Topic: Grammar Issues in ESP

(Materials in Language and Literature Assessment)

Reported by: Angelita G. Rabot

Modals
Also known as Modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries
They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it.
They have a great variety of communicative functions.

Characteristic of Modal Verbs:

a) They never change their form.
b) They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty,
possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
c) They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)

How to use Modal Verb

1. Modal verbs are always followed by a verb in its base form.
Examples:
He can speak Chinese.
You may take the book to school.
She may take the book to school.

2. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person in the present simple.
Examples:
He speaks Chinese.
He can speak Chinese. (NOT- He cans speak…)
She eats a sandwich at 9:30
She may eat a sandwich at 9:30.

3. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and
Simple Past.
(We don’t use the helping verb “do”)
Example:
He should not be late.
They might not come to the party.
Compare: I don’t like to be late.
I cannot eat any more cakes.
I don’t eat carrot cakes.

4. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Example:
He will can go with us. WRONG
She must studied very hard. WRONG
Use of Modal Verbs:
a. Ability
b. Obligation
c. Prohibition
d. Lack of necessity
e. Advice
f. Possibility
g. Probability
h. Permission

Articles:
Are used with certain categories of proper nouns
Are used with common nouns or noun phrases
Consist of the indefinite article (a/an) and the definite article (the)
Are absent in non-specific cases and are indicated by the Ø (zero article)

When to use a or an
a) A and An are used with singular countable nouns when the noun is nonspecific
or generic.
Example:
I do not own a car.
She would like to go to a university that specializes in teaching.
I would like to eat an apple.
b) A is used when the noun that follows begins with a consonant sound.
Example:
a book
a pen
a uniform (Note that uniform starts with a vowel, but the first sound is /j/ or a
“y” sound. Therefore a instead of an is used here.)
c) An is used when the noun that follows begins with a vowel sound.
Example:
an elephant
an American
an MBA (Note that MBA starts with a consonant, but the first sound is /Ɛ/ or a
short “e” sound. Therefore, an instead of a is used here.)

When to use the:

The is used with both singular and plural nouns and with both countable and
uncountable nouns when the noun is specific.
Example:
The book that I read last night was great.
Note: In this sentence, book is a singular, countable noun. It is also specific
because of the phrase “that I read last night.” The writer and reader (or
speaker and listener) know which book is being referred to.

The books assigned for this class are very useful.

Note: In this sentence, books is a plural, countable noun. It is also specific
because of the phrase “for this class.” The writer and reader (or speaker and
listener) know which books are being referred to.

The advice you gave me was very helpful.

Note: In this sentence, advice an uncountable noun. However, it is specific
because of the phrase “you gave me.” It is clear which piece of advice was
helpful.

The is used in the following categories of proper nouns:

Example:
Museums and art galleries: the Walker Art Center, the Minneapolis Institute of
Art
Buildings: The Empire State Building, the Willis Tower
Seas and oceans: The Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean
Rivers: the Mississippi, The Nile
Deserts: The Sahara Desert, The Sonora Desert

In general, use the with plural proper nouns.

Examples:
The Great Lakes
The French
The Rockies (as in the Rocky Mountains)

The is often used with proper nouns that include an “of” phrase.
Examples:
The United States of America
The University of Minnesota
The International Swimming Hall of Fame

Use the when the noun being referred to is unique because of our understanding
of the world.
Examples:
The Earth moves around the sun.
Wolves howl at the moon.
Use the when a noun can be made specific from a previous mention in the text.
This is also known as second or subsequent mention.
Examples:
My son bought a cat. I am looking after the cat while he is on vacation.
I read a good book. The book was about how to use articles correctly in
English.

The is used with superlative adjectives, which are necessarily unique (the first,
the second, the biggest, the smallest, the next, the only, etc.).
Examples:
It was the first study to address the issue.
She was the weakest participant.
He was the only person to drop out of the study.
Periods and events in history: the Dark Ages, the Civil War
Bridges: the London Bridge, the Mackinac Bridge
Parts of a country: the South, the Upper Midwest