GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmadabad Affiliated

Government Engineering College, Palanpur

A
Report on
“ road intersection for controlling traffic ”
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING-2A (215001)
B.E. (Civil Engineering), Semester- V,
Submitted By
1 BHARATIYA RAJKUMAR A. 170610106003
2 GAMIT HITESHKUMAR J. 170610106022
3 PATEL RUTUKUMAR Y. 170610106044
4 SINGH ROHIT C. 170610106054
5 VAGDA SACHIN V. 170610106060

Under the guidance of

Prof. R.K.RATHOD SIR
(Faculty Guide)
Prof. P.C.VASANI
(HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT) Academic Year-2019

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PALANPUR
 Department of Civil Engineering

Certificate

This is to certify that the Design Engineering – 2A (215001) Project Report entitled
“DESIGN OF ROAD INTERSECTION FOR CONTROLLING TRAFFIC ” has been
carried out by Bharatiya raj a. (170610106003), Gamit hiteshkumar j. (170610106022),
Patel rutukumar y. (170610106044), Singh rohit c. (170610106054), Vagda Sachin v.
(170610106060) . under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering (5th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2019-2020.

Prof .R.K.RATHOD SIR Prof. P.C.Vasani

Internal Guide Head of the Department
Dept.of Civil Engg. Dept.of Civil Engg.
GEC – PALANPUR GEC – PALANPUR
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PALANPUR

Department of Civil Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the Design Engineering – 1B (2140002) Project Report entitled
“DESIGN OF ROAD INTERSECTION FOR CONTROLLING TRAFFIC” has been
carried out by Bharatiya raj a. (170610106003), Gamit hiteshkumar j. (170610106022),
Patel rutukumar y. (170610106044), Singh rohit c. (170610106054), Vagda Sachin v.
(170610106060). under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering (5th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2019-2020.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: _____________ Date: ___________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected guidence Prof.
R.K.RATHOD SIR ; Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering whose
encouragement, continuous guidance, helpful nature and new suggestions and
ideas was valuable for accomplishment of this work. Also their advice and kind
support are greatly appreciated.

We express our sincere gratitude and thankful to all those persons who
inspirer of their busy schedule have given their valuable and precious time
assisting us in compilation of the information and giving us right direction to
complete this project in present condition.

We are very much thankful to Prof. P. C, VASANI, Head of Civil Engineering

Department, faculty members and staff members of Government engineering
collage Palanpur. All our dear friends for all possible help and blessing to
complete our work in time.

NAME ENROLLMENT NO.

BHARATIYA RAJ A. 170610106003

GAMIT HITESH J. 170610106022

PATEL RUTU Y. 170610106044

SINGH ROHIT C. 170610106054

VAGDA SACHIN V. 170610106060
 ABSTRACT

Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads. This

area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different
directions to reach their desired destinations. Its main
function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions.
Traffic intersections are complex locations on any
highway. This is because vehicles moving in different
direction wan to occupy same space at the same time. In
addition, the pedestrians also seek same space for
crossing. Drivers have to make split second decision at an
intersection by considering his route, intersection
geometry, speed and direction of other vehicles etc. A
small error in judgment can cause severe accidents. It
also causes delay and it depends on type, geometry, and
type of control. Overall traffic flow depends on the
performance of the intersections. It also affects the
capacity of the road. Therefore, both from the accident
perspective and the capacity perspective, the study of
intersections very important for the traffic engineers
especially in the case of urban scenario.
 CONTENTS

Title Page 1

ODSA Certificate 2

College Certificate 3
Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Contents 6
List of Table 8
List of Figure 9
List of Abbreviations 10

CH. NO. DESCRPTION

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Chapter 2EVALUATION OF IDEA

2.1 AEIOU Canvas

2.2 Empathy Canvas
2.3 Ideation Canvas
2.4 Product Development Canvas
2.5 Prior art search

Chapter 3 PRE- DESIGN

3.1 LNM Canvas

Chapter 4 CONCLUSION
Conclusion

Log Table

REFERENCES

Appendix 1: AEIOU Canvas

Appendix 2: Empathy Canvas
Appendix 3: Ideation Canvas
Appendix 4: Product Development Canvas
 List of Tables

 Log table 1
 Log table 2
 Log table 3
 Log table 4
 Log table 5


Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Road Intersection is where two or more roads meet and or are the
points of potential vehicle conflict. They are critical element of a
road section. They are normally a major bottleneck to smooth flow
of traffic and a major accident spot. The general principles of design
in both rural and urban areas are the same. The dangers to
pedestrians and riders of two-wheeled vehicles are also great at
intersections.

Grade separation is a form of intersection in which one or more

conflicting movements of intersecting highways are segregated in
space. An interchange is a grade separation with connecting
roadways which allow route transfer between the intersecting
highways. An interchange is therefore, the highest form of
intersection design. The type of interchange, the shape and pattern
of the interchange ramps for the various turning movements, and
their design are governed by several factors such as the importance
of the intersecting highways, the number of intersecting legs, the
design volumes of through and turning traffic movements including
their composition, the design speeds, available right of way and
topography. Interchanges, therefore, are necessarily designed
individually in light of the above considerations
ROAD INTERSECTION TYPE BASED ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN

 T
 Y
 SCISSOR
 CROSS
 STAGGERED
 SKEWED
 MULTIWAY
Type of intersections and Choice

From a design aspect, intersections can also be divided according to whether they
are uncontrolled, priority (stop give way), space sharing (round about), time-
sharing (traffic signal controlled), or grade separated (interchanges). The four
categories given in IRC code (special publication, 1994) are:

Uncontrolled at-grade: These are the intersections between any two roads with
relatively lower volume of traffic and traffic of neither road has precedence over
the other.

Priority control: There is theoretically no delay occurring on the major road and
vehicles on the minor road are controlled by “GIVE WAY” or “STOP” signs.

Time separated /Signalized intersection at grade: These are widely seen road
intersection with traffic signals.

Space separated/Grade separated intersection: These intersections facilitates

movement at different levels for vehicles and pedestrians. Example of such type
include intersections with flyovers, under pass.
 Chapter 2
EVOLUTION IDEA
AEIOU Canvas

2 AEIOU Summery
AEIOU Summary is the summary of Activities, Interactions, Environment
Objects and Users. From summary we can easily conclude the whole situation
Of Aroma circle
2.2.1 Activity
● A – Activities → Through the “Activity Canvas” we were able to find out the activities carried
out in the aroma circle by the labour and the other person.

 Accident
 Traffic jam
 Person crossing road
 Road repairing
 Vendors
 High speed vehicles
2.2.2 Environment
●E – Environment → Through the “Environment Canvas” we were able to sort out the normal
Atmosphere of the Aroma circle and also some specific environment of The near area which are
usually not seen.

 Traffic noise
 Dusty
 cloudy
2.2.3 Interaction
● I – Interactions → Through the “Interaction Canvas” we have tried to find out the
interaction taking place during the working and non-working hours of Aroma circle.

➢ Talking with mobile ➢ Traffic police

➢
➢ Discussion Frankly communication

➢ pedestrian
➢
local vendors
2 . 2 . 4 Objects
● O – Objects → Through the “Object Canvas” we have almost tried to find out which all
Objects, components are used in the intersection of road.

 C.C.T.V. CAMERA

 DIVIDER

 ZEBRA CROSSING
2 . 2 . 5 Users

➢
Public
➢
Pedestrian
➢
Transporter

➢ public

➢ Beggars
 Mind mapping

● Mind mapping canvas is a graphical representation of Aroma circle. There

are many parts such as Components, Environment, Interaction, Object and
Transportation.
 Empthy mapping canvas

● Empathy canvas consists user, stakeholders, activities, happy story, sad story.
 Ideation Canvas
By the help of the Ideation Canvas, we were able to sort out the targeted person, activities
performed at the Aroma circle, several situations which might be seen at the Aroma circle
and the props at the palanpur.

People

Public
Transporters
Vendors
Engineers
Driver
Pedestrian
police
Activities mentioned in Ideation Canvas

❖
Using mobile while driving
❖
Accident
❖
Vendors selling fruits
❖
Moving animals
❖
Traffic police
Situation/Context /Location

Props/possible solutions
 Product Development Canvas

Final Problem
After ideation canvas we find our problem about higher construction cost. We want
to design a better way to reduce cost of construction, Because of this we helpful to
government and people to make any at economical cost.

Purpose
Traffic solution

Control traffic
 ➢
People
• This are the customers or else this are the daily user of Aroma circle.

Public
Transporter
Visitor
Passengers
Employee
Student
Component
● in this section, the list of
the components is listed which
would be mainly used to develop
the product.

Product functions
● In this section, how will the product will work is stated.

SIGNALS

C.C.T.V. CAMERA
Product experience
In this section, by the help of our product what will be the key benefits to the
customers are stated.

TIME SAVES SAVE PETROL

Costumer revalidation

NO TRAFFIC JAM
COMPLEX SOLUTION
Redesign
Product Development Canvas
 3. Problems and Analysis

• Bad Organizational Structure

the construction project management practice’s decision making and procurement
processes do not have the capacity for the current speed and scale demand.

• Deficient Communication
The lack of a central data system results to delayed and inconsistent sharing of
information and reports. This leads to subcontractors, contractors, and owners not
having a common understanding of the project’s state at any given time.

• Weak Performance Management

Midstream changes, inadequate communication and lack of accountability lead
to unresolved issues piling up.

• Non-Universality of Information
when a different team carries over work to a different team for the next process and
when a problem comes up arising from the precious process, the construction
project manager may have a hard time understanding how to proceed. For example,
the procurement team deals with complicated contracts and when a problem with
the contracts arises while in the middle of construction, it may confuse the CPM
(construction project management) lead.

Connection Gaps
planning spans a lot of aspects; it includes high-end preparation and daily tasks. If daily
work does not align with the day’s goal, schedulers should be notified but often are not.
This system ends in delays due the absence of real-time updating of task priorities.

• Poor Short Term Calculations

another construction issue is that companies are good at planning and forecasting
outcomes in the next 3 months but fail to identify and calculate work in the new week
or two. This often results to delays that may be caused by unavailability of equipment
or materials.

• Inadequate Risk Management

Construction managers and contractors are usually looking into long-term risks of
planning, design, construction, operations, and maintenance. Risks that just pop up
on the job are usually overlooked. These tiny construction issues may just have a
snowball delay in decision making and compound to major schedule overruns.
• Limited Skill Capabilities
another cultural problem in construction is that companies tend to work with previous
people and teams and fail to connect with more capable firms and manpower suited for
the job.

➢
Safety Issues

Another aspect to look at is safety management practices. Work injuries can set project
schedule back by one week or even more and may cause budget overspending to
compensate for its outcomes. Investing in strong safety management programs
ultimately reduce injury rates thereby decreasing schedule and budget overruns and
ultimately improving project ROI and company reputation.

❖
Final Problem

After ideation canvas we find our problem about higher construction cost. We want
to design a better way to reduce cost of construction, Because of this we helpful to
government and people to make any at economical cost.
• ANALYSIS OF SOLID SLAB BRIDGE
Foundation footing
Pcc =0.15m
Step-1=0.60M
Step-2=0.60M
Step-3=0.60M

Pier height=16M
Foundation length=13M, width=6.50M
Abutment to pier=10.25M
Pier to pier= 10M

Total length if bridge=80.60M

Total width of bridge=8.25M

Slab thickness=0.85CM
=0.85CM
ATOCAD DRAWING
 Chapter 3
PRE-DESIGN

Learning needs matrix

➢
Purpose
• Better service
• Guide vehicle to their respective directions

➢
Tools/Methods/Theories/Application Process involved

• 2 Way
• 3 Way
• Simple intersection
• 5 Way
requirement

• Mathematical equation
• Auto-cad basic

Fig 3.1.1. LNM CANVAS

• Prior art search
Research paper 1

THE INTEGRATED DESIGN OF URBAN ROAD INTERSECTIONS: A

CASE-STUDY
AUTHOR:-Giuseppe Cantisani1,Giuseppe Loprencipe and Francesco Primieri
SUMMARY:-The design of urban road intersections always requires many activities,
in order to analyse the technical aims of the project, as well as the environmental and
architectural context. The choice of the optimal solution should be the result of a
complex, well organised and optimized process. Updated techniques, devices and
software are available nowadays, to integrate all the involved aspects. The proposed
case study concerns an urban road intersection in the territory of Orte (VT, Italy),
whose best geometrical and functional design solution has been defined using various
tools, which mainly allow.
• the three-dimensional geometrical modeling of the layout and road elements;
• visualization, also with dynamic scenes;
• functional analysis of traffic flows (traffic micro-simulation techniques).
 Research paper no: 2
New Concept of Traffic Rotary Design at Road Intersections
AUTHOR:-S.K. Mahajana, Anshul Umadekarb, Kruti Jethwac
SUMMARY:-Traffic Rotary at road intersections is special form of grade change of
lanes to channelize movement of vehicles in one direction around a central traffic
island. With rapid growth of traffic it is experienced that widening of roads and
providing flyovers have become imperative to overcome major conflicts at
intersections such as collision between through and right turn movements. In this way,
major conflicts are converted into milder conflicts like merging and diverging. The
vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction. They
then weave out of the rotary to the desired direction. The crossing of vehicles is
avoided by allowing all vehicles to merge into a stream around the rotary and then to
diverge out to the desired radiating road. Thus the crossing conflicts eliminate and
convert into weaving manoeuvre or a merging operation from right and a diverging
operation to the left. In this paper, designing rotaries at road intersections is discussed
and a software package is developed to be used in road works.
 Research paper no: 3
Designing of a Traffic Signaling System at T-Intersection
AUTHOR:-Ramesh Surisetty, Soma N Sekhar
SUMMARY:-The traffic signal design of the intersection has a direct control on its
safety and operation from a design and user-ability point of view. We identified
Kothavalasa T-Intersection has been arise problems like road accidents,
conflicts and congestions. Design elements that are particularly important include the
number of lanes provided on each approach and for each movement. These problems
can solve by providing an efficient traffic signal control at the intersection for
continuous movement of vehicles through the intersection. According to traffic signal,
most traffic signal timing plans are designed to minimize vehicle delay based on the
volumes seen in the past, not the present. Traffic count studies are to be made to
determine the number, movement and classification of vehicles at an intersection.
Signal timing is most important which is used to decide green time of the traffic light
shall be provided at an intersection and how long the pedestrian walk signal should be
provided. By using Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) intersection saturation for
identifying periods of time when cycle length could be substantially short.
 Research paper no: 4

New Concept of Traffic Rotary Design at Road Intersections

AUTHOR:-S.K. Mahajana, Anshul Umadekarb, Kruti Jethwac
SUMMARY:-Traffic Rotary at road intersections is special form of grade change of
lanes to channelize movement of vehicles in one direction around a central traffic
island. With rapid growth of traffic it is experienced that widening of roads and
providing flyovers have become imperative to overcome major conflicts at
intersections such as collision between through and right turn movements. In this way,
major conflicts are converted into milder conflicts like merging and diverging. The
vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction. They
then weave out of the rotary to the desired direction. The crossing of vehicles is
avoided by allowing all vehicles to merge into a stream around the rotary and then to
diverge out to the desired radiating road. Thus the crossing conflicts eliminate and
convert into weaving manoeuvre or a merging operation from right and a diverging
operation to the left. In this paper, designing rotaries at road intersections is discussed
and a software package is developed to be used in road works.
 Chapter 4
4.1 Feedback analysis
Table no:1 (Analysis table)

Person’
Questio s
ns
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1 Do You Yes Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
have
knowledge
about rain
Solid slab
bridge

2 Do you have Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
idea about
Solid slab
bridge

3 Is happened Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes NO Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
near about
your
Village!

4 Do you have Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
experience
about
This type of
work!
5 Economical Ye Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
ly design s
properly?

6 Is there any Y Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NO Yes Yes No Yes Ye Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
effect on es s
environment
during
construction
?
7 Is N No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes NO Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
government o
department
work
properly?

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• Result table
Table no: 2 (Result table)

Sr. Question Yes No

no.

1 Do you have knowledge about solid slab bridge? 22 03

2 Do you have idea about solid slab bridge? 17 08
3 Is happened near about your house? 17 08
4 Do you have experience about this type of work? 18 07
5 Economically design properly? 20 05
6 Is there any effect on environment during construction? 21 04
7 Is government department work properly? 17 08

32|P a g e
• Conclusion

In this project analysis of design of road intersection for controlling

traffic, the site location is aroma circle in palanpur. intersection of
roads are reducing traffic flow and provide better services. The high
pedestrian and vehicle usage along the intersection indicate that this is
a popular destination and business district. Provided improved
facilities of road pedestrian and vehicle significantly decrease the
delay and traffic accident.
 LOG TABLE: 01

• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - BHARATIYA RAJKUMAR A.

• COLLEGE NAME & CODE :- GEC PALANPUR (61)

• ENROLMENT NO.:- 170610106003 SEMESTER:- 5rd

• BRANCH :- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2019-20

SR. PROJECT DATE TIME NAME REMARK SIGN

NO. WORK SPARED OF OF
TOPIC FACULTY FACULTY
Prof.
1 Design 5 hours R.K.RATHOD
Thinking over
view & topic

2 Domain 3 hours Prof.

Identification R.K.RATHOD
& observation

3 AEIOU 5 hours Prof.

Canvas R.K.RATHOD
4 AEIOU 2 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
5 Mind 4 hours
Mapping Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
6 Empathy 3 hours Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD
7 Empathy 2 hours Prof.
32|P a Canvasge R.K.RATHOD
8 Ideation 5 hours Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD
9 Product 6 hours Prof.
Development R.K.RATHOD
Canvas
 LOG TABLE: 02

• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - GAMIT HITESHKUMAR J.

• COLLEGE NAME &CODE :- GEC PALANPUR (61)

• ENROLMENT NO.:- 170610106022 SEMESTER :- 5th

• BRANCH :- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2019-20

SR. PROJECT DATE TIME NAME REMARK SIGN

NO. WORK SPARED OF OF
TOPIC FACULTY FACULTY
1 Design 5 hours
Prof.
Thinking over R.K.RATHOD
view & topic

2 Domain 3 hours
Identification
& observation Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
3 AEIOU 5 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
4 AEIOU 2 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
5 Mind Mapping 4 hours Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
6 Empathy 3 hours Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD
7 Empathy 2 hours
32|P age
Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD
8 Ideation 5 hours Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD
9 Product 6 hours Prof.
Development R.K.RATHOD
Canvas
 LOG TABLE: 03

• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - PATEL RUTUKUMAR Y.

• COLLEGE NAME & CODE :- GEC PALANPUR (61)

• ENROLMENT NO.:- 170610106044 SEMESTER :- 5th

• BRANCH :- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2019-20

SR. PROJECT DATE TIME NAME REMARK SIGN

NO. WORK SPARED OF OF
TOPIC FACULTY FACULTY
1 Design 5 hours
Thinking over Prof.
view & topic R.K.RATHOD

2 Domain 3 hours
Identification Prof.
& observation R.K.RATHOD

3 AEIOU 5 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
4 AEIOU 2 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
5 Mind Mapping 4 hours
Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
6 Empathy 3 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
7 Empathy 2 hours
Canvas Prof.
32|P age R.K.RATHOD
8 Ideation 5 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
9 Product 6 hours
Development Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD
 LOG TABLE: 04

• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - SINGH ROHIT C.

• COLLEGE NAME & CODE:- GEC PALANPUR (61)

• ENROLMENT NO.:- 170610106054 SEMESTER :- 5th

• BRANCH:- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2019-20

SR. PROJECT DATE TIME NAME REMARK SIGN

NO. WORK SPARED OF OF
TOPIC FACULTY FACULTY
1 Design 5 hours
Thinking over Prof.
view & topic R.K.RATHOD

2 Domain 3 hours
Identification Prof.
& observation R.K.RATHOD

3 AEIOU 5 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
4 AEIOU 2 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
5 Mind 4 hours
Mapping Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
6 Empathy 3 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
7 Empathy 2 hours
Canvas Prof.
R.K.RATHOD
32|P age
Prof.
8 Ideation 5 hours R.K.RATHOD
Canvas

Prof.
9 Product 6 hours R.K.RATHOD
Development
Canvas
 LOG TABLE: 05

• NAME OF THE STUDENT: - VAGDA SACHIN V.

• COLLEGE NAME & CODE:- GEC PALANPUR (61)

• ENROLMENT NO.:- 170610106060 SEMESTER :- 5th

• BRANCH:- CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR : - 2019-20

SR. PROJECT DATE TIME NAME REMARK SIGN

NO. WORK SPARED OF OF
TOPIC FACULTY FACULTY
Prof.
1 Design 5 hours R.K.RATHOD SIR
Thinking over
view & topic

2 Domain 3 hours
Identification
Prof.
& observation R.K.RATHOD SIR

3 AEIOU 5 hours
Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD SIR
4 AEIOU 2 hours
Prof.
Canvas R.K.RATHOD SIR
5 Mind Mapping 4 hours
Prof.
R.K.RATHOD SIR
Prof.
6 Empathy 3 hours R.K.RATHOD SIR
Canvas
Prof.
7 Empathy 2 hours R.K.RATHOD SIR
Canvas
32|P a g e
8 Ideation 5 hours R.K.RATHOD SIR
Canvas
9 Product 6 hours
Development R.K.RATHOD SIR
Canvas
Reference:

• Google
• Lecturer
• Research paper
• Faculties
• Civil engineers
• Books
 Appendix
Appendix 1: AEIOU canvas

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 Appendix 1.1: mind mapping

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Appendix 2: Empathy mapping canvas
 Appendix 3: Ideation canvas

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 Appendix 4: product development canvas

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Appendix 5: prototype