Review:

BASIC CONCEPTS
• Definition of Statistics
• Fundamental Elements of Statistics
• Classification of Variables according to: Functional Relationship;
Nature of Values; Continuity of Values; Level of Measurement
• The Summation Notation
• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode, and
Midrange
• Measures of Spread or Variability: Range, Variance, and
Standard Deviation

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

STATISTICS as a PROCESS

Organize/ Analyze/
Collect
Present Interpret

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

USES OF STATISTICS

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS
OF STATISTICS
Population: Finite, Infinite
Sample
Variable: Discrete, Continuous
Data: Qualitative, Quantitative
Experiment
Parameter
Statistic
Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
Classification of Measurement
of Data

Nominal Scale
Ordinal/Ranking Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
THE SUMMATION
NOTATION
 To shorten the notation, we use the
symbol Σ (sigma) for the summation.
 In general, the symbol following the
summation sign Σ represents the variable
(or function of the variable) that is to be
summed.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Exercises:
Suppose a data set contains the observations
3, 8, 4, 5, 3, 4, 6.
Find
a. 𝑥
b. 𝑥2
c. 𝑥−2
d. (𝑥 − 1)2
e. (𝑥2 – 3)
f. ( 𝑥)2 – 3

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Exercises:
A data set contains the observations
6, 0, -2, -1, -3.
Find:
a. 𝑥

b. 𝑥2

( 𝑥)2
c. 𝑥2 − 5
Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
NUMERICAL MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
 Measure of Central Tendency is the
single figure that is representative of
the general level of magnitude or values
of the items in the data set.
 It is called measure of central tendency
because when the observations are
arranged according to magnitude, it
tends to lie centrally within the set.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Centrality:
The MEAN, 𝒙
Arithmetic Mean – obtained by adding
the scores and dividing the total by the
number of scores. This particular average is
referred to as simply the mean – a
computational average.
𝒙𝒊
𝒙=
𝑵
where 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑖 𝑡ℎ observation
N = number of observations
Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
 According to the journal Chemical Engineering,
an important property of a fiber is its water
absorbency. A random sample of cotton fiber
was taken and the absorbency on each piece
was measured. The following are the
absorbency values:
18.71 21.41 20.72 21.81 19.29
23.71 19.44 20.50 18.92 20.33
19.25 21.77 22.11 19.77 18.04
22.43 23.00 21.12 20.17 22.85
◦ Calculate the sample mean for these data.
Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
Measures of Centrality:
The MEDIAN, Md
 a positional average
 the point where half is greater and half is
lesser (this implies ranking);
 it divides a ranked series of scores into
two equal halves.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Centrality:
The MEDIAN, Md
 After arranging the original scores in
increasing (or decreasing) order, the
median will be either of the following:
If the number of scores is odd, the median is
the number exactly in the middle of the list.
If the number of scores is even, the median if
found by computing the mean of the two
middle numbers.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Centrality:
The MEDIAN, Md
Examples: Find the median of the scores:
 7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 9, 10, 8, 9, 9, 10.

 7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 9, 10, 8, 9, 9.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Centrality:
The MODE, Mo
 The mode is a nominal average.
 The mode is obtained from a collection of
scores by selecting the score that occurs
most frequently;

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Centrality:
The MODE, Mo
Examples: Find the mode of the following scores:
 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 7, 9, 2
Ans:

 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9
Ans:

 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 9, 6
Ans:

 3, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10
Ans:

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Centrality:
The MIDRANGE, Mr
 The midrange is that average obtained by
adding the highest and the lowest score
and then dividing the result by 2.

 Example: Find the midrange of 2, 3, 6, 7, 8,

9.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
OR VARIABILITY
GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
A B A B
65 42 Mean
66 54 Median
67 58 Mode
68 62 Midrange
71 67
73 77
74 77
77 85
77 93
77 100 Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
OR VARIABILITY
 Variability describes the set of scores in
terms of their spread, or heterogeneity
◦ Range
◦ Standard Deviation
◦ Variance
◦ Coefficient of Variation
◦ Quartile Deviation
◦ Mean Absolute Deviation or Mean Deviation
◦ Median Deviation
Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
The Importance of
Measuring Variability
 Central tendency - Numbers that
describe what is typical or average
(central) in a distribution
 Measures of Variability - Numbers that
describe diversity or variability in the
distribution.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

The Importance of
Measuring Variability
 These two types of measures together
help us to sum up a distribution of scores
without looking at each and every score.
 Measures of central tendency tell you
about typical (or central) scores.
 Measures of variation reveal how far from
the typical or central score that the
distribution tends to vary.

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Dispersion or
Variability: The RANGE
 The range is defined as the distance
between the highest and the lowest value.
 It is not a good measure of variability
since it uses only two scores and the rest
of the scores lose their identity.
𝑹 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 − 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
OR VARIABILITY
GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
A B A B
65 42 Mean 71.5 71.5
66 54 Median 72 72
67 58 Mode 77 77
68 62 Midrange 71 71
71 67 Range
73 77
74 77
77 85
77 93
77 100 Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
Measures of Dispersion or
Variability:
The STANDARD DEVIATION
 The standard deviation describes the
homogeneity and the heterogeneity
of the variables in the distribution.
Computationally, the standard deviation is
𝟐
𝒏( 𝒙𝟐 )
− ( 𝒙)
𝒔=
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

Measures of Dispersion or
Variability: The STANDARD
DEVIATION
 Standard deviation is a measure of
dispersion of the scores around the mean
 The higher the standard deviation, the
greater the spread in the scores
 The lower the standard deviation, the
closer the scores are on average from the
mean of the distribution

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis

MEASURES OF DISPERSION OR
VARIABILITY
GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
A B A B
65 42 Mean 71.5 71.5
66 54 Median 72 72
67 58 Mode 77 77
68 62 Midrange 71 71
71 67 Range 12 58
73 77 Std Deviation
74 77
77 85
77 93
77 100 Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis
Measures of Dispersion or
Variability:
The VARIANCE
 The variance (an average score) is the
square of the standard deviation.
 It is the average of the squared deviations
from the mean.
 Computationally, the sample variance is
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒔𝟐 =
𝒏−𝟏

Math 50: Engineering Data Analysis