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Introduction
A Nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always
used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. While a
Bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. The purpose
of a bolt is to clamp two or more parts together. The clamping load stretches or
elongates the bolt and remains as preload. When tightening, bolt head should
be held stationary – nut should turn.
Non-permanent fastener
Permanent fastener
Threaded Fasteners
Bolts – a bolt has a head on one end and threads on the other
end and it is paired with a nut.
Screws – are used to join two mating parts together and similar
to bolts, they have head on one end and threads on the other
end.
o Screws are sometimes divided into two sub-categories;
Cap Screw and Machine Screws. Machine screws are
generally smaller in size than cap screws and they are
used for screwing into thin materials.
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Studs – a stud is a rod that is threaded on both ends and joins
two mating parts. A nut may be used on one end.
The term bolt and screw are sometimes used interchangeably and they
can refer to the same element. The difference between a bolt and a screw is
that a bolt is usually intended to be used in conjunction with a nut where it will
be tightened or loosened using the nut, while a screw is usually intended to be
mated with an internally threaded hole and the screw head is used for tightening
or loosening.
Nuts
A nut is the counterpart of a bolt. Bolts and nuts are used together to
clamp two or more parts having unthreaded holes together. While the most
commonly used type of nuts are the regular hexagonal nuts. There are different
types of nuts where each is more suitable for a different type of applications.
Hexagon
Jam
Square
Slotted
Castle
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II. Product Description
Major diameter – this is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder which just touches
the roots of an external thread, or the crests of an internal thread.
Pitch diameter – it is the effective diameter of the thread which passes through
the thread in such a position that the widths of the thread ridges and thread
grooves are equal and lies approximately half way between the major and minor
diameters.
Washer face – a washer face is a circular boss under the head of the fastener,
providing a bearing surface. Applicable for a bolt or nut.
Pitch – the distance from a point on the screw thread to a corresponding point
on the adjacent thread measured parallel to its axis in the same axial plane and
on the same side of the axis.
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Types of Nuts and Bolts
There are many different types of bolts and nuts where each is suitable
for different types of applications.
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III. Process and Schematic Diagram
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Nut and Bolt Manufacturing Process:
2. Cold Forging – moulding the steel into the right shape at room
temperature.
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IV. Machineries and Utilities
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Wire Pointing Machine – these machines are
used for the sharpening of nibs of the wires
which have low and high carbon content as
well as copper wires.
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Semi Muffle Oil Fired Furnace – is a device
used for high-temperature heating
Utilities
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V. Current Trends
The choice of the suitable forming machine depends on the size of the
fastener and on the degree of forming. The greater the degree of forming, the
more forming stages are required.
Hot Forming
With this procedure, the input material (usually bars) is heated wholly or
partially to forging temperature. This heating up enables even complicated
geometries or very high degrees of forming to be realized.
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Machining
This production procedure is used either if the production run is not very
large or if the part geometry cannot be complied with in cold or hot forming
procedures because of sharp edges, small radiuses or even nominal sizes.
Thread Production
In this procedure, the screw is rolled between two rolling dies, one of
which is fixed and the other running, and this created the thread.
Plunge Cutting
Tool rolls that are driven at the same speed rotate in the same direction.
The workpiece rotates without being axially displaced. This method can be used
to make threads with very high pitch accuracy.
Continuous method
The thread pitch is generated by inclining the roller axes by the pitch
angle. The workpiece is given an axial thrust and moves by one thread pitch in
an axial direction, with a full rotation. Overlength threads can be made in this
way.
Thread cutting
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Hardening
Annealing
Case Hardening
This procedure is used among other things for tapping screws, thread
grooving and self-drilling screws. In this case, very hard surfaces are decisive,
so that these screws are able to make their own thread automatically. The
screw core, in contrast, is soft.
Tempering
Tempering is the thermal treatment of high strength components with the
aim of minimizing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.
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VI. Economic Analysis
Fixed Capital
Land and Building Area
Covered Area (own property, not 1500 m2
purchased)
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Working Capital (per month)
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Utilities Php
Electricity and Water, 30,000 kWh @ 360,000.00
Php 12/kWh
Furnace Oil, 1500 L @60/L 90,000.00
Lubricant Oil, 250 L @350/L 87,500.00
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Cost of Production (per annum)
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Total Sales (per annum)
7,682,892
Rate of Return: = =34.88%
22,026,900
22,026,900
Payback Period = =2.86 years
7,682,892
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Break-even point:
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Sales Taxes: VAT registered tax rate (BIR) – 12%
The Total Capital Investment was loaned from a bank and demands a nominal interest
rate of 6% within 5 years compounded semi-annually. The future payment is to be
determined and the annual monthly payments.
r = 6%
m=2
N = 5 years
F = P(1 + i)N
0.03
= 29,602,311.7((1+0.03 )5 𝑥 2−1) = 2,582,224.65
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VII. Interpretation
The Nut and Bolt manufacturing has a total capital investment of Php
22,026,900.00 including the fixed capital and working capital per month.
The cost of production per annum is the expenses when using the
machine and manufacturing the product in a total of Php 6,417,108.00.
The profit per year is the total difference of the total sales minus the cost
of production Php 7,682,892.00.
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VIII. References
https://www.nord-lock.com/insights/knowledge/2018/the-making-of-bolts/
https://boltdepot.com
http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/reports/mechanical/mshightensilenutsandbolts.
pdf
https://www.wuerth-
industrie.com/web/media/en/pictures/wuerthindustrie/technikportal/dinokap
itel/Kapitel_04_DINO_techn_Teil.pdf
http://www.fastenerblackbook.com/index.php?app=fastenerterms
M.S. and High Tensile Nuts and Bolts by Small Industries Service Institute
Industrial Estate, Kokar, Ranchi
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