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Syllabus
Metrology
Accuracy and Precision
Errors
Measuring Instruments & Calibration
Types of Geometric Form & measurements
(GD&T)
Metro Measurement
Logy Science
evaluation of a dimension.
Industries.
Prof S P Dhavane/ Prof V P Kulkarni MIT
AOE
Objectives of Metrology
Ensure the Material, parts and components conform
Accuracy : The Closeness of the Measured Value with the True Value
Precision :
The repeatability of the Measuring Devices OR
It is the degree to which an instrument gives repeated measurements.
i) Alignment errors
ii) Environmental errors-pressure
,temp, humidity, magnetic field.
iii) Parallox errors
iv) Contact errors
v) Support Error
vi) Dirt Error
2.Environmental effect
4.Alignment Method
6.Support error
Prof S P Dhavane/ Prof V P Kulkarni MIT
AOE
Examples of
Failed Measurements
Linear measurements :
gauge
Angular measurements :
Precision
Non-Precision Type
Graduated Non-graduated
Rulers,Vernier
Calipers,Micrometer,Dial Calipers,Sine Bar,Gauges
Gauage,Protectors
2. Vernier Calipers
3. Dial Indicators
4. Telescopic Gauges
6. Thickness Gauges
7. Straight Edge
Spring loaded
• What is GD & T ?
• History
• Modifiers
• All 14 Characteristics
Tolerance
• It is a Allowable Variation In Any Measurable Property.
• The total amount that features of the part are permitted to vary from the
specified dimension.
• The tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits.
• Two common methods to specify tolerances
– limit tolerances
– plus-minus tolerances
Benefits of GD & T
• It is international language.
• It comprises of symbols, rules and definitions for defining geometry of a
part.
• Uniformity in drawings, better designs, No assumptions, large tolerances.
14 characteristic
symbols with Individual
geometric type (No Datum Reference)
control:
• Form – 4 Individual Or Related
• Profile – 2 Feature
• Orientation – 3
• Location – 3
• Run out – 2
Related Feature
(Datum Reference
Required)
Modifiers are symbols which defines conditions for the tolerance zone of a geometric
tolerance.
Additional symbols
Tolerance zone: surface shall be contained Feeler gauge (not more accurate)
between two parallel planes 0.030 apart.
Prof S P Dhavane/ Prof V P Kulkarni MIT
AOE
Form Tolerances : Circularity
Circularity symbol is used to describe how close an object should be a true circle.
• Circularity symbol is used to describe how close an object should be a true cylinder.
• It is two dimensional tolerance that controls overall form of cylindrical feature to ensure
it is round enough and straight enough along its axis.
Axis Perpendicularity
Surface Perpendicularity
Height gauge
Tolerance zone :
Axis should between two
Tolerance zone : between parallel planes 0.03 apart which
two parallel planes 0.03 are perpendicular to datum A.
apart which are
Prof S P Dhavane/ Prof V P Kulkarni MIT
perpendicular to datum A. AOE
Orientation Tolerances ∶ Angularity
Position
Tolerance zone : Axis of hole shall be contained within a cylinder of diameter of 0.030
Concentricity
Symmetry
Run out
Tolerance zone : The radial run out should not be greater than 0.030 in any plane of
measurement during one revolution about the datum axis A.
Prof S P Dhavane/ Prof V P Kulkarni MIT AOE
Run Out Tolerances ∶ Run out and Total Run out
Tolerance zone : The total radial run out should not be greater than 0.030 in at any
point on specified surface during several revolutions about datum axis A and with
relative axial movement between part and measuring instrument.
Prof S P Dhavane/ Prof V P Kulkarni MIT AOE
Calibration
Calibration: Process of checking the accuracy of the Measuring
Instruments or the dimensions & Tolerances of a gauge by comparing
it with same or standard instrument/Guaooge which has been
certified as per standards
Need of Calibration
Procedure Of Calibration
B) Wedge Method
B) Wedge Method