. Photographic evidence
B. Experimental evidence
C. Testimonial evidence
D. Autoptic evidence
72.The following are types of medical evidence, except:
A. Photographic evidence
B. Experimental evidence
C. Testimonial evidence
D. Autoptic evidence
73.Some scientific methods of identification are the
following, except:
A. Fingerprinting
B. Handwriting
C. Dental identification
D. Identification by close friends and relatives
73.Some scientific methods of identification are the
following, except:
A. Fingerprinting
B. Handwriting
C. Dental identification
D. Identification by close friends and relatives
74.The greater the number of points of similarities and
dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater the
probability for the conclusion t be correct is found in the
A. Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification
B. All of the these
C. Identification by Comparison and Exclusion
D. Law of Super Imposition
74.The greater the number of points of similarities and
dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater the
probability for the conclusion t be correct is found in the
A. Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification
B. All of the these
C. Identification by Comparison and Exclusion
D. Law of Super Imposition
75.In the strict sense of the word, Forensic Medicine means
A. application of medicine to legal cases
B. application of medical science to elucidate legal
problems
C. knowledge of law in relation to practice of medicine
D. all of the above
75.In the strict sense of the word, Forensic Medicine means
A. application of medicine to legal cases
B. application of medical science to elucidate legal
problems
C. knowledge of law in relation to practice of medicine
D. all of the above
76.The different test to determine peripheral circulation
are the following, except
A. Magnus test
B. Diaphanous test
C. I card’s test
D. Winslow’s test
76.The different test to determine peripheral circulation
are the following, except
A. Magnus test
B. Diaphanous test
C. I card’s test
D. Winslow’s test
77.The following officials of the Philippine Government are
authorized to conduct death investigation, except -
A. Public Prosecutor
B. Judges of the regional trial court
C. Director PNP
D. SOCO team
77.The following officials of the Philippine Government are
authorized to conduct death investigation, except -
A. Public Prosecutor
B. Judges of the regional trial court
C. Director PNP
D. SOCO team
78.The following statements are important in death
determination. Which is not valid?
A. Civil personality of a natural person is extinguished
by death
B. Civil property of a person is transmitted to the
heirs, if not, to the government
C. The death of the partner is one of the causes of
dissolution of partnership agreement
D. The criminal liability of a person is extinguished by
death
78.The following statements are important in death
determination. Which is not valid?
A. Civil personality of a natural person is extinguished
by death
B. Civil property of a person is transmitted to the
heirs, if not, to the government
C. The death of the partner is one of the causes of
dissolution of partnership agreement
D. The criminal liability of a person is extinguished by
death
79.The following are kinds of death, which one is not?
A. Somatic or Clinical Death
B. State of Suspended Animation
C. Cellular or Molecular Death
D. Regulated Death
79.The following are kinds of death, which one is not?
A. Somatic or Clinical Death
C. Cellular or Molecular Death
D. Regulated Death
80.In molecular or cellular death, death of individual
cells is with in
A. 3-6 minutes
B. 3-6 hours
C. 20-30 minutes
D. 20-30 hours
80.In molecular or cellular death, death of individual
cells is with in
A. 3-6 minutes
B. 3-6 hours
C. 20-30 minutes
D. 20-30 hours
81.Post-mortem lividity has the following mechanisms:
A. Hypostatic pressure
B. Diffusion
C. Gravitational pressure
D. All of the above
81.Post-mortem lividity has the following mechanisms:
A. Hypostatic pressure
B. Diffusion
C. Gravitational pressure
D. All of the above
82.Of the following kinds of death, which one is relevant
to Organ Transportation?
A. Somatic or clinical Death
C. Molecular Death
D. Cellular Death
82.Of the following kinds of death, which one is relevant
to Organ Transportation?
A. Somatic or clinical Death
C. Molecular Death
D. Cellular Death
83.Hanging is asphyxia due to the constriction of the neck
as a result of suspension in which the weight of the body
pulls upon the ligature. What differentiates it from
strangulation by a ligature therefore is:
A. The factor of suspension
B. Hanging raises a presumption of suicide
C. Strangulation is usually homicidal
D. All of the above
83.Hanging is asphyxia due to the constriction of the neck
as a result of suspension in which the weight of the body
pulls upon the ligature. What differentiates it from
strangulation by a ligature therefore is:
A. The factor of suspension
B. Hanging raises a presumption of suicide
C. Strangulation is usually homicidal
D. All of the above
84.Distinctions between ante-mortem from post-mortem clot
are the following. Which one is not valid?
A. Ante-mortem clot is firm in consistency
B. Clot is homogenous in construction so it cannot be
stripped into layers
C. Clot with varied colours
D. Surface of the blood vessels are raw after the clots
are removed
84.Distinctions between ante-mortem from post-mortem clot
are the following. Which one is not valid?
A. Ante-mortem clot is firm in consistency
B. Clot is homogenous in construction so it cannot be
stripped into layers
C. Clot with varied colours
D. Surface of the blood vessels are raw after the clots
are removed
85.Post-mortem lividity maybe due to any of the following,
except:
A. Hypostasis
B. Autolysis
C. Diffusion
D. Suggillation
85.Post-mortem lividity maybe due to any of the following,
except:
A. Hypostasis
B. Autolysis
C. Diffusion
D. Suggillation
86.Comprehensive study of dead body, performed by a trained
Physician, to determine the cause of death:
A. Autopsy
B. Biopsies
C. Dissection
D. Physicians
86.Comprehensive study of dead body, performed by a trained
Physician, to determine the cause of death:
A. Autopsy
B. Biopsies
C. Dissection
D. Physicians
87.Articles and materials found in the crime scene:
A. Physical evidence
B. Associative evidence
C. Evidence
D. Tracing evidence
87.Articles and materials found in the crime scene:
A. Physical evidence
B. Associative evidence
C. Evidence
D. Tracing evidence
88.Circumscribed extravation of blood or subcutaneous
tissue or underneath the mucous membrane.
A. Contusion
B. Petechia
C. Abrasion
D. All of them
88.Circumscribed extravation of blood or subcutaneous
tissue or underneath the mucous membrane.
A. Contusion
B. Petechia
C. Abrasion
D. All of them
89.One is a condition that can approximate the time of
death.
A. Cadaver
B. Magnus test
C. Rigor mortis
D. None of these
89.One is a condition that can approximate the time of
death.
A. Cadaver
B. Magnus test
C. Rigor mortis
D. None of these
90.The means sanctioned by the law, of ascertaining the
judicial power/proceeding, the truth respecting the matter
of fact.
A. Polygraph
B. Evidence
C. Lie detector
D. All of these
90.The means sanctioned by the law, of ascertaining the
judicial power/proceeding, the truth respecting the matter
of fact.
A. Polygraph
B. Evidence
C. Lie detector
D. All of these
91.Determination of individuality of a person or thing:
A. Description
B. Perception
C. Identification
D. All of these
91.Determination of individuality of a person or thing:
A. Description
B. Perception
C. Identification
D. All of these
92.It is any unusual pattern of sexual behavior including
habitual, preference and completing need for sexual
gratification by any means except sexual intercourse which
results to bodily excitement
A. Virginity
B. Sexual intercourse
C. Prostitution
D. Sexual deviation
92.It is any unusual pattern of sexual behavior including
habitual, preference and completing need for sexual
gratification by any means except sexual intercourse which
results to bodily excitement
A. Virginity
B. Sexual intercourse
C. Prostitution
D. Sexual deviation
93.An open wound produced by a sharp-pointed instrument and
is characterized by a small opening of the wound.
A. Gunshot wound
B. Stab wound
C. Shrapnel wound
D. Punctured wound
93.An open wound produced by a sharp-pointed instrument and
is characterized by a small opening of the wound.
A. Gunshot wound
B. Stab wound
C. Shrapnel wound
D. Punctured wound
94.A physical injury wherein the offended victim is
incapacitated for work or requires medical assistance for
10 days or more but not more than 30 days.
B. Mutilation
D. less serious physical injury
94.A physical injury wherein the offended victim is
incapacitated for work or requires medical assistance for
10 days or more but not more than 30 days.
B. Mutilation
D. less serious physical injury
95.It is the type of burn due to gamma rays and which is
difficult to remedy:
A. Thermal burn
B. Electric burn
C. Chemical burn
D. Radiation burn
95.It is the type of burn due to gamma rays and which is
difficult to remedy:
A. Thermal burn
B. Electric burn
C. Chemical burn
D. Radiation burn
96.Under the management of Lt. Darby during the American
occupation in the Philippines, a modern and complete
fingerprint file has been established for the Philippine
commonwealth. In 1937, the first Filipino fingerprint
technician employed by the Phil. Constabulary was
A. Mr. Generoso Reyes
B. Mr. Amado Delos Santos
C. Mr. Calixto Solis
D. None of these
96.Under the management of Lt. Darby during the American
occupation in the Philippines, a modern and complete
fingerprint file has been established for the Philippine
commonwealth. In 1937, the first Filipino fingerprint
technician employed by the Phil. Constabulary was
A. Mr. Generoso Reyes
B. Mr. Amado Delos Santos
C. Mr. Calixto Solis
D. None of these
97.What is the intermediate and the thickest layer of the
hair and is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils
which cohere? They contain pigment granules in varying
proportion depending on the type of hair.
A. Medulla
B. Cortex
C. Core
D. Cuticle
97.What is the intermediate and the thickest layer of the
hair and is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils
which cohere? They contain pigment granules in varying
proportion depending on the type of hair.
A. Medulla
B. Cortex
C. Core
D. Cuticle
98.It is the art of extracting and working on metals by the
application of chemical and physical knowledge.
A. Cryptography
B. Metallurgy
C. Casting
D. Matalisky
98.It is the art of extracting and working on metals by the
application of chemical and physical knowledge.
A. Cryptography
B. Metallurgy
C. Casting
D. Matalisky
99. The branch of geology that deals with the systematic
classification and identification of rocks, rock forming
minerals and soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe
insulation, ceramics and other such materials, both natural
and artificial.
A. Petrography
B. Serology
C. Anthropology
D. Ecology
99. The branch of geology that deals with the systematic
classification and identification of rocks, rock forming
minerals and soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe
insulation, ceramics and other such materials, both natural
and artificial.
A. Petrography
B. Serology
C. Anthropology
D. Ecology
100.In a fire, the presence of reddish brown smoke
indicates
A. Nitrocellulose
B. Sulfuric acid
C. Nitric acid
D. All of these
100.In a fire, the presence of reddish brown smoke
indicates
A. Nitrocellulose
B. Sulfuric acid
C. Nitric acid
D. All of these
LEGAL MEDICINE
SET 3
By
1. Smothering means _____
A. Blockage of the external air-passages
B. Blockage of the upper airways
C. Stagnant anoxic death
D. None of these
1. Smothering means _____
A. Blockage of the external air-passages
B. Blockage of the upper airways
D. None of these
2. ______ is associated with the failure of the
arterial blood to become normally saturated with oxygen
A. Anoxic death
B. Anemic anoxic death
D. None of these
2. ______ is associated with the failure of the
arterial blood to become normally saturated with oxygen
A. Anoxic death
B. Anemic anoxic death
D. None of these
3. It is produced by compression of the neck by means of
ligature which s tightened by a force other than the
weight of the body
A. Strangulation by ligature
B. Hanging
C. Throttling
D. Gagging
3. It is produced by compression of the neck by means of
ligature which s tightened by a force other than the
weight of the body
A. Strangulation by ligature
B. Hanging
C. Throttling
D. Gagging
4. This is a form of asphyxia death whereby the
constrict force applied in the neck is the hand.
A. Throttling
B. Gagging
C. Mugging
D. None of these
4. This is a form of asphyxia death whereby the
constrict force applied in the neck is the hand.
A. Throttling
B. Gagging
C. Mugging
D. None of these
5. It is the process of dissolution of tissues by
digestive action of the enzymes and bacteria resulting
to liquefaction of tissues and liberation of foul-
smelling gases
A. Saponification
B. Decomposition
C. Putrefaction
D. Maceration
5. It is the process of dissolution of tissues by
digestive action of the enzymes and bacteria resulting
to liquefaction of tissues and liberation of foul-
smelling gases
A. Saponification
B. Decomposition
C. Putrefaction
D. Maceration
6. Is the stage of the body after death at which the
muscle starts to stiffen or harden and usually start at
about 3 to 6 hrs after death.
A. Primary flaccidity
B. Post mortem rigidity
C. Secondary flaccidity
D. Cadaveric spasm
6. Is the stage of the body after death at which the
muscle starts to stiffen or harden and usually start at
about 3 to 6 hrs after death.
A. Primary flaccidity
B. Post mortem rigidity
C. Secondary flaccidity
D. Cadaveric spasm
7. According to Phopel, there are five level of
stiffening of the joints. What level is that where some
stiffening allows relaxed repetitive movement of the
hands?
A. Level IV
B. Level II
C. Level III
D. Level I
7. According to Phopel, there are five level of
stiffening of the joints. What level is that where some
stiffening allows relaxed repetitive movement of the
hands?
A. Level IV
B. Level II
C. Level III
D. Level I
8. Is the stiffening of certain group of muscles
occurring at the moment of death, usually associated
with violent death due to extreme nervous tension, or
even fatigue?
A. Heat stiffenng
B. Rigor stiffening
C. Cadaveric spasm
D. Cold stiffening
8. Is the stiffening of certain group of muscles
occurring at the moment of death, usually associated
with violent death due to extreme nervous tension, or
even fatigue?
A. Heat stiffenng
B. Rigor stiffening
C. Cadaveric spasm
D. Cold stiffening
9. Is a type of death characterized by death of
individual cell which occurs one at a time usually at
the onset of rigor mortis
A. Somatic death
B. Suspended animation
C. Molecular or cellular
D. Cold stiffening
9. Is a type of death characterized by death of
individual cell which occurs one at a time usually at
the onset of rigor mortis
A. Somatic death
B. Suspended animation
C. Molecular or cellular
D. Cold stiffening
10. What is death due to mercy killing of a sick person
A. Natural death
B. Negligent death
C. Euthanasia
D. Violent death
10. What is death due to mercy killing of a sick person
A. Natural death
B. Negligent death
C. Euthanasia
D. Violent death
11. Is the stiffening of the blood in the dependent
portion of the body which is important in determining
the position of the body after death?
A. Rigor mortis
B. Hypostatic death
C. Livor mortis
D. Diffusion lividity
11. Is the stiffening of the blood in the dependent
portion of the body which is important in determining
the position of the body after death?
A. Rigor mortis
B. Hypostatic death
C. Livor mortis
D. Diffusion lividity
12. What type of an instrument will cause an incised
wound?
A. Blunt
B. Sharp edge
C. Sharp edge and sharp pointed
D. Sharp pointed instrument
12. What type of an instrument will cause an incised
wound?
A. Blunt
B. Sharp edge
C. Sharp edge and sharp pointed
D. Sharp pointed instrument
13. What is other name for cell clump?
A. Overlapping
B. Agglutinate
C. Clumping
D. Constipation
13. What is other name for cell clump?
A. Overlapping
B. Agglutinate
C. Clumping
D. Constipation
14. What kind of skin is dry, and dead, peeled away from
the surface skin?
A. Slight skin
B. Burned skin
C. Incipient ridge
D. Scarf skin
14. What kind of skin is dry, and dead, peeled away from
the surface skin?
A. Slight skin
B. Burned skin
C. Incipient ridge
D. Scarf skin
15. Rigor mortis is very important in determining the
approximate time of death for its starts at about 3-6
hrs and complete at ____
A. 36 hrs
B. 24 hrs
C. 12 hrs
D. 48 hrs
15. Rigor mortis is very important in determining the
approximate time of death for its starts at about 3-6
hrs and complete at ____
A. 36 hrs
B. 24 hrs
C. 12 hrs
D. 48 hrs
16. In which instance can you get more evidence of
poisoning
A. When the victim survive
B. When the victim died
C. When the suspect was arrested
D. When the victim was aware of the poisoning
16. In which instance can you get more evidence of
poisoning
A. When the victim survive
B. When the victim died
C. When the suspect was arrested
D. When the victim was aware of the poisoning
17. When there is poisoning?
A. When the substance was introduced to the body
B. When the poisons combined with the food
C. When the substance is absorbed by the body and act
chemically.
D. When the substance is introduced to the body and
absorb
17. When there is poisoning?
A. When the substance was introduced to the body
B. When the poisons combined with the food
C. When the substance is absorbed by the body and act
chemically.
D. When the substance is introduced to the body and
absorb
18. Is a pathological classification of death which is
characterized by increasing dyspnea?
A. coma
B. asphyxia
C. syncope
D. somatic
18. Is a pathological classification of death which is
characterized by increasing dyspnea?
A. coma
B. asphyxia
C. syncope
D. somatic
19. the following are changes in the body notes 24 hours
after death, except one:
A. cooling
B. hypostasis
C. rigor mortis
D. putrefaction
19. the following are changes in the body notes 24 hours
after death, except one:
A. cooling
B. hypostasis
C. rigor mortis
D. putrefaction
20. the following are types of chemical asphyxia except
one:
A. strangulation
B. crushing
C. smothering
D. cyanide poisoning
20. the following are types of chemical asphyxia except
one:
A. strangulation
B. crushing
C. smothering
D. cyanide poisoning
21. what causes the pink color of blood and tissue of
gunshot wound entry
A. carbon monoxide
B. cellulose nitrite
C. carbon dioxide
D. hydrogen disulphide
21. what causes the pink color of blood and tissue of
gunshot wound entry
A. carbon monoxide
B. cellulose nitrite
C. carbon dioxide
D. hydrogen disulphide
22. in paraffin test, the blue reaction with lungs
reagent would mean the presence of?
A. sulphide
B. nitrite
C. carbon
D. nitrate
22. in paraffin test, the blue reaction with lungs
reagent would mean the presence of?
A. sulphide
B. nitrite
C. carbon
D. nitrate
23. it is a type of virginity in which a woman has
awareness and had sexual indulgence but the hymen is
considered intact
A. virgo intacta
B. demi virgin
C. moral virginity
D. physical virginity
23. it is a type of virginity in which a woman has
awareness and had sexual indulgence but the hymen is
considered intact
A. virgo intacta
B. demi virgin
C. moral virginity
D. physical virginity
24. which of the following characteristic cannot be
easily changed?
A. body paraphernalia
B. growth of hair
C. clothing
D. speech
24. which of the following characteristic cannot be
easily changed?
A. body paraphernalia
B. growth of hair
C. clothing
D. speech
25. refers to the identification of dead person through
dental structure
A. odontology
B. skeletal identification
C. anthropometry
D. prenology
25. refers to the identification of dead person through
dental structure
A. odontology
B. skeletal identification
C. anthropometry
D. prenology
26. which of the following is a potential biological
agent
A. Viagra
B. hydrogen
C. Anthrax
D. smallpox
26. which of the following is a potential biological
agent
A. Viagra
B. hydrogen
C. Anthrax
D. smallpox
27.Which evidence offers least resistance to decomposition?
A. Semen
B. Urine
C. Hair
D. Blood
27.Which evidence offers least resistance to decomposition?
A. Semen
B. Urine
C. Hair
D. Blood
28.For many years the most commonly used preliminary test
for blood is the
A. Plasma count
B. Serum test
C. Benzidine test
D. Barberio’s test
28.For many years the most commonly used preliminary test
for blood is the
A. Plasma count
B. Serum test
C. Benzidine test
D. Barberio’s test
29. It is the clogging of the blood vessel by
foreign bodies such as air or bits of fats or septic
embolus causing blocking to the blood flow to the distal
tissues supplied by the blood.
A. Embolism
B. Bleeding
C. Hemorrhage
D. Infection
29. It is the clogging of the blood vessel by
foreign bodies such as air or bits of fats or septic
embolus causing blocking to the blood flow to the distal
tissues supplied by the blood.
A. Embolism
B. Bleeding
C. Hemorrhage
D. Infection
30. Which has been known as the circulating tissue of
the body?
A. brain
B. skin
C. Mucus membrane
D. None of these
30. Which has been known as the circulating tissue of
the body?
A. brain
B. skin
C. Mucus membrane
D. None of these
31. The yellowish fluid of blood in which numerous blood
corpuscles is called
A. Serum
B. Plasma
C. Red cells
D. Cloth
31. The yellowish fluid of blood in which numerous blood
corpuscles is called
A. Serum
B. Plasma
C. Red cells
D. Cloth
32. What test is used to determine whether blood is a
human or non-human origin?
A. Marquis test
B. Precipitin test
C. Baberios test
D. Levine test
32. What test is used to determine whether blood is a
human or non-human origin?
A. Marquis test
B. Precipitin test
C. Baberios test
D. Levine test
33. ____ is a specialized epithelial outgrowth of the
skin which occur everywhere on the human body except on
the palm of the hands and the sole of the feet.
A. nails
B. skin
C. hair
D. pores
33. ____ is a specialized epithelial outgrowth of the
skin which occur everywhere on the human body except on
the palm of the hands and the sole of the feet.
A. nails
B. skin
C. hair
D. pores
34. What kind of fluid is used to restore tampered
serial numbers?
A. Etching fluid
B. STP fluid
C. Motolite fluid
D. Gun serial fluid
34. What kind of fluid is used to restore tampered
serial numbers?
A. Etching fluid
B. STP fluid
C. Motolite fluid
D. Gun serial fluid
35. As regards the relation of the site of the
application of force and location of injury, the injury
found at site of the application of force is called
A. Coup injury
B. Contre injury
C. Coup contre coup injury
D. Locus minoris resistancia
35. As regards the relation of the site of the
application of force and location of injury, the injury
found at site of the application of force is called
A. Coup injury
B. Contre injury
C. Coup contre coup injury
D. Locus minoris resistancia
36. Wound characterized by products of forcible contact
are called
A. Abrasion
B. Multiple wound
C. Mutilation
D. Punctured
36. Wound characterized by products of forcible contact
are called
A. Abrasion
B. Multiple wound
C. Mutilation
D. Punctured
37. All forms of violent death which results primarily
from the interference with the process of respiration or
to condition in which the supply of oxygen to the blood
or tissue or both has been reduced below normal level
are called
A. Death by asphyxia
B. Death by mutilation
C. Death by injection
D. Death by violence
37. All forms of violent death which results primarily
from the interference with the process of respiration or
to condition in which the supply of oxygen to the blood
or tissue or both has been reduced below normal level
are called
A. Death by asphyxia
B. Death by mutilation
C. Death by injection
D. Death by violence
38. It is defined as a remedy or process by which a
child born out of lawful wedlock and are therefore
considered illegitimate are by fiction of law considered
by subsequent valid marriage of the parents.
A. Adoption
B. Legitimation
C. Foster parenting
D. Naturalization
38. It is defined as a remedy or process by which a
child born out of lawful wedlock and are therefore
considered illegitimate are by fiction of law considered
by subsequent valid marriage of the parents.
A. Adoption
B. Legitimation
C. Foster parenting
D. Naturalization
39. The introduction of seminal fluid with spermatozoa
in the generative of a woman by any means of springe,
pipette, irrigator, etc is called
A. penetration
B. insertion
C. insemination
D. fingering
39. The introduction of seminal fluid with spermatozoa
in the generative of a woman by any means of springe,
pipette, irrigator, etc is called
A. penetration
B. insertion
C. insemination
D. fingering
40. The physical incapacity of either sex to allow or
grant to the other legitimate sexual gratification.
A. Sterility
B. Impotency
C. Frigidity
D. Erectile failure
40. The physical incapacity of either sex to allow or
grant to the other legitimate sexual gratification.
A. Sterility
B. Impotency
C. Frigidity
D. Erectile failure
41. The continues accountability of persons handling
evidences, and having responsibility of taking care and
preserving the evidences from the time it was found
until brought to court for presentation is called
A. Chain of events
B. Key events
C. Chain of custody of evidence
D. Chain of command
41. The continues accountability of persons handling
evidences, and having responsibility of taking care and
preserving the evidences from the time it was found
until brought to court for presentation is called
A. Chain of events
B. Key events
C. Chain of custody of evidence
D. Chain of command

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PAIMALAN I RAMOS

Criminologist Licensure Examination

Sir Raymart S. Paimalan

Sir Charlemagne James P. Ramos

Legal medicine Forensic medicine Medical Jurisprudence

1. Origin Originates from the Emanates from the acts of

Application of medical and paramedical sciences as demanded

• The ability to acquire facts

Answer: Jurisprudence, Common law, Customary

Answer: D. Written law, Statutory law, Lex

• When the court has once laid down a principle of law or

1871 Teaching of Legal Medicine as an Universidad de

Suspension of respiration without death

The following combinations of signs

Average duration is only one hour and fifty‐one

Requirement Must have the consent It is the law that gives the

Emphasis Notation of all Emphasis laid on effect of

Conclusion Summation of all Must be specific for the

Minor or non‐ Need not be If the investigator thinks it is

Disarticulate sternoclavicular joint and cut

Go to the abdominal cavity, remove

Newborn 12‐.26 grams 25‐35 years 19.8 grams

1‐5 years 22.08 grams 36‐45 years 16.27 grams

6‐10 years 26.15 grams 46‐55 years 12.85 grams

11‐15 years 37.52 grams 56‐65 years 6.08 grams

15‐20 years 25.52 grams 66‐75 years 6.00 grams

Failure to use an X-ray for

The description of the wounds must be

The examination must not be influenced by any other

Nitrate Pink to red blue No color

Nitrocellulose Pink Blue‐black No color

Nitroglycerin Pink to red Blue No color

PETN Pink to red Blue No color

RDX Pink to red Blue No color

TNT No color No color Red

Tetryl Pink to red Blue Red Violet

• If death has been IMMEDIATE

• If death occurred AFTER A LAPSE OF SEVERAL

2 Hours Post‐mortem Caloricity (Rise of temperature of the body)

6‐8 Hours BLOOD: Fluid inside blood vessels

12 Hours after Rigor Mortis and Livor Mortis: Full Development / Completion

24 Hours Entemology of Cadaver: Usual time for hatching egg of flies into larva;

24 Hours Presence of live fleas in clothes in drowning cases.

18‐36 Hours Duration of RIGOR MORTIS in tropical countries (summer)

2‐3 Days Duration of RIGOR MORTIS in temperate countries

‐Concerned with the proper collection,

‐ the constituent of blood responsible for the formation of

‐The most abundant protein in the blood

‐The soluble precursor of fibrin which forms blood clot

‐Straw‐colored liquid squeezed out of clotted blood if

‐ means blood clumping

1) It is sable‐ it can be isolated from material even after a long period

‐A technique for replicating or copying a portion of a

1‐5 to 3‐5 cc. ‐ the normal quantity of seminal fluid in a single

‐Also called propellant or powder charge

1) 0 to 2 inches (contact firing) – there is the presence of all the

‐Determines the presence and distribution of nitrates through the

‐Minute specks of blue in color will appear when positive for

1) PROPELLANT OF LOW EXPLOSIVES

‐ Determines the general group to which a fiber belongs

‐ The most reliable and best means of identifying

‐Branch of metallurgy that deals with the study of the microstructure of

‐Chemicals used in restoring tampered serial