AIM: How are changes in energy measured?

(1/28)
Do Now:
1) How do you change the phase of matter?
2) Write the phase changes for diagram below:
Announcements
• Read ch.16
2nd Semester Grades
• Grading:
• - Major Assessments/Projects: 40%
• - Quizzes: 10%
• - Lab reports: 10%
• - Homework/Notebook: 10%
• - Participation: 10%
• - Regents Exam: 20%
2nd Semester Topics:
• reaction kinetics
• Solutions
• Equilibrium
• acid and bases
• redox and electrochemistry
• organic chemistry.
• Temperature: the average kinetic energy of the molecules
of a substance
- As temperature increases the molecules of a substance
have more freedom to move around.
• Heat is the energy transferred between objects at
different temperatures
• Energy is always transferred from higher temp to lower
temp
• Ex. Heat is transferred from liquid water to ice cube
• Calorie: the amount of energy it takes to raise 1.00 g of
water by 1 °C
• Joule: the amount of work done by a force of one
Newton moving an object one meter (1.00 cal = 4.18 J)
- “Chemistry” calories and “food” calories are not the
same thing!
- “Food” calories are kilocalories (spelled Calories,
CAPITAL “C”)
 Energy
S→ L→G
• Energy/heat is absorbed (endothermic)

G→ L→ S
• Energy/heat is released (exothermic)

• Energy must be absorbed to break a bond

• Energy is released when bonds are made
• Most chemical reactions, however, involve both bond
breaking and bond making.
• Transfer of heat does not always result in change of
temperature
• Temp remains constant during phase change
• Solid and Liquid – Heat of Fusion
• Liquid and Vapor – Heat of vaporization
• Both indicated on reference table
Heating Curve
• Specific Heat Capacity (C): the amount of heat per
unit mass required to raise the temperature of that
substance by 1 °C. (Generally measured in J/g • °C)

• High specific heat capacity = material retains heat well

• Good conductors of heat tend to have low specific
heat capacity values
 q=Cpm∆T
Q = heat change (+ = gained, - = lost) in JOULES
m = mass in GRAMS (sometimes in moles)
C = specific heat capacity (usually 4.18 for water)
∆T = final temperature minus initial temperature in
Celsius or Kelvin
• Ex) Determine the specific heat capacity of a metal if
a 550 g sample of it loses 44,500 J of heat as its
temperature changes from 329 to 228 °C.
• Calorimeter: device used to measure
the heat of a chemical reaction, or a
phase change or to determine the
specific heat of an unknown.
• Energy lost by reaction = Energy
gained by water
(- energy = + energy)

Ex) A 10.5 g metallic sample at 400 °C is placed in a

calorimeter containing 250.0 g of water initially at 25
°C . Eventually, the temperature of both the water and
the sample reach 32 °C . What is the specific heat of
the metal?
• Ex 2) Determine the final temperature when a 25.0
g piece of iron at 85.0 °C is placed into 75.0 grams
of water at 20.0 °C. (Ciron= 0.45 J/oC)
Key Terms
• Potential energy (PE): energy that is STORED in a
substance. As heat is added to a substance
(regardless of temperature change) potential
energy increases b/c heat energy is converted into
potential energy.
• Kinetic energy(KE): energy in the form of motion.
Molecules gain kinetic energy and move more with
increasing temperature.
• An increase in temperature causes an increase in
kinetic energy. If temperature does NOT increase,
kinetic energy does NOT increase.
Practice
• 1. 40.0 g ice at 0.0 oC is mixed with 250.0 g water at 90.0 oC .
Determine the final temperature of the mixture, assuming
everything is liquid water in the end. Cice=2.06 J/goC

• 2. A substance weighing 124 g at 25 oC has a specific heat of

0.931 J/goC. 640 J are added. What is the final temperature?

• 3. What is the final temperature when 32.2 g liquid bromine at

14.9 oC mixes with 64.4 g liquid bromine at 46.8 oC?

• 4. How many joules are required to heat 46.2 g aluminum from

35.8 oC to 78.1 oC if its specific heat is 0.902 J/goC?
Thermodynamics: the study of energy conversions
• System: the substance that is being studied
• Surroundings: everything outside of the system, the
environment
• Always evaluate the surroundings! It is too difficult to
determine what is going on with the system!
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics/Law of Conservation of
Energy - energy cannot be created or destroyed but
can be changed from one form to another
• Energy lost by the system = Energy gained by the
surroundings
Potential Energy Diagrams
1) Activation Energy (EA)
• Energy required to start a reaction
• Every reaction requires this energy (Like the hill at a beginning
of a roller coaster)
2) Transition State (Ts)/Activated Complex
• High energy intermediate; unstable and short
• Very unstable, Lasts for an extremely short period of time
3) Change in Enthalpy (∆H)
• Heat of the reaction
• ∆H = products - reactants
• Represents change in energy
• Can be positive or negative
Exothermic Reactions: (copy energy diagram)
• Reactions that release heat/energy into the
surroundings.
• Products have less energy than the reactants
(-∆H)
• The system loses energy as the reaction progresses
• A+B → AB + heat
Endothermic Reactions: (copy energy diagram)
• Reactions that absorb heat/energy from the
environment
• Products have more energy than reactants (+∆H)
• The system gains energy as the reaction progresses
• Heat + A + B → AB
Comparison
Exothermic v.s Endothermic