MODULE III

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 1

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 2

REFRIGERATION

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 3

 Refrigeration

• Branch of engineering sciences that deals with the transfer of

heat from a lower temperature region to a higher temperature
region, in order to maintain a region at a temperature lower
than the surrounding atmosphere

• System used for accomplishing the process of refrigeration is

called refrigeration system

• The region which is maintained at a temperature lower than its

surroundings is called refrigerated space

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 4

 Applications of Refrigeration System

• Preservation and transportation of food products

• Preserving life saving drugs, vaccines,…etc

• Used for air conditioning purpose

• Used in medical fields

• Used for making ice products

• Used for the efficient operation of computers and other

work stations

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 5

ICE PLANTS AIR CONDITIONER

REFRIGERATOR WATER COOLER

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 6
COLD STORAGES MARINE REFRIGERATORS

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 7

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ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 9
 Vapour
Absorption
Refrigeration
Systems

Methods of
Producing
Refrigeration
Vapour
Air
Compression
Refrigeration
Refrigeration
Systems
Systems

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 10

 Refrigerators

• The transfer of heat from a low-

temperature medium to a high-
temperature one requires special
devices called refrigerators

• The objective of a refrigerator is to

maintain the refrigerated space at a
low temperature by removing heat
from it

• Refrigerators, like heat engines,

are cyclic devices. The working
fluid used in the refrigeration cycle
is called a refrigerant

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 11

• QL is the magnitude of the heat removed from the refrigerated
space at temperature TL , QH is the magnitude of the heat
rejected to the warm space at temperature TH , and Wnet is the
net work input to the refrigerator

• The performance of refrigerators are expressed in terms of the

coefficient of performance (COP), defined as

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 12

Refrigerating Effect

• It is the amount of heat energy removed per unit

time from the space to be cooled by the
refrigeration process

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 13

Tons of Refrigeration
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 14
 Tons of Refrigeration

• The capacity of a refrigerating machine is generally expressed

in tons of refrigeration(TR)

• A ton of refrigeration is defined as the amount of

refrigeration effect produced by the uniform melting of one
ton (1000kg) of ice from and at 0∘C in 24 hours

• One ton of refrigeration(1TR) is equivalent to 210KJ/min or

3.5KW

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 15

 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System(VCRS)

• In this system, a liquid refrigerant

is used which is alternately
evaporates and condenses for
absorbing heat from the
refrigerated space and for
rejecting heat to the surroundings

• During the evaporation process, it

absorbs heat from and gets
converted from liquid to vapour

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 16

• During the condensing process, it rejects heat and gets
condensed from vapour to liquid

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Basic components of a VCR system

• Compressor: Suck the low temperature refrigerant vapour from the

evaporator and to compress it to a high pressure and temperature

• Condenser: Condense the high pressure and temperature refrigerant vapour

from the compressor, by rejecting its latent heat to the cooling water at
ambient temperature( or rejects heats to ambient air)

• Expansion valve(Throttle valve): Throttle the liquid refrigerant from the

condenser. By throttling, the pressure and temperature reduces and the
refrigerant becomes partly liquid and partly vapour at the required low
temperature. It also regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator

• Evaporator: To evaporate the liquid refrigerant by absorbing the latent heat

of vapourization from the cold refrigerated space
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 19
Working Principle of VCR Systems

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 20

It consists of four processes:

• 1-2 Isentropic compression

in a compressor

• 2-3 Constant-pressure heat

rejection in a condenser

• 3-4 Throttling in an
expansion device(constant
enthalpy)

• 4-1 Constant-pressure heat

absorption in an
evaporator

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 21

 Working Principle

• In vapour-compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant

enters the compressor at state 1 as saturated vapour and is
compressed isentropically to the condenser pressure. The
temperature of the refrigerant increases during this isentropic
compression process to well above the temperature of the
surrounding medium.

• The refrigerant then enters the condenser as superheated

vapour at state 2 and leaves as saturated liquid at state 3 as a
result of heat rejection to the surroundings. The temperature
of the refrigerant at this state is still above the temperature of
the surroundings
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 22
• The saturated liquid refrigerant at state 3 is throttled to the evaporator
pressure by passing it through an expansion valve or capillary tube. The
temperature of the refrigerant drops below the temperature of the
refrigerated space during this process

• The refrigerant enters the evaporator at state 4 as a low-quality saturated

mixture, and it completely evaporates by absorbing heat from the
refrigerated space. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapour
and re-enters the compressor, completing the cycle

• The area under the process curve 4-1 represents the heat absorbed by the
refrigerant in the evaporator, and the area under the process curve 2-3
represents the heat rejected in the condenser

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 23

Household Refrigerator

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 24

 Household Refrigerator

• In a household refrigerator, the

tubes in the freezer
compartment where heat is
absorbed by the refrigerant
serves as the evaporator. The
coils behind the refrigerator,
where heat is dissipated to the
kitchen air, serve as the
condenser

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COMPRESSOR CONDENSER

EVAPORATOR CAPILLARY TUBE

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 27
 Condenser coil and fan

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 28

 Working of a household refrigerator

• It consists of a refrigeration system containing compressor, condenser,

capillary tube, evaporator and an insulated cabinet

• Compressor + Motor is placed at the base of the cabinet

• Air cooled condenser is installed at the back and the evaporator is placed
inside the cabinet at the top

• The evaporator coil is kept surrounding the freezer space. Freezer space is
meant for preservation of perishable products at temperatures below 0⁰C.
Further below are compartments with progressively higher temperatures

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 29

• The bottom most compartment for vegetables

• The cold air being heavier flows down from the freezer to the bottom of the
refrigerator. The warm air being lighter rises from the vegetable
compartment to the freezer, gets cooled and flows down again.

• Low pressure and low temperature refrigerant vapour is drawn into the
compressor. The compressor then compresses the refrigerant vapour to a
high pressure and high temperature vapour

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 30

• The compressed vapour is then passed through the condenser. In the
condenser, the vapour refrigerant at high pressure and at high temperature
is condensed to liquid refrigerant at high pressure and low temperature

• The high pressure liquid refrigerant then enters the capillary

tube(expansion device). When the refrigerant is passed through the
capillary, its pressure and temperature drops down suddenly.

• In the evaporator, the liquid refrigerant gets evaporated by absorbing heat

from the container and is sucked back into the compressor and the cycle is
repeated.

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 31

 Heat Pumps
• Another device that transfers heat
from a low-temperature medium to
a high-temperature one is the heat
pump

• The objective of a heat pump,

however, is to maintain a heated
space at a high temperature. This is
accomplished by absorbing heat
from a low-temperature source,
such as well water or cold outside
air in winter, and supplying this
heat to the high-temperature
medium such as a house

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ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 38
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
RATING

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 39

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 40
 Energy Efficiency Rating of Refrigerator

• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE), a statutory body under Ministry

of Power have created standard and labeling program of electrical home
appliances including refrigerators. Under this program, for the benefit of
general public, the appliance manufacturers could voluntarily affix BEE
Star Label on their appliances showing the level of energy consumption by
the appliance both in terms of absolute values as well as equivalent number
of stars varying from 1 to 5, in accordance with specific stipulation.

• The greater the number of stars on the label, higher the appliance energy
efficiency and lower its electricity consumption.

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ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 43
 Star 0 1 2 3 4 5

Energy consumption per

1100 977 782 626 501 400
year (Approx.) (kWh)

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 44

 Psychrometry

• Psychrometry is an engineering science that deals with the

behaviour of moist air(dry air + water vapour mixture)

• The amount of water vapour in air plays important role in both

comfort and industrial air conditioning

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 45

Terms used in Psychrometry

1)Dry air: Air contains no water vapour

2) Moist air: Mixture Of dry air and water vapour
3)Saturated air: Air Which contains maximum amount of water vapour which
air can hold at a given temperature and pressure
4)Dry bulb temperature: Temperature of air measured by ordinary
thermometer
5)Wet bulb temperature: Temperature Recorded by a thermometer, when its
bulb is covered by a wet cloth
6)Specific humidity: Ratio Of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air
7)Relative humidity: Ratio Of mass of water vapour in a given volume of
moist air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapour contained in the
same volume of moist air at the same temperature, when the air is saturated

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 46

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 47
 Psychrometer

• Device used to measure dry bulb and wet bulb temperature

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 48

 Psychrometric Chart

• It is a graphical representation of properties of moist air

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Psychrometric Process

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 52

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1. Sensible Heating(C): Increase the dry bulb temperature of air without
change in its specific humidity(moisture content), using heating coil
2. Sensible Cooling(G): Decreases dry bulb temperature of air without
change in its specific humidity(moisture content), using cooling coil
3. Humidification(A): Increase the specific humidity without change in dry
bulb temperature, using humidifier
4. Dehumidification(E): Decreases the specific humidity without change in
dry bulb temperature, using dehumidifier
5. Heating with Humidification(B): Increases both dry bulb temperature
and specific humidity of air, using high temperature steam
6. Heating with Dehumidification(D): Increases the dry bulb temperature
and decreases the specific humidity of air, using silica gel or alumina
7. Cooling with Humidification(H): Decreases the dry bulb temperature
and increases the specific humidity of air, using cold water
8. Cooling with Dehumidification(F): Decreases both dry bulb temperature
and specific humidity of air, using cooling coil with very low temperature

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 54

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 55
 SENSIBLE HEATING COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION

HEATING WITH HUMIDIFICATION COOLING WITH HUMIDIFICATION

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 56
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 57
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 58
• The human body can be viewed as a heat engine whose energy input is
food. As with any other heat engine, the human body generates waste heat
that must be rejected to the environment if the body is to continue
operating.

• The rate of heat generation depends on the level of the activity. For an
average adult male, it is about 87 W when sleeping, 115 W when resting or
doing office work, 230 W when bowling, and 440 W when doing heavy
physical work. The corresponding numbers for an adult female are about 15
percent less. (This difference is due to the body size, not the body
temperature. The deep-body temperature of a healthy person is maintained
constant at about 37°C.) A body will feel comfortable in environments in
which it can dissipate this waste heat comfortably.

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 59

• Air conditioning is the process of controlling and maintaining the internal
atmosphere in a confined space. It involves the control of temperature,
humidity, motion of air and purity of atmosphere in the space of interest

• Air temperature is controlled by cooling or heating the air

• Humidity is controlled by adding or removing water vapour to or from the
air
• Air motion is controlled by appropriate air distribution equipment
• Air purity is controlled by filtering and removing undesirable contaminants
from the air
• For human comfort, air should have the following properties
• Temperature – 22⁰C to 27⁰C
• Humidity - 55% to 65% Relative Humidity
• Velocity – 0.3m/s to 0.5m/s

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 60

 Domestic
Applications

Applications
Transport Industrial
Applications of Air Applications
Conditioning

Commercial
Applications

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 61

Summer Air Winter Air
Conditioning Conditioning

Air Conditioning
Systems

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 62

Hot & dry weather Summer Air Hot & wet weather
Conditioning

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 63

Summer Air Conditioning

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 64

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Summer Air Conditioning for Hot and Wet Weather

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 66

• In most of the places the summer season is hot and humid. Hence, in order
to provide comfortable conditions to the occupants during summer, it is
required to supply cold and dry air to the occupied space. This requires
systems wherein the hot and humid air can be cooled to temperatures lower
than the dew point temperature, so that the water vapour in air can be
removed by condensation, and the resulting cold and dehumidified air
supplied to the conditioned space in required quantity for providing thermal
comfort. Thus it can be seen that a typical summer air conditioning system
requires a refrigeration system that reduces the temperature of the air to
temperatures much lower than the surroundings.

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 67

• Air is cooled and generally dehumidified

• Outside air flows through the damper, and mixes up with recirculated
air(obtained from the conditioned space).

• The mixed air passes through a filter to remove dust, dirt and other
impurities

• Air now passes through a cooling coil. The coil has a temperature much
below the required dry bulb temperature of the air in the conditioned space

• The cooled air passes through a perforated membrane and loses its moisture
in the condensed form which is collected in a sump

• Then air is heated by using a heating coil to bring the air to the designed
room temperature

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 68

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 69
Summer Air Conditioning for Hot and Dry Weather

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 70

• In some areas such as deserts, the summer is hot and dry. Air
conditioning systems for these hot and dry climates also
require cooling of air below the ambient temperatures,
however, in stead of removing water vapour it may be
required to add water to the air supplied to the conditioned
space

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 71

• Air is cooled and humidified

• Outside air flows through the damper, and mixes up with recirculated
air(obtained from the conditioned space)

• The mixed air passes through a filter to remove dust, dirt and other
impurities

• Air now passes through a cooling coil for sensible cooling

• The air is then passed through a spray type humidifier in which fresh water
in the form of spray is injected into the air stream. A part of water gets
evaporated and mixes with the air. Thus the air humidity is increased.

• The air is then passed through an eliminator where water droplets are
removed before supplying to the conditioned space

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 72

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 73
Winter Air Conditioning

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 74

• Air is heated and generally humidified

• Outside air flows through the damper, and mixes up with recirculated
air(obtained from the conditioned space).

• The mixed air passes through a filter to remove dust, dirt and other
impurities

• Air now passes through a preheat coil in order to prevent the possible
freezing of water and to control the evaporation of water in the humidifier

• The preheated air passes through a reheat coil to bring the air to the
designed room temperature

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 75

• The humidification of air can be achieved in several ways, e.g. by bringing
the air in contact with a wetted surface, or with droplets of water as in an
air washer, by adding aerosol sized water droplets directly to air or by
direct addition of dry saturated or superheated steam

• The most common method of humidifying air for these applications is by

direct addition of dry steam to air

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 76

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 77
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 78
 Window
Split Air Air
Conditioner Conditioner

Types of Air Conditioning

Equipment

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 79

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 80
Split Air Conditioner

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 81

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Outdoor unit and indoor unit connected together by pipes

Indoor unit
• Evaporator
• Cooling fan driven by motor

Outdoor unit
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion valve
• Motor driven fan

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 88

 INDOOR UNIT

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 89

INDOOR UNIT - BLOWER INDOOR UNIT - AIR FILTER

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 90

 OUTDOOR UNIT

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 91

FAN COMPRESSOR

CONDENSER

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 92

• Refrigerant circulated inside the evaporator to the outside unit
and then back to the indoor unit

• The fan pulls or pushes air around the outer surfaces of the
evaporator coil inside the indoor unit, taking warm air from the
room and injecting cooled air into the room in summer

• Refrigerant going through this outdoor coil loses its heat to the
atmosphere with the help of condenser and fan

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 93

 WINDOW AC
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 94
Window Air Conditioner

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 95

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• All the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve
and evaporator are enclosed in a single casing

• The unit is divided into two parts; using partition; the indoor part and the
outdoor part

• Window air conditioner is mounted on windows or walls, such that the

indoor part is inside the room and the outdoor part is outside

• The indoor unit consists of a filter, evaporator, blower and an expansion

valve

• The outdoor part, located outside the room, consists of a compressor,

condenser and a fan

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 100

• This unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans on mounted on both sides
of the motor; one at the evaporator side(Blower) and other at the condenser
side. The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling and the
condenser side outdoor for heat rejection

• Insulated partition separating the two sides within the same casing

• Blower sucks the warm air from the room through the air filter and delivers
the cooled and dehumidified air back into the room through the supply air
grill

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 101

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 102
 Energy Efficiency Rating of Air Conditioner

• Efficiency of a room air conditioner is normally measured as Energy

Efficiency Ratio(EER), which is the ratio of the cooling output, measured
in British Thermal Units(Btu) per hour, to the power input(in Watts, and
includes all inputs to compressor, fan motor and controls) to operate AC at
standard rating conditions

• Higher the EER, the more efficient is the air conditioner

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 103

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 Star 0 1 2 3 4 5

Energy Efficiency
2.20 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1
Ratio(kWh)

Unit Consumption Per

9.45 9.04 8.32 7.70 7.17 6.17
Day

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 106

REFRIGERANTS

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 107

 Refrigerants

• Working fluid used in refrigerators

• Refrigerants are classified into two groups:

1) Primary refrigerants: Directly take part in refrigeration system

2) Secondary refrigerants: Refrigerants which are first cooled by primary

refrigerants, Eg. Brines(NaCl, CaCl2, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol)

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 108

 Hydro-Carbon
Refrigerants

Halo-Carbon
Inorganic Primary
/ Organic
Refrigerants Refrigerants
Refrigerants

Azeotrope
Refrigerants

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 109

Halo-Carbon / Organic Refrigerants

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 110

Refrigerant Number Chemical Formulae

R-11 CCl3F
R-12 CCl2F2
R-13 CClF3
R-14 CF4
R-21 CHCl2F
R-22 CHClF2
R-30 CH2Cl2
R-40 CH3Cl
R-100 C2H5Cl
R-113 C2Cl3F3
R-114 C2Cl2F4
R-115 C2ClF5
R-123 CF3CHCl2
R-124 CF3CHClF
R-134 a CF3CH2F
R-152 a ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME CH3CHF2 111
 Azeotrope Refrigerants

Refrigerant Number Chemical Formulae

R-500 CCl2F2/CH3CHF2

R-502 CHClF2 / CClF2CF3

R-503 CHF3 / CClF3

R-504 CH2F2 / CClF2CF3

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 112

 Inorganic Refrigerants

Refrigerant Number Chemical Name Chemical Formulae

R-717 Ammonia NH3

R-729 Air

R-744 Carbon dioxide CO2

R-764 Sulphur dioxide SO2

R-118 Water H2O

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 113

 Hydro-Carbon Refrigerants

Refrigerant Number Chemical Name Chemical Formulae

R-170 Ethane C2H6

R-290 Propane C3H3

R-600 Butane C4H10

R-600 a Isobutane C4H10

R-1120 Trichloroethylene C2H4Cl3

R-1130 Dichloroethylene C2H4Cl2

R-1150 Ethylene C2H4

R-1270 Propylene C3H6

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 114

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 115
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 116
 Environmental and Safety Properties of a
Refrigerant

1) Ozone depletion potential(ODP): According to the Montreal Protocol(an

international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer), the ODP of
refrigerants should be zero
2) Global warming potential(GWP): Refrigerants should have as low GWP
value as possible to minimize global warming
3)Total equivalent warming index(TEWI): Refrigerants with low value of
TEWI are preferable from global warming point of view
4)Toxicity
5) Flammability
6)Chemical stability: Chemically stable
7) Action with materials: Non-corrosive to metals

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 117

• HFCs have lower global warming potential than HCFCs

• One chlorine atom can destroy 100000 ozone molecules by

continuous chain reaction

• CFC free refrigerants are called eco-friendly refrigerants. Eg.

R-134 a, ammonia…etc are chlorine free and hence eco
friendly refrigerants

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 118

 Application Areas

1)Ammonia: used in ice plants, large cold storages

2) Carbon dioxide: used in marine refrigerators, making dry ice

3) Fluorocarbon: CFC(chlorofluorocarbon) contains chlorine, fluorine, and

carbon. Eg.R-11, R-12, R-13…etc and
HCFC(hydrochlorofluorocarbons) eg.R-22,R-134 a…etc are the
commonly used refrigerants in domestic refrigerators, water coolers, air
conditioning plants, cold storages,…etc.

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 119

 Thank you

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 120