Lesson 6.
7: Pearson Coefficient of Correlation For examples 1 and 2:
The correlation coefficient computed from the sample
data measures the strength and direction of a linear
relationship between two quantitative variables. The
symbol for the sample correlation coefficient is r.
Example 1: Earthquakes. A researcher wants to
determine if there is a linear relationship between the
magnitudes of earthquakes and their depths below the
surface at the epicenter. The magnitudes and depths (in
kilometers) of eight recent earthquakes are shown in
the table. Use 𝛼 = 0.01. (Source: U.S. Geological
Survey)
Test the significance of the correlation coefficient.
Example 2. A researcher wishes to see if there is a
relationship between the ages and net worth
of the wealthiest people in America. The data for a
specific year are shown.
At 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑡est the significance of the correlation
coefficient.
Lesson 6.8: Coefficient of Rank Correlation
In Lesson 6.7, you learned how to measure the strength
of the relationship between two variables using the
Pearson correlation coefficient r. Two requirements for
the Pearson correlation coefficient are that the
variables are linearly related and that the population
represented by each variable is normally distributed. If
these requirements cannot be met, you can examine
the relationship between two variables using the
nonparametric equivalent to the Pearson correlation
coefficient—the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
Formula:
Test Scores and GNI Use the following table. The table
shows the average achievement scores of 15-year-olds
in science and mathematics along with the gross
national income (GNI) of nine countries for a recent
year. (The GNI is a measure of the total value of goods
and services produced by the economy of a country.)
(Adapted from Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development; The World Bank)
Example 1. At 𝛼 = 0.05, can you conclude that there is
a correlation between science achievement scores and
GNI?
Example 2. At 𝛼 = 0.05, can you conclude that there is
a correlation between mathematics achievement scores
and GNI?
Lesson 6.9: The McNemar Change Test
A McNemar test ia a nonparametric categorical test t is
that used to evaluate the opinion of the same group
before and after a ceartain amount of time. It might be
used to test the effectiveness of a particular treatment
(meeting, newspaper editorial, campaign speech,
personal speech, personal visit, etc.) or voters'
preferences among candidates for elective office.
Formula:
(|𝑨 − 𝑫| − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 =
𝑨+𝑫
Example 1: A group of 120 policemen in Region VII were
asked about their opinion towards death penalty law
before and after they had attended the seminar on
"Human Rights". Test whether there exists a significant
change of opinion of 120 policemen in Region VII about
the death penalty law after they had attended the
seminar at 0.05 level of significance.
After the Seminar
Agree Disagree
Disagree 33 47
Seminar
Before
the
Agree 25 15
Example 2: A group of 136 policemen in Region V were
asked about their opinion towards the banning of PNP
members in entering Karaoke bars before and after they
had attended the seminar on "Professional Code of
Ethics for Policemen". Test whether there exists a
significant change of opinion of 136 policemen in
Region V about the banning of PNP members in
entering Karaoke bars after they had attended the
seminar at 0.05 level of significance.
After the Seminar
NO YES
YES 33 47
Seminar
Before
the
NO 25 15