Final Pre Feasibility Report - 5 MW - Gangakhed PDF

Pre Feasibility Report for Proposed Solar
Power Plant at Gangakhed
For
Gangakhed Sugar & Energy Ltd

97, East High Court Road, Ramdaspeth,
Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 440010
March 2014
Prepared by
Greenstratos Consulting Private Limited

Plot No: 59, Amar co-op Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur,
Hyderabad- 500033
Ph: 040-64584004
Email: info@greenstratos.com
www.greenstratos.com
Greenstratos Consulting Private Limited 0|Page

Pre Feasibility Report for Proposed Solar Power Plant at Gangakhed 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Project Background .................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Salient Features of the Project ............................................................................................................................... 6
3 Site Studies ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Project size and Location.......................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Solar Energy Resource............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Nature of Solar radiation in India ....................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Analysis of Radiation using RET screen at proposed project site ......................................................... 12
5 Plant capacity studies .............................................................................................................................................. 15
6 Solar Technology Description .............................................................................................................................. 16
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Options ........................................................................................................................ 16
6.2.1 Fixed flat panel PV ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2.2 Tracking flat panel PV .............................................................................................................................................. 17
6.2.3 Thin Film ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.3 Comparison of PV options ...................................................................................................................................... 17
6.4 Selection of Appropriate Technology ................................................................................................................ 18
7 Overview of Proposed Solar Power Plant........................................................................................................ 21
7.1 PV array mounting structure ................................................................................................................................ 21
7.2 Power Conditioning Unit ........................................................................................................................................ 23
7.3 Junction Boxes............................................................................................................................................................. 23
7.4 PVC Cables .................................................................................................................................................................... 24
7.5 Plant monitoring system ........................................................................................................................................ 24
7.6 Metering/Billing......................................................................................................................................................... 25
8 Service and Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................................... 26
8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 26
9 Project Execution Plan ............................................................................................................................................. 28
10 Estimated Annual Generation .............................................................................................................................. 29
11 Financials ...................................................................................................................................................................... 30
11.1 Project Cost Estimates ............................................................................................................................................. 30
11.2 Economic Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................ 30
12 Conclusions: ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
12 ANNEXURES................................................................................................................................................................. 33
12.1 Assumptions & Summary Sheet .......................................................................................................................... 33
12.2 IRR Calculations (70:30)......................................................................................................................................... 35
13 Site Photographs ........................................................................................................................................................ 37

List of Tables:
Table 1: Comparison of Solar PV Options .................................................................................................................... 18
List of Figures:
Figure 1: Areal View of the Proposed Project Site ..................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2: Location Map of the Proposed Project Site................................................................................................ 8
Figure 3 Proposed Project Site Survey Map ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 4 Global Radiation Map......................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5 India Solar Radiance........................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6 Solar Radiation at Project Site from RET screen .................................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Block Diagram of Grid-Connected Solar Utility System ..................................................................... 19
Figure 8: Characterization of PV Technology ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 9: Solar PV Grid Connected System ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 10: Solar PV Mounting System........................................................................................................................... 22

Abbreviations
ACF Annual capacity factor
Amph Ampere Hour
BOS Balance of System
CER Certified Emission Reduction
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CPV Concentrating photovoltaic (PV)
CST Concentrating solar thermal
DA Development approval
DC Direct Current
DCF Discounted cash flow
DNSP Distribution Network Service Provider
EUA European Union Allocation (of “carbon credits”)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
FiT Feed In Tariff
Gwh Gigawatt hours
Ha hectares
kWh kilowatt hours
kV Kilovolt
MRET Mandatory Renewable Energy Target
IRR Internal Rate of Return
MW Megawatts (capacity)
MW (e) Megawatts (electric)
Mwh Megawatt hours
NPV Net Present Value
O&M Operating and maintenance
PV Photovoltaic
REC Renewable Energy Certificate
RE Renewable Energy

1 Executive Summary
1.1 Introduction
India’s potential for generating solar power has not only been established beyond doubt but also
the policy and institutional initiatives carried in the last 4 years by federal and state governments
has ensured that our country is on course to emerge as a solar energy hub. With about 300 clear,
sunny days in a year, India’s solar reception, on only its land area, is about 5000 Petawatt-hours per
year (PWh/yr) (i.e. 5,000 trillion kWh/yr or about 600,000 GW).
The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m 2 with about 1,500–
2,000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon location), which is far more than current total
energy consumption.
Government of India has recently launched an ambitious programme to harness the abundant solar
energy potential in the country. The programme named “Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission”
aims to achieve 4000 MW by 2017 and 20,000 MW by 2020
However, India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production per watt installed, with
an insolation of 1,700 to 1,900 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp). 25.1 MW was added
in 2010 and 468.3 MW in 2011. By January 2014 the installed grid connected solar power had
increased to 2,208.36 MW, and India expects to install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017, and a
total of 20,000 MW by 2022.
In addition, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) represent the attributes of electricity generated
from renewable energy sources. These attributes are unbundled from the physical electricity and
the two products the attributes embodied in the certificates and the commodity electricity—may be
sold or traded separately. In other words, one REC represents that 1MWh of energy is generated
from renewable sources. RECs can be used by the obligated entities to demonstrate compliance
with regulatory requirements, such as Renewable Purchase Obligations.
Renewable energy generators can sell REC certificates to any other licensee or to an open access
consumer at a mutually agreed price, or through power exchange at market determined price.
Selling electricity to any entity other than local distribution company at market driven prices or
otherwise
Investing into solar PV power makes economic sense based because of the Government of India’s
solar policy and RECs are also expected to become the currency of renewable energy markets

because of their flexibility and the fact that they are not subject to the geographic and physical
limitations of commodity electricity.
Given this encouraging policy, institutional and financial signals it imperatively generates
entrepreneurial interests among enterprises such as to diversify their portfolio into the solar power
domain in terms of investing in the frontier energy sectors to harnessing the free and green solar
energy.

2 Project Background
GANGAKHED SUGAR & ENERGY LIMITED a manufacturer of SUGAR, POWER & DISTILLERY
products, an Integrated Cane Processing Plant (ICPP) located at Gangakhed Tehsil, Parbhani
District, Maharashtra, India.
The company is presently into generation of electricity and bio-fuels like ethanol and now they
have taken an initiative to enter into Renewable energy Sector through Solar Power.
GANGAKHED SUGAR & ENERGY LIMITED has taken up the project of setting-up 5 MW Solar Photo-
voltaic power generation plant under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) Phase- II
policy at Gangakhed Tehsil in the state of Maharashtra, India.
2.1 Salient Features of the Project
1. Project Promoter : Gangakhed Sugar & Energy Limited.
2. Proposed Plant capacity : 5 MW
3. Project location : Gangakhed Tehsil, Maharashtra, India
4. Proposed technology : Solar Tracking Flat Panel Photo-Voltaic
(Mono-Crystalline)
5. Latitude : 18056’930’’ N
6. Longitude : 76040’384’’ E
7. Design consultant : GreenStratos Consulting Private Limited
8. Annual Effective DNI : 2100 kWh/m2
9. Annual output (expected) : 8.32 MU
10. Land area required : 30 acres
11. Power Evacuation : Through existing 33 kV Transmission

Line connecting to the Substation at Karam
Town
12. Site selection : Site identified and suitability confirmed

3 Site Studies
3.1 Project size and Location
Project Name : Gangakhed Sugar & Energy Limited.
Place Name : Banpimpla Village, Gangakhed Tehsil.
Latitude : 18056’930’’ N
Longitude : 76040’384’’ E.
Area/State : Maharashtra
Total Land Availability : 65 Acres.
The proposed solar power generation project will comprise a installed capacity of 5 MW and is
expected to generate over 8.32 million units at an estimated plant load factor of 20%.
Figure 1: Areal View of the Proposed Project Site

Figure 2: Location Map of the Proposed Project Site

Figure 3 Proposed Project Site Survey Map
Accessibility:
The site for the proposed 5 MW solar power project is identified in Banpimpla Village, Gangakhed
Tehsil, Maharashtra. The site is approximately 10 Km from Gangakhed Tehsil, Parbhani district and
to the road connecting Parli and Gangakhed road.
Terrain:
Terrain of the proposed site area and the vicinity comprises plain lands with uniform elevation and
mango cultivation.
Rain fall:
Maharashtra State has a tropical climate. The annual rainfall varies from 400 mm to 6000 mm.
summer, Rainy season and winter these are three distinct seasons in Maharashtra. It rains from
both South West and North East monsoon. About 85% rainfall is from the south-west. The monsoon

is confined to only 3 to 4 months of the year. The number of rainy days generally varies from 40 in
the scarcity zone to 100 in the heavy rainfall zone. The average annual rainfall is around 1300mm.
Humidity and Temperature:
With an annual average temperature of 31.70C (89.060F), on the whole, a very hot area. However,
maximum daytime temperatures are for most of the year generally under 400C (104.00F) and the
dryness makes the heat bearable. The warmest months are March to May when daytime
temperatures can exceed 350C (95.00F). The average humidity during day time is 55% and during
night times is 35%.
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4 Solar Energy Resource

Global Radiation is the sum of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance
(DHI), and ground-reflected radiation; however, because ground reflected radiation is usually
insignificant compared to direct and diffuse, for all practical purposes global radiation is said to be
the sum of direct and diffuse radiation only.
The following map shows the Solar Radiance for various countries
Figure 4 Global Radiation Map
4.1 Nature of Solar radiation in India

The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4.5 to 6 kWh/m2/ day with about
1500–2000 sunshine hours per year, depending upon location. This is far more than current total
energy consumption. The India Energy Portal estimates that if 10% of the land were used for
harnessing solar energy, the installed solar capacity would be at 8,000GW, or around fifty times the
current total installed power capacity in the country.

Figure 5 India Solar Radiance
4.2 Analysis of Radiation using RET screen at proposed project site

The RET Screen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software is a clean energy decision making software.
RET Screen allows engineers, architects, and financial planners to model and analyze any clean
energy project. Decision-makers can conduct a five step standard analysis, including energy
analysis, cost analysis, emission analysis, financial analysis, and sensitivity/risk analysis. For the
purpose of this report, we used RET screen in order to compare the output from the power plant.

Based on the observations the proposed project site has scaled annual average radiation of 5.37
kWh/ m2/ day as the radiation level of 5 kWh/m2/day is considered to be very suitable for
generation of solar power; the average solar radiation is 1 kW/m2 in the proposed project site. The
graphs of the RET screen recorded during the site study are given below.
Figure 6 Solar Radiation at Project Site from RET screen

Annual Generation Using HOMER software
The Average annual generation based on simulation results is given below:

5 Plant capacity studies

There are three critical factors that influence the determination of solar power generation plant
capacity.
 Availability of Land
 Demand supply scenario
 Power Evacuation arrangement
The combination of above factors needs to be considered in determining the optimum capacity at a
given site. Any of the above factors can pose a constraint and such constraint will ultimately
influence the final decision.
The site allotted for the proposed solar power PV plant comprises an area of 65 acres (26.3
hectares). The area is sufficient for setting up of 10MW solar PV power plant. However, both the
power demand and power evacuation feasibility have to support such a capacity. In this case, both
the power demand and power evacuation pose constraints on feasible capacity of the power plant.
While demand scenario shows a demand of 5MW since the nearest substation at Karam is only 33
kV.
Therefore, the optimum capacity based on above three factors is only 5MW.
• Feasible capacity at proposed site

10 MW
• Feasible capacity based on power evacuation

5 MW
• Feasible capacity based on demand scenario

5 MW

6 Solar Technology Description
6.1 General
The solar energy electricity technology considered for the project, solar PV is presented in this
section. A brief description of the technologies and their commercial status follows.
6.2 Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Options
PV generation technology is commercially proven and large multi-megawatt generation plants have
been operating since the 1990s. Costs associated with the technology are high, but the technology is
well-known and reliable. The largest plants are based on fixed solar panels inclined at latitude
angle. This has proven to be the most economic way of building PV power stations. More recent
developments use tracker technology that tracks the sun to allow collection of a greater amount of
energy.
PV panels silently convert sunlight to electrical energy. They generate direct current (DC)that is
converted to alternating current (AC) to be used by the electricity grid. Regardless of the PV
configuration, inverter hardware is required to change the direct current PV output to useable AC
power for the grid. PV may be connected to the distribution network at the domestic level of 240V
or at higher voltage, depending on the size and location of the generating plant.
Note that PV systems are rated for capacity in watts (or kW or MW) with the designation 'peak' (e.g.
kW (p), MW (p)). This refers to the practice of rating the PV cells at internationally recognized
standard conditions that include temperature and wavelength of sunlight. Typically, these
conditions will produce a higher output than may be achieved in practice. However, because of the
natural variation in sunlight and other environmental conditions, this approach provides a rational
and industry-accepted basis for specification. Other energy systems also use standard reference
conditions for performance specification.
6.2.1 Fixed flat panel PV
The simplest configuration for a PV system is a fixed position flat panel module. Generally for 'all
round' performance, the module is inclined at the site’s latitude angle. A fixed flat panel system has
no moving parts and offers the solution with the least ongoing cost of the PV options. Its output will
however be less per module than the PV systems that track the Sun.

6.2.2 Tracking flat panel PV
A tracking array can move on one or two axes in order to expose the PV module surface to follow
the sun and capture the greatest amount of solar radiation possible.
Compared to a fixed system, a tracking system will provide a greater electrical output per module.
It will also have both a higher capital and operating/maintenance cost due to the more complex
mounting system. While the greatest possible output is desired, this must be evaluated over the life
of the project against these higher ongoing costs.
6.2.3 Thin Film
Thin film solar PV cells are an exciting product as they could also be flexible and potentially can be
developed much further, providing layering characteristics and shape change alternatives. The
term thin-film is derived from the method used to deposit the film, not from the thinness of the film.
Thin film cells are deposited in very thin, consecutive layers of atoms, molecules, or ions. Thin-film
cells have many advantages over their counter parts. They use much less material, the cells active
area is usually only 1 to 10 microns thick (thick-film typically are as much as 200 to 400 microns
thick). Thin-film cells are usually amenable to large-area fabrication and are suitable for automated,
continuous production, arraying, and packing. They can also be deposited on flexible substrates.
Many thin-film devices are based on amorphous silicon alloys. Other thin-film devices are usually
poly-crystalline materials. The fabrication of a thin-film solar cell involves depositing a layer of
semiconductor material (such as amorphous silicon, copper indium gallium diselenide, or cadmium
telluride) on a low-cost substrate, such as glass, metal or plastic. Current deposition techniques can
be broadly classified into physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
electro-chemical deposition (ECD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or some
combination of them.
6.3 Comparison of PV options
A comparison of the PV options is presented in the following Table. This shows Tracking flat panel
PV offers the highest plant load factor. It represents the lowest risk of the PV options because of the
relative simplicity of the installation and the long experience with these systems in India and
overseas.

Thin Film is marginally more expensive in this assessment. However, though less mature, there is a
high potential that costs can be driven down at a greater rate than flat panel systems and it may
prove to be more cost competitive in the longer term. Simple one-axis tracking systems are less
attractive because the additional energy production from the solar panels does not justify the
additional complexity and cost of the tracking system.
Table 1: Comparison of Solar PV Options
Technology Plant Load Factor Plant Life Land Maintenance

area
(acres)/MW
Fixed flat 20% 25 6 Low
panel
Tracking flat 22% 20 7 High
panel
Thin Film 18% 20 6 Low
6.4 Selection of Appropriate Technology
Based on the above studies, the appropriate solar technology recommended for the project is solar
Tracking Flat Panel PV with mono-crystalline option.
Description of selected technology

 PV is a proven technology which has been installed world-wide in MW scale. Given the
optimum size of the proposed power plant, PV is most suitable.
 Non-polluting : no noise, no harmful or unpleasant emissions or smell
 Very Reliable: SSI modules have a 25 year warranty and considerably have a longer life
expectancy.
 Less Maintenance: there is no need to supply any fuel, lubrication or maintenance other
than making sure that the glass surface remains reasonably clean. This can easily be
achieved by occasionally hosing down the solar array.
 Solar modules over their life time produce more power per gram of material than nuclear
power but without the problem of large volumes of environmentally hazardous material.
 Solar modules produce more power within 5 years than the power consumed in their
production.

 Photovoltaic Solar modules are a renewable energy source, a resource that cannot be used
up by its use. The sun will not stop to shine due to our harnessing sunshine as ah energy
source.
 Annual emissions of CO2 fall by 325kgs per solar kWp produced.
 As per current norms 800 carbon credits (metric tonnes) per MW is considered under
source of revenue from CDM benefits.
The Photovoltaic Effect
The photovoltaic effect is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts sunlight into
electricity Sunlight is composed of photons-packets of solar energy. These photons contain different
amounts of energy that correspond to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When
photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through. The
absorbed photons generate electricity.
The energy of a photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the semiconductor device. With
its newfound energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with a single
atom in the semiconductor to become part of the current in an electrical circuit. Special electrical
properties of the PV cell a built-in electric field provide the voltage needed to drive the current
through an external load.
SOLAR PV: Grid - Connected Solar Array System

Figure 7: Block Diagram of Grid-Connected Solar Utility System
Inverter/Power Distribution
PV Array Conditioner Panel
Electric Utility

PV Technology Characterization Selecting

Figure 8: Characterization of PV Technology
Monocrystalline
Crystalline
Polycrystalline
Concentrating
Photovoltaic CdTe
CIGS
Thin-Film
CIS
Amorphous
Silicon (a-Si)
There are essentially two types of PV crystalline technology
A. Mono crystalline Cells - These are made using cells cut from a single cylindrical crystal of
silicon. While mono crystalline cells offer the highest efficiency (approximately 18%
conversion of incident sunlight), their complex manufacturing process makes them slightly
more expensive.
B. Polycrystalline Cells - These are made by cutting micro-fine wafers from ingots of molten
and re-crystallized silicon. Polycrystalline cells are cheaper to produce, but there is a slight
compromise on efficiency (approximately 14% conversion of incident sunlight).
Mono crystalline technology is recommended for the proposed solar PV power generation plant
since the conversion of incident sunlight is more and the efficiency is high when compared with
polycrystalline cells.

7 Overview of Proposed Solar Power Plant
The process diagram of a solar PV power plant:

Figure 9: Solar PV Grid Connected System
7.1 PV array mounting structure
The array mounting structure will hold the photovoltaic module(s). The module(s) is to be
mounted to structural angle made of either aluminum or galvanized steel, secured at multiple
points in order to assure stable and secure attachment.
The structure is mounted at a fixed angle and oriented to maximize the useful energy supplied to
the user during the design month (i.e., the month with the worst average daily insulation).
The structure will incorporate galvanized steel, aluminum or stainless steel hardware for all
external connections. These include the modules to structure, structure to pole and pole to building
attachments.

Tracking flat panel PV
A tracking array can move on one or two axis in order to expose the PV module surface to follow
the Sun and capture the greatest amount of solar radiation possible Compared to fixed system, a
tracking system will provide a greater electrical output per module. It will also have both a higher
capital and operating/maintenance cost due to the more complex mounting system. While the
greatest possible output desired, this will be evaluated over the life of the project against these
higher ongoing costs.
It's important to maximize the potential solar insolation of your solar panel array, so be wary of
obstructions to sunlight that may decrease the efficiency of the solar panel. Make sure to place the
solar panel in direct sunlight during the daylight hours. Before your installation, it is wise to chart
the progress of the sun across the sky during the day, and make note of any obstructions to sunlight
as the sun passes from east to west.
Mounting the Solar Panel
Mounts can help maximize the amount of solar insolation your panel receives. There are different
types of mounts for different solar applications.
A. Solar PV Horizontal Tracker System
Figure 10: Solar PV Mounting System

The system SA-SS005 is a time-controlled ground tracking system which is capable of self-adjusting
the angle of PV panels from -60 to 60 degrees. With this product in place, all you need to do is to
preset the system according to local solar radiation. Then the tracker will calibrate the positioning
of arrays every day, thus guaranteeing the system to reach the optimal functioning.Easy Installation
Diversified Application, High Accuracy, Assembly Flexibility.
7.2 Power Conditioning Unit
Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) is the heart of a solar PV system. The function of the PCU is to
convert the direct current (DC) generated by the PV arrays to Alternating Current (AC). PCU
consists of an inverter for converting DC power to AC power and a charge controller unit for battery
charging. The PCU also continuously monitors the charging of the battery bank on parameters, such
as load, battery voltage and solar power output.
For the 5 MW solar systems, we propose to use a 5 MW PCU. Since we have the highest PCU for
100kW we are proposing 100kW×50 so that the sum gets to 5 MW. The total 5 MW PCU’s will be
connected to the PV array and battery bank.
7.3 Junction Boxes
PV modules/arrays require junction boxes for interconnecting the various PV modules/arrays with
each other in series and parallel combination, and with electrical power distribution systems. The
Junction boxes can be categorized by
1. Array junction box.

2. Main junction box.
 Array Junction Box:
The array junction box is used to join the modules connected in series in one string which will
help in easy routing of the series combination of module and ease for its monitoring of the
modules. The array junction boxes are made of IP65 and will be tightened by suitable glands
and with higher rating of the module Isc.
 Main Junction Box:

In the main junction box all the AJB's are terminated with suitable connectors/lugs and suitable
glands. These junction boxes are enclosed in IP 65 rated stainless steel housing, making it ideal
for long-term use in PV systems. In addition, the direct connection between the strings and the
spring -clamp connectors ensures a durable and safe installation.

7.4 PVC Cables
The cables used for the connecting the modules are of the type PVC/FRLS/HR Insulated
Single/Multi core cables, which provides additional safety and security. The wires bear the mark of
IS: 694: 1990.
Each wire is fabricated using 99.97% pure, electrolytic grade, bright-annealed bare copper with
more than 100% conductivity. Copper guarantees higher percentage of electrical energy saving
which eventually helps in reducing the electricity bills. The conductor is made of multiple strands of
finely drawn copper wires thereby offering greater flexibility, which makes these wires ideal for
conduit wiring.
This FR PVC compound has a high oxygen and temperature index. The wires are wadded with a
flame retardant (FR) PVC compound, which helps to control the spread of fire even at very high
temperature. It also protects against electrical shock and short circuit.
All wires are subjected to high voltage spark testing to ensure .that no weak spots are there in the
insolation.
7.5 Plant monitoring system
The entire system shall be monitored and controlled by proprietary system. Optimization will be
from a central computer housed in Control room of the solar plant, and remotely from the
monitoring stations. System proposed will maintain and provide all technical information on daily
solar radiation availability, hours of shine, duration of plant operation and the quantum of power
fed to the grid. This will help in estimation of generation in kWh per MWp PV array capacity
installed at the site.
The innovative analysis system monitors the whole plant, up to each array string level and offers
following features:
 Monitors the performance of the entire power plant (string wise monitoring, junction boxes,
inverters, etc).
 Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal /actual value).
 Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also measures the
module back surface temperature.

 Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components, like module string/
diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,) to facilitate recognition and correction
of the fault with minimum downtime.
 Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control Centre PC Software
(diagnosis on site or remote).
 Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing.
 Stores and visualizes energy yield data in the Portal from where the data can be accessed
remotely.
7.6 Metering/Billing
Energy Meters with the parameters to read kWh, kVAh and kVArh is installed for the system. A data
logger will placed so for the recording of the reading for duration of minimum 30 days.

8 Service and Infrastructure
8.1 General
Land Use
Solar PV power plants will ideally be built on low value land. If the land is not already owned by the
Developer, then the cost of purchase or lease needs to be considered. The developer must purchase
the land or rights for the duration of the project. Besides access to the site, provision of water,
electricity supplies and the rights to upgrade access roads must be considered along with relevant
land taxes. Since government permission will be required to build a solar plant, it is necessary to
assess the site in line with the local conditions imposed by the relevant regulatory bodies. If the
land is currently used for agricultural purposes, then it may need to be re-classified for ―industrial
use with cost and time implications—and the possibility of outright rejection. The future land use of
the area must also be taken into account. It is likely that the plant will be in operation for at least 25
years. As such, extraneous factors need to be considered to assess the likelihood of their impact on
energy yield.
Module soiling
If the modules are soiled by particulates, then the efficiency of the solar plant could be significantly
reduced. It is, therefore, important to take into account local weather, environmental, human and
wildlife factors while determining the suitability of a site for a solar PV plant. The criteria should
include:
 Dust particles from traffic, building activity, agricultural activity or dust storms.
 Module soiling from bird excreta. Areas close to nature reserves, bird breeding areas and
lakes should be carefully assessed.
 Soiling of modules may require an appropriate maintenance and cleaning plan at the site
location.
Topography
Ideally, the site should be flat or on a slight south facing (in the northern hemisphere) slope. Such
topography makes installation simpler, and reduces the cost of technical modifications required to
adjust for undulations in the ground. With additional cost and complexity of installation, mounting
structures can be designed for most locations. In general, the cost of land must be weighed against
the cost of designing a mounting structure and installation time On-site Report for proposed solar
power plant in Wukari Town, Taraba State

Water Availability
Clean, low mineral content water is preferred for cleaning modules. A mains water supply, ground
water, stored water or access to a mobile water tank may be required; the cost of the various
options will have an impact on the project economics. The degree to which water availability is an
issue will depend upon the expected level of module-soiling, the extent of natural cleaning due to
rainfall and the required cleaning frequency.
Roads and Access

The site should allow access for trucks to deliver plant and construction materials. This may require
upgrading existing roads or building new ones. At a minimum, access roads should be constructed
with a gravel chip finish or similar. The closer the site is to a main access road, the lower the cost of
adding this infrastructure. Safe packaging of the modules and their susceptibility to damage in
transport must also be carefully considered. The site should be in a secure location where there is
little risk of damage from either people or wildlife. It should ideally be in a location where security
and maintenance personnel can respond quickly to any issue and this requirement should be
stipulated in the maintenance contract
Grid Connection
A grid connection of sufficient capacity is required to enable the export of power. The viability of
grid connection will depend on three main factors: capacity, availability and proximity. These
factors should be considered thoroughly at an early stage of a project; otherwise, the costs could
become prohibitive if the site is later found to be in an unfavorable area for grid connection.
Capacity – The capacity for the grid to accept exported power from a solar plant will depend on the
existing network infrastructure and current use of the system. The rating of overhead lines, cables
and transformers will be an important factor in assessing the connection capacity available
Proximity – A major influence on the cost of connecting to the grid will be the distance from the
site to the grid connection point. Sites should be at locations where the cost of grid connection does
not adversely affect project economics. Besides, a higher connection voltage will entail increased
cost of electrical equipment such as switchgear and transformers, as well as a higher conductor
specification.
Availability – The grid availability describes the percentage of time that the network is able to
export power from the solar PV plant. The annual energy yield from a plant may be significantly
reduced if the grid has significant downtime. This may have adverse effects on the economics of the
project.

9 Project Execution Plan
The total requirement up to completion of the project is approx. 8 months for setting-up the project from the date of financial closure and
the detailed time lines are furnished below:
ACTIVITY SCHEDULE FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Weeks
Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sl No Activity
Project Implementation
Project Planning and Vendor
1
Finalization 5 2
1.1 Land Preparation 5 1
1.2 Civil Works 5 1
1.3 Installations 5 1
1.4 Grid Connectivity 5 1
1.5 Synchronization 5 1
R- Resources
W- Weeks

10 Estimated Annual Generation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Financial Statements FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13
Installed Capacity KW 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
No of units generated MU 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32
Auxillay consumption &
Transformation Losses(MU) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
No. of units available for sale
MU 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Financial Statements FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25
Installed Capacity KW 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
No of units generated MU 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32
Auxiliary consumption &
Transformation
Losses(MU) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
No. of units available for
sale MU 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24

11 Financials
11.1 Project Cost Estimates
The costs for various components are estimated based on the preliminary studies.
The planning of the various components of works has been estimated taking into account the site
conditions.
The following presents a break-up of project capital cost:
General Abstract
Sl.No Particulars Per MW Total in Rs.

Lakhs
I Project Cost
Land 0 0.00
Civil Works 100 500.00
Solar Equipment 325 1625.00
Electrical Equipment 150 750.00
Power Evacuation 75.00
Working Capital Margin 21.92
Total Cost 575.00 2971.92
II Means of Finance
1 Equity 891.58
Total 891.58
2 Term Loan
Short Term Loan VGF 800.00
Rupee Term Loan 1280.34
Subtotal 2080.34
Total 2971.92
11.2 Economic Evaluation

The economic viability of the project has been assessed based on the following parameters:
 Capital Cost
 Cost of Generation
 Access conditions
 Proximity to Grid
 Expected Return on Equity

The following table presents the summary of economic evaluation:
S No. Parameter Value
1 Project Capital Cost (in Rs. Lakhs) 2971.92
2 Capital Cost per MW (in Rs. Lakhs) 594.38
3 Access to Site including Material Movement NO
4 Proximity to existing transmission line (KM) 8 Kms
5 Expected Return on Equity 14.40%
As inferred from the above table, at a project cost of Rs. 594.38 lakhs/ MW and an expected ROE of
14.40%, the project is deemed viable provided a tariff of Rs. 5.45 per unit is offered.
The following present the key assumptions in the financial model:
 A Project Capital Structure comprising Debt and Equity in the ratio of 70/30
 Installed Capacity of 5 MW with an estimated Plant Load Factor of 19%
 A Unit Tariff of Rs. 5.45/ Unit with no escalation
 A Construction period of approximately 8 months.

 Power evacuation costs and wheeling charges have not been considered
 Life of Project has been taken as 25 years

Investment Parameters:
Considering the above assumptions and tariff levels, the following are the expected benchmarks:
Parameter Value
Project IRR 14.37%
Equity IRR 14.40%

12 Conclusions:
According to the field assessments the following conclusions are drawn
1. The proposed project site has scaled an annual average radiation of 5.37 kWh/ m2/ day.
2. The total power potential of the proposed site for Solar PV plant comes around 10 MW,
3. Based on power evacuation studies and demand scenario the proposed project is
recommended for 5 MW.
4. The estimated annual energy generation is 8.32 million units with 19% PLF.
5. The power from proposed 5 MW plant shall be evacuated to Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) through 33 kV substation at Karam.
6. Right of way for laying out transmission lines need to be acquired.
7. Based on financial analysis, the proposed 5 MW Solar PV project is financially viable.

12 ANNEXURES
12.1 Assumptions & Summary Sheet

Main assumptions
Installed capacity MW 5.00
Estimated cost per MW INR Lakhs 594.38
Project Cost INR Lakhs 2971.92
Equity 30.00% 891.58
Debt 70.00% 2080.34
Viability Gap Funding - Considered as Short Term Loan Per MW 160.00
Total Short Term Loan to Cover VGF 800.00
Long Term Loan 2080.34
Auxiliary consumption 1.00%
Plant Load Factor - 19.00%

Units Generation MU 8.322
Energy Degradation 0.000%
O& M Expenses INR Lakhs Per MW 11.00

O&M Expenses for First Year INR Lakhs 55.00
Annual Escalation 5.72%
Working Capital Norms

O&M Expenses Months 1
Maintenance Spares % of O&M Expenses 15%
Annual escalation of maintenance spares 6%
Receivables Months 2
Interest on working capital % 13.00%

Tariff INR/KWh 5.450

Long Term Repayment schedule
Rupee Loan Repayment Quarters 40
Morotorium Quarters 4
Interest on term loan

Interest on debt 13.00%
Depreciation as per Income tax Act

Under IT Act(WDV)- Equipment 15%
Under IT Act(WDV)- Buildings and civil works 10%
Depreciation for P&M - SLM 3.40%
Depreciation Rate as per Electricity Act (SLM) 2.57%

Maximum Depreciation allowable 90.00%
Income Tax Rate
Basic Rate 30.00%
Surcharge 5.00%
Education Cess 2.00%
Higher Education Cess 1.00%
Corporate Tax With Surcharge and cess 32.45%

Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) 18.50%
MAT with Surcharge and cess 20.01%
Project IRR 14.37%

Equity IRR 14.40%
AVERAGE DSCR 1.55

12.2 IRR Calculations (70:30)

Financial Statements FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
Installed Capacity KW 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
No of units generated MU 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32
Transformation Losses(MU) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
No. of units available for sale MU 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24
Tariff 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45
Total income 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01
Expenses
O&M 55.00 58.15 61.47 64.99 68.71 72.64 76.79 81.18 85.83 90.74 95.93 101.41
Total Expenses 55.00 58.15 61.47 64.99 68.71 72.64 76.79 81.18 85.83 90.74 95.93 101.41
PBDIT 394.01 390.87 387.54 384.03 380.31 376.38 372.22 367.83 363.19 358.28 353.09 347.60
Depreciation 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30
Interest of Re Debt 189.24 158.14 141.49 124.85 108.21 91.56 74.92 58.27 41.63 24.98 8.34 0.00
Sub total for interest 189.24 158.14 141.49 124.85 108.21 91.56 74.92 58.27 41.63 24.98 8.34 0.00
Interest on Working Capital 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.71 11.83 11.95 12.08 12.22 12.37 12.52 12.69 12.86
PBT 93.08 120.93 134.15 147.16 159.98 172.57 184.92 197.04 208.89 220.47 231.76 234.44
Tax 18.63 24.20 26.85 29.45 32.01 34.53 37.01 39.43 61.73 71.03 79.34 84.19
PAT 74.45 96.73 107.30 117.71 127.96 138.03 147.92 157.61 147.16 149.44 152.42 150.25
IRR
Project Cashflows -2171.92 375.39 366.67 360.70 354.58 348.29 341.84 335.22 328.40 301.46 287.25 273.75 263.41
Project IRR 14.37%
Returns to Equity -891.58 174.75 69.00 79.57 89.98 100.23 110.30 120.18 129.87 119.43 121.71 124.69 250.55
Equity IRR (%) 14%

Financial Statements FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25
Installed Capacity KW 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
No of units generated MU 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32 8.32
Transformation
Losses(MU) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
No. of units available for
sale MU 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24
Tariff 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45
Total income 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01 449.01
Expenses
O&M 107.21 113.35 119.83 126.68 133.93 141.59 149.69 158.25 167.30 176.87 186.99 197.69 208.99
Total Expenses 107.21 113.35 119.83 126.68 133.93 141.59 149.69 158.25 167.30 176.87 186.99 197.69 208.99
PBDIT 341.80 335.67 329.18 322.33 315.08 307.42 299.32 290.76 281.71 272.14 262.02 251.33 240.02
Depreciation 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30 100.30
Interest of Re Debt 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub total for interest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Interest on Working
Capital 13.05 13.24 13.45 13.67 13.90 14.15 14.41 14.69 14.98 15.29 15.62 15.97 16.34
PBT 228.45 222.12 215.43 208.36 200.88 192.97 184.61 175.77 166.43 156.55 146.10 135.06 123.38
Tax 85.66 86.53 86.87 86.72 86.15 85.17 83.82 82.13 80.10 77.77 75.13 72.19 68.96
PAT 142.79 135.59 128.57 121.63 114.73 107.80 100.79 93.65 86.33 78.78 70.98 62.87 54.43
IRR
Project Cashflows 256.14 249.14 242.32 235.61 228.94 222.25 215.50 208.64 201.61 194.37 186.90 179.14 171.06
Project IRR
Returns to Equity 243.09 235.89 228.87 221.93 215.03 208.10 201.09 193.95 186.63 179.08 171.28 163.17 154.73
Equity IRR (%)

13 Site Photographs
Project Site

Access Road

33 kV Substation- Karam (8 Kms from Site)

33 kV Substation- Gangakhed (8 Kms from Site)
132 kV Substation- Gangakhed (10 Kms from Site)

Final Pre Feasibility Report - 5 MW - Gangakhed PDF

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Pre Feasibility Report for Proposed Solar

Power Plant at Gangakhed

Gangakhed Sugar & Energy Ltd

Nagpur, Maharashtra, India- 440010

Greenstratos Consulting Private Limited

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2.1 Salient Features of the Project

1. Project Promoter : Gangakhed Sugar & Energy Limited.

2. Proposed Plant capacity : 5 MW

3. Project location : Gangakhed Tehsil, Maharashtra, India

4. Proposed technology : Solar Tracking Flat Panel Photo-Voltaic

7. Design consultant : GreenStratos Consulting Private Limited

8. Annual Effective DNI : 2100 kWh/m2

9. Annual output (expected) : 8.32 MU

10. Land area required : 30 acres

11. Power Evacuation : Through existing 33 kV Transmission

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3.1 Project size and Location

Project Name : Gangakhed Sugar & Energy Limited.

Place Name : Banpimpla Village, Gangakhed Tehsil.

Total Land Availability : 65 Acres.

Figure 1: Areal View of the Proposed Project Site

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Figure 2: Location Map of the Proposed Project Site

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Figure 3 Proposed Project Site Survey Map

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Humidity and Temperature:

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4 Solar Energy Resource

Figure 4 Global Radiation Map

4.1 Nature of Solar radiation in India

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Figure 5 India Solar Radiance

4.2 Analysis of Radiation using RET screen at proposed project site

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Figure 6 Solar Radiation at Project Site from RET screen

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Annual Generation Using HOMER software

The Average annual generation based on simulation results is given below:

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5 Plant capacity studies

• Feasible capacity at proposed site

• Feasible capacity based on power evacuation

• Feasible capacity based on demand scenario

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6 Solar Technology Description

6.2 Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Options

6.2.1 Fixed flat panel PV

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6.2.2 Tracking flat panel PV

6.2.3 Thin Film

6.3 Comparison of PV options

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Table 1: Comparison of Solar PV Options

Technology Plant Load Factor Plant Life Land Maintenance

6.4 Selection of Appropriate Technology

Description of selected technology