I.

Factors associated with learner:

Learner is the focal point in any learning. Without learner there cannot be learning.

The following are some of the factors associated with learner:

1. Motivation:

It is the most important factor influencing the learner. If the learner has no motivation to learn, any amount of force will
be futile. More the motivation better will be the learning. In addition to motivation, the learner should have a definite
goal. It will direct the individual appropriately and help him to achieve the goal.

2. Readiness and will power:

This is just like motivation. If the learner is ready to learn, he will develop motivation to learn. Along with readiness a
strong willpower is also essential to overcome hurdles and problems. Readiness will help to develop a positive attitude
in learner.

3. Ability of the learner:

This refers to the level of intelligence, creativity, aptitude and such other abilities necessary for learning.

Intelligence enables the learner to learn better and understand things and relationship between them. It includes both
general and specific intelligence related to specific area of learning.

4. Level of aspiration and achievement:

Learning depends upon the level of aspiration to achieve. If the aspiration level is high, the learner will work hard and
achieve more. However, the aspiration level should be in accordance with the ability of the learner.

Otherwise, it may affect negatively leading to feelings of inferiority. At times the learner may not realize his ability and
keep low level of aspiration resulting in low achievement, which is also a tendency to be rectified.

5. Attention:

Learner must learn to concentrate his attention on learning. Attentiveness helps to grasp learning material. Distraction
of attention affects learning.

6. General health condition of the learner:

The general health includes the physical and mental health of the learner. The learner should have good physical health.
Organic defects like blindness, myopia, hypermetropia, deafness, paralysis, mutism, severe handicappedness, etc., will
affect learning. Problem in sense organs will lead to improper perception. Chronic illnesses may lead to fatigue and lack
of interest.

In addition to physical health, the mental health of learner is also important. Adjustmental problems, minor mental
problems like worry, anxiety, stress, and inferiority complexes will affect learning.

7) Maturation of the learner:

Maturation and learning go hand in hand. We learn things only according to maturity of our body. For example, a child
of 6 months cannot learn to ride a bicycle even after vigorous training, because it requires muscular or physical maturity.
Factors related to learning material:

The nature of learning material is also important. The meaningful material can be learnt better and more quickly than
meaningless material. Because understanding of lessons create interest in the learner. In addition to meaning, the
simple material can be learnt better than the complex material.

II. Factors Related to Learning Process:

1. Methods of learning:

Effective learning depends upon the methods of study also. There are certain methods which save the energy and time
of the learner. These are called ‘economic methods of learning’. They are:

a. Part v/s whole method:

Smaller and shorter lessons may be learnt at a stretch-called whole method. If the material is too lengthy, it must be
divided into parts, so that it will be easy for learning. After reading in parts the learnt material should be connected or
associated with each other.

b. Spaced v/s un-spaced method:

Learning continuously without gap leads to interference in memory called inhibition. Hence, it is always advisable to
keep small interval between each reading.

c. Recitation v/s repetition:

Just repetition of lessons becomes rote learning in which chances of forgetting are more. In recitation the learner will
check the weak points which may be forgotten and put more emphasis on those points. This process will help to
overcome missing of points from the memory.

2. Over learning:

It is experimentally proved that over learning helps better learning and memory.

3. Knowledge of results as feedback:

It is essential to know the amount of material grasped, so that changes may be made in process of learning. Knowledge
of results refers to getting feedback by means of testing, examination, interview, etc.

4. Good physical atmosphere:

Sufficient light and ventilation, calm and clean place, normal temperature, some minimum furniture will help learning
processes.

HINDERS OF LEARNING

1. Intellectual factor:

The term refers to the individual mental level. Success in school is generally closely related to level of the intellect. Pupils
with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in mastering schoolwork. Sometimes pupils do not learn because
of special intellectual disabilities.
A low score in one subject and his scores in other subjects indicate the possible presence of a special deficiency.
Psychology reveals to use that an individual possess different kinds to intelligence. Knowledge of the nature of the
pupil’s intellect is of considerable value in the guidance and the diagnosis of disability.

The native capacity of the individual is of prime importance in determining the effectiveness of the, learning process.

2. Learning factors:

Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of
experimental background may affect the learning process of any pupil. If the school proceeds too rapidly and does not
constantly check up on the extent to which the pupil is mastering what is being taught, the pupil accumulates a number
of deficiencies that interfere with successful progress.

In arithmetic, for instance, knowledge of basic addition is essential to successful work in multiplication. Weakness in
addition will contribute directly to the deficiency in multiplication. Likewise, failure in history may be due to low reading
ability or weakness in English.

Similarly, because of faulty instruction, the pupil may have learned inefficient methods of study. Many other kinds of
difficulty which are directly related to learning factors may interfere with progress.

3. Physical factors:

Under this group are included such factors as health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and
glandular abnormality. It is generally recognized that ill health retards physical and motor development, and
malnutrition interferes with learning and physical growth.

Children suffering from visual, auditory, and other physical defects are seriously handicapped in developing skills such as
reading and spelling. It has been demonstrated that various glands of internal secretion, such as the thyroid and
pituitary glands, affect behavior. The health of the learner will likely affect his ability to learn and his power to
concentrate.

4. Mental factors:

Attitude falls under mental factors attitudes are made up of organic and kinesthetic elements. They are not to be
confused with emotions that are characterized by internal visceral disturbances. Attitudes are more or less of definite
sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general behavior of the individual.

Attitudes are also important in the development of personality. Among these attitudes aw interest, cheerfulness,
affection, prejudice, -open mindedness, and loyalty. Attitudes exercise a stimulating effect upon the rate of learning and
teaching and upon the progress in school.

The efficiency of the work from day to day and the rapidity with which it is achieved are influenced by the attitude of the
learner. A favorable mental attitude facilitates learning. The factor of interest is very closely related in nature to that of
symbolic drive and reward.

5. Emotional and social factors:

Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are directly related
to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various
kinds of stimuli are determined by a wide variety of tendencies.
Some of these innate tendencies are constructive and others are harmful. For some reason a pupil may have developed
a dislike for some subject because he may fail to see its value, or may lack foundation. This dislike results in a bad
emotional state.

Some pupils are in a continuing state of unhappiness because of their fear of being victims of the disapproval of their
teachers and classmates. This is an unwholesome attitude and affects the learning process to a considerable degree.
This is oftentimes the result of bad training.

Social discontent springs from the knowledge or delusion that one is below others in welfare.

6. Teacher’s Personality:

The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environment or in the failures and
success of the learner. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils being taught helps
to determine the kind of behavior which emerges from the learning situation.

The supreme value of a teacher is not in the regular performance of routine duties, but in his power to lead and to
inspire his pupils through the influence of his moral personality and example. Strictly speaking, personality is made up of
all the factors that make the individual what he is, the complex pattern of characteristics that distinguishes him from the
others of his kind. Personality is the product of many integrating forces.

In other words, an individual’s personality is a composite of his physical appearance, his mental capacity, his emotional
behavior, and his attitudes towards others. Effective teaching and learning are the results of an integrated personality of
the teacher.

Generally speaking, pupils do- not like a grouchy teacher who cannot control his temper before the class. It is impossible
for a teacher with a temper to create enthusiasm and to radiate light and sunshine to those about him.

Pupils love a happy, sympathetic, enthusiastic, and cheerful teacher. Effective teaching and learning are the results of
love for the pupils, sympathy for their interests, tolerance, and a definite capacity for understanding.

The teacher must therefore recognize that in all his activities in the classroom he is directly affecting the behavior of the
growing and learning organism.

7. Environmental factor:

Physical conditions needed for learning is under environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of
learning is the condition in which learning takes place. This includes the classrooms, textbooks, equipment, school
supplies, and other instructional materials.

In the school and at the home, the conditions for learning must be favorable and adequate if teaching is to produce the
desired results. It cannot be denied that the type and quality of instructional materials and equipment play an important
part in the instructional efficiency of the school.

It is difficult to do a good job of teaching in a poor type of building and without adequate equipment and instructional
materials. A school building or a classroom has no merit when built without due regard to its educational objectives and
functions.

1. Educational posters to inspire and remind students

Educational posters are a classic teaching aid that can breathe life into a classroom. Hanging posters up on your
classroom walls will not only invite color into the environment, they’ll also act as helpful resources for students.
For example, here’s an educational poster that you could pin up in your classroom. The three study tips on this poster
are organized with a different colored background. This is a simple poster design trick to help the information stand out.

Meanwhile, this educational poster uses icons to visualize each different type of learner. A poster with this layout this
can be useful for introducing students to new or foreign concepts (for example, words in a secondary language) because
they can associate each word with a visual.

2. Educational infographics to simplify complex information

Infographics are a perfect classroom tool because they can make complex information easier to understand.

There are many different types of infographics you can create, depending on the information you want to visualize. For
example, you could make an infographic to summarize a new topic, to show a timeline of events, to visualize statistics,
to explain a process–and more.

For example, this educational infographic uses a combination of charts, icons and creative text to show statistics about
teens and social media. Visuals aids like these can be helpful for students who have trouble wrapping their heads around
big numbers.

The cool thing about infographics is that there’s so many approaches you can take to create one. And the design doesn’t
have to be complicated–just effective.

For example, this infographic uses a simple pattern of colorful circles to represent different vitamins. Associating each
vitamin with a color can help students remember each one.

In data visualization, color plays a bigger role than just for decoration. Color can also be used as a tool to visualize
information. Check out our guide to using colors to communicate effectively.

3. Creative presentations to keep students engaged with a lesson

We’ve all sat through boring presentations before. I’m going to go out on a limb and assume you don’t want to be the
one delivering a boring presentation!

A creative presentation template can go a long way to keep your students from snoring in the middle of class. For
starters, introduce bright colors and creative fonts into your slide design. You can also combine photos, charts and icons
to illustrate concepts.

For example, this creative presentation uses a bold color palette that give each slide impact:

The combination of a script font with a more modern font helps makes for an interesting and unexpected design. Simple
tricks like mixing and matching styles (as long as they’re complementary) can go a long way in your presentation design.

Presenting information in a creative and visually-stimulating way can help get students excited about a topic. This
presentation template uses image frames to seamlessly incorporate different pictures of foods into each slide design:

4. Educational charts to make data accessible

Simple charts are another great visual aid for learning. They can make data more approachable, and can also help reveal
the stories behind data.
Look for opportunities to present information visually in your presentations, handouts, and reports, and find a chart that
fits that type of information. For example, a classic pyramid chart is effective for visualizing a topic in different levels:

Charts are also handy tools for analyzing processes. There are plenty of opportunities for you to include engaging visuals
in your staff presentations, personal research, and more.

For example, a common problem that many teachers face is negotiating budgets for their curriculums, programs, and
resources. Well-designed visuals can help you make a good case for your budget requests.

5. Student assessment reports with an approachable design

Since tracking students’ progress is an important part of a teacher’s job, why not make your student assessment reports
more engaging with a creative design?

Younger students at the preschool or elementary school level can find assessments particularly stressful. A fun and
playful design can help make a student progress report appear less intimidating.

For example, this progress report template uses a rainbow color palette, with star pictograms representing their grades:

You can also help students and parents understand their progress better by summarizing their progress in a chart. For
example, this chart template uses a combination of a pie chart and some simple icons to highlight the main educational
areas the student is being assessed on.

6. Classroom checklists to keep students, teachers and parents on track

A simple checklist can be a great tool to have in the classroom. From classroom duties to assignments for the semester,
there are a lot of things that students need to keep track of.

Adding visual aids to your checklists can help make the points on the list easier to remember. For example, this
simple checklist infographic uses icons and a different color for each point:

A visual checklist can also be useful for staff members, to help them remember tasks or best practices. For example, this
checklist template offers tips to guide new teaching assistants:

7. Research reports to make data and insights engaging

If you want to share some interesting research findings with your students, or you want students to share their findings
with you, try using a visually engaging report template. A visual report will require you or your students to identify and
emphasize the most important pieces of information.

8. School newsletters to get students, parents and teachers excited about events

A classic school newsletter can help keep staff, students and parents on the same page. Why not add some school spirit
to your newsletter design? If you start with a newsletter template, it’s easy to customize the text and visuals for every
week or month.

Simply swap out the icons with ones that reflect the theme of each particular newsletter. You can also use image frames
to share pictures of events at your school.

Incorporate your school colors and fonts into your newsletter design. For example, this newsletter template uses the
school’s colors of orange for the headers and blue for the sub-headers:

9. Education calendars to keep students, parents and teacher informed

Both teachers and students have a lot to keep track of. Adding some design flare to your calendar will make it a fun
visual aid you can hang up in your classroom, or include to parents in an email.

Look for ways to organize the information so nothing is missed. For example, the lefthand column in this calendar
template identifies the focus of each week, using an image to illustrate the ideas. This makes it easy for students to
glance at the calendar and have an idea of what’s going on.

10. Lesson plans to help you stay organized and to inspire other educators

As an educator, you no doubt understand the importance of being organized. Incorporating visuals into your lesson plan
can make it easier for you to scan for information. It can also help inspire your creativity about a subject!

Since organization is key when it comes to lesson planning, you don’t have to go overboard with the design. Some
simple design elements like icons, colorful headers, and a thematic footer can breathe life into a mundane lesson plan.

And if you want to share your lesson plans on a personal blog or with other teachers in your school, making your lesson
plan engaging will make all the difference!

Learning Aids

A learning aid is something intended to enhance learning and retention by the learner. They may include, but are not
limited to: written materials, visualizations, charts, diagrams, processes, strategies, or any other appropriate item.

The following materials will assist you in your acquisition of processes and strategies that aid in deep learning, retention,
and transfer of content materials from courses and programs into your future endeavours.

1. Reading
2. Thinking and memory
3. Managing time
4. Questioning
5. Courses
6. Study skills
7. Communications
8. Writing basics
9. Reflections

What is virus?

1. an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by
light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
"a virus infection"
 2. a piece of code which is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the
system or destroying data.
- A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected by a virus, a host
cell is forced to produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus at an extraordinary rate.

What is worm?

-any of a number of creeping or burrowing invertebrate animals with long, slender soft bodies and no limbs.

-A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other
computers.[1] Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer
to access it. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth,
whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.

Many worms are designed only to spread, and do not attempt to change the systems they pass through. However,
as the Morris worm and Mydoom showed, even these "payload-free" worms can cause major disruption by
increasing network traffic and other unintended effects.

What is Trojan horse?

-a hollow wooden statue of a horse in which the Greeks concealed themselves in order to enter Troy.

a person or thing intended secretly to undermine or bring about the downfall of an enemy or opponent.

"the rebels may use this peace accord as a Trojan horse to try and take over"

COMPUTING

a program designed to breach the security of a computer system while ostensibly performing some innocuous
function.

-A Trojan horse, or Trojan, is a type of malicious code or software that looks legitimate but can take control of your
computer. A Trojan is designed to damage, disrupt, steal, or in general inflict some other harmful action on your
data or network.

What is spam?

-irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of recipients.

-Spam is electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Some people define spam even more generally as any
unsolicited email.

Distribute denial of service

A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is an attack in which multiple compromised computer systems attack a
target, such as a server, website or other network resource, and cause a denial of service for users of the targeted
resource.

Rootkit- A rootkit is a collection of computer software, typically malicious, designed to enable access to a computer or
an area of its software that is not otherwise allowed (for example, to an unauthorized user) and often masks its
existence or the existence of other software.

Phishing- Phishing is the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit
card details by disguising oneself as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.[1][2] Typically carried out by
email spoofing[3] or instant messaging,[4] it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website which
matches the look and feel of the legitimate site.[5]

Spear phishing- the fraudulent practice of sending emails ostensibly from a known or trusted sender in order to induce
targeted individuals to reveal confidential information.

Smishing- SMiShing is a security attack in which the user is tricked into downloading a Trojan horse, virus or other
malware onto his cellular phone or other mobile device. SMiShing is short for "SMS phishing."

In computing, SMS phishing or smishing is a form of criminal activity using social engineering techniques. Phishing is the
act of attempting to acquire personal information such as passwords and details by masquerading as a trustworthy
entity in an electronic communication.

Vishing- Vishing is the telephone equivalent of phishing. It is described as the act of using the telephone in an attempt to
scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft.

Hacker- A computer hacker is any skilled computer expert that uses their technical knowledge to overcome a problem.
While "hacker" can refer to any skilled computer programmer, the term has become associated in popular culture with a
"security hacker", someone who, with their technical knowledge, uses bugs or exploits to break into computer systems.

- Hackers are motivated by personal gain, to make a statement, or just because they can.

Crackers- A cracker is someone who breaks into someone else's computer system, often on a network; bypasses
passwords or licenses in computer programs; or in other ways intentionally breaches computer security.

Malicious insiders-
Malicious insiders can be current or former employees, contractors or business partners that gains access to an
organizations network, system or data and release this information without permission by the organization.
-Malicious insiders can be employees, former employees, contractors or business associates who have legitimate access
to your systems and data, but use that access to destroy data, steal data or sabotage your systems. It does not include
well-meaning staff who accidentally put your cyber security at risk or spill data.

Industrial spies- Industrial espionage is the illegal and unethical theft of business trade secrets for use by a competitor to
achieve a competitive advantage. Industrial espionage is conducted by companies for commercial purposes rather than
governments for national security purposes.

Cybercriminals- are individuals or teams of people who use technology to commit malicious activities on digital systems
or networks with the intention of stealing sensitive company information or personal data, and generating profit.

Hacktivist- In Internet activism, hacktivism or hactivism is the use of technology to promote a political agenda or a social
change. With roots in hacker culture and hacker ethics, its ends are often related to the free speech, human rights, or
freedom of information movements.

Cyberterrorist- a programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a
form of cyber-terrorism

-A cyber-terrorist is a criminal who uses computer technology and the Internet, especially to cause fear and disruption.
Some cyber-terrorists spread computer viruses, and others threaten people electronically.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.

Language Barriers

Students who speak other languages (especially as their primary language) often need assistance with fluency and
phonemic awareness.

Reading intervention is a program, supplementary to an existing literacy curriculum, that is provided to students for the
primary purpose of increasing reading levels. Such programs can be administered both in and out of the traditional
classroom environment.

Speed and Fluency

Intervention can help increase students' reading speed, giving them tools to read faster while retaining larger chunks of
information. Fluency also refers to the ability to read smoothly and efficiently.

Reading intervention is a program, supplementary to an existing literacy curriculum, that is provided to students for the
primary purpose of increasing reading levels. Such programs can be administered both in and out of the traditional
classroom environment.

Comprehension

Understanding the text is imperative to reading success. Intervention programs offer strategies for students to improve
their overall grasp of the content.

Reading intervention is a program, supplementary to an existing literacy curriculum, that is provided to students for the
primary purpose of increasing reading levels. Such programs can be administered both in and out of the traditional
classroom environment.

Vocabulary

Most supplemental reading programs aim to build a student's vocabulary.

Reading intervention is a program, supplementary to an existing literacy curriculum, that is provided to students for the
primary purpose of increasing reading levels. Such programs can be administered both in and out of the traditional
classroom environment.

Types of Programs

Intervention programs include reading courses, tutoring, changes in the teacher's instructional delivery, alternate texts
(including audio and visual texts) and computer reading programs.

Reading intervention is a program, supplementary to an existing literacy curriculum, that is provided to students for the
primary purpose of increasing reading levels. Such programs can be administered both in and out of the traditional
classroom environment.

How Students Are Identified

Subject-area teachers usually recommend students for intervention programs or special courses based on a battery of
assessments and the students' performance in a subject area.

Assistive technology devices may include low-tech items like a raised table or sophisticated software for voice
recognition. By increasing independence and access to education, these devices allow students with disabilities to
function more fully, particularly if the technology gains social acceptance. Many students with visual, learning,
expressive, hearing or physical disabilities can reach their potential by using assistive technology that matches their
individual needs.

Visual Technology

A student with a visual impairment can use software to access the electronic world of Web articles, textbooks on CD-
DVD and online tests. The University of Washington provides both ZoomText and JAWS software for magnification and
screen reading. With speech-recognition software, such as Dragon Naturally Speaking, students convert their dictation
to written assignments. Web browsers generally include or provide free access to magnification and color contrast. For
students who are blind and use Braille, hardware such as the ALVA 544 Satellite Traveler can coordinate with screen
readers and convert text to Braille.

Assistive technology devices may include low-tech items like a raised table or sophisticated software for voice
recognition. By increasing independence and access to education, these devices allow students with disabilities to
function more fully, particularly if the technology gains social acceptance. Many students with visual, learning,
expressive, hearing or physical disabilities can reach their potential by using assistive technology that matches their
individual needs.

Learning Devices

Screen readers and speech-recognition software also help many students with learning disabilities. The National Center
for Learning Disabilities notes the value of both Kurzweill 3000 to read scanned text aloud and Read & Write Gold, which
provides integrated grammatical help, word prediction and document reading. Some students may prefer apps, such as
Dragon Search, that provide voice-recognition to search the Web. The University of New Hampshire also lists the i-Talk
app, useful for recording lectures. Another recorder, the Echo smartpen, requires Livescribe "dot paper," which links
specific handwritten notes with the audio recording taking place at that exact moment -- a useful tool for lecture review.

Assistive technology devices may include low-tech items like a raised table or sophisticated software for voice
recognition. By increasing independence and access to education, these devices allow students with disabilities to
function more fully, particularly if the technology gains social acceptance. Many students with visual, learning,
expressive, hearing or physical disabilities can reach their potential by using assistive technology that matches their
individual needs.

Communication Enhancement
Expressive disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, affect communication and social skills. The Pacer Center
suggests many products, including Look-2-Learn, an augmentative communication app allowing students to express
their needs using photographs and their own voice output. For social skills, it includes the app Pictello to help students
create stories and join conversations. Of course, low-tech picture communication boards with images of food, people or
locations also encourage students to express their needs.

Assistive technology devices may include low-tech items like a raised table or sophisticated software for voice
recognition. By increasing independence and access to education, these devices allow students with disabilities to
function more fully, particularly if the technology gains social acceptance. Many students with visual, learning,
expressive, hearing or physical disabilities can reach their potential by using assistive technology that matches their
individual needs.

Hearing Assistance

In the classroom, assistive listening devices amplify the instructor's voice. With Loop ALDs, a student can wear a loop
receiver or use his existing hearing aid to pick up the electromagnetic signals. An FM device amplifies a lecture through
radio waves, requiring the instructor to wear a microphone and the student, a receiver. Real-time captioning, helpful for
both deaf and hard-of-hearing students, projects the instructor's lecture on a screen. Closed-captioning technology can
also make videos accessible. Such devices may also benefit students with attention-deficit disorder.

Assistive technology devices may include low-tech items like a raised table or sophisticated software for voice
recognition. By increasing independence and access to education, these devices allow students with disabilities to
function more fully, particularly if the technology gains social acceptance. Many students with visual, learning,
expressive, hearing or physical disabilities can reach their potential by using assistive technology that matches their
individual needs.

Physical Accommodations

Ergonomic chairs, raised desks, specialized keyboards and mouse adaptations can benefit many students with physical
disabilities. For example, a large trackball mouse like the Kensington Expert Mouse permits greater motor control. A
student with cerebral palsy may benefit from an enlarged keyboard, a student with carpal tunnel syndrome from an
ergonomic keyboard and a student with one hand from a Dvorak keyboard. Voice-recognition software, useful for many
disabilities, can speed word processing.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.
DT Trainer

Teachers and parents trying to help children with special needs have to look for software that can be used as part of the
learning program. Karl Smith, a software developer with an autistic child, realized that intensive methods of learning
required a lot of adult time that was costly. He tried to fill this requirement by developing the DT Trainer, which is "a
large software package of many learning content programs that target the needs of individuals who are developmentally
two to nine years old," according to "Exceptional Parent" (EP) magazine.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.

Speech Software

Speech software helps students with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) needs like children with
autism, cerebral palsy, development delay and other language problems. Speaking software makes it easier for them to
communicate and express themselves through touch technology. Converting text to speech is another form of speech
software that helps the visually impaired or people with other special needs where reading text is difficult. Dr. Glenn M
Kleiman, an educational psychologist, says that speech synthesizers and text-to-speech conversion programs can make
the computer pronounce words. He adds that if special Braille printers are linked to computers, then any information in
the computer can be printed in Braille.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.

Voice-Recognition Software
Children with cerebral palsy also have special learning needs that are met when computer equipment and Internet are
used with assistive technology. On-screen keyboards, special pointing devices and voice-recognition software help this
process. Voice-recognition software translates speech, in real time, into text. This helps overcome language problems,
and assists students who have difficulties with writing or using computer keys.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.

Mindmap Software

Mindmapping is a useful learning style for dyslexics. It's a way of planning for writing or revising with the help of concept
maps. The maps are used to present information in a visual manner, similar to how we perceive ideas in our brain. It
starts with a central image and then branches out into other images or thoughts. Mindmap software makes this a simple
process for those with learning difficulties, and also helps the average learner.

DT Trainer

Teachers and parents trying to help children with special needs have to look for software that can be used as part of the
learning program. Karl Smith, a software developer with an autistic child, realized that intensive methods of learning
required a lot of adult time that was costly. He tried to fill this requirement by developing the DT Trainer, which is "a
large software package of many learning content programs that target the needs of individuals who are developmentally
two to nine years old," according to "Exceptional Parent" (EP) magazine.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.

Speech Software
Speech software helps students with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) needs like children with
autism, cerebral palsy, development delay and other language problems. Speaking software makes it easier for them to
communicate and express themselves through touch technology. Converting text to speech is another form of speech
software that helps the visually impaired or people with other special needs where reading text is difficult. Dr. Glenn M
Kleiman, an educational psychologist, says that speech synthesizers and text-to-speech conversion programs can make
the computer pronounce words. He adds that if special Braille printers are linked to computers, then any information in
the computer can be printed in Braille.

Learning Aids are tools or resources used by and for children with special needs, and particularly those with learning
difficulties. With the increase in the number of children with autism, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia and other learning difficulties, parents and teachers have been challenged to
find assistance that makes it easier for the children to learn, acquire skills and be motivated. The tools used for learning
difficulties or disabilities are sometimes a more methodical and creative use of aids applied in teaching in mainstream
schools. In today's environment, computers are essential tools for both special needs and mainstream students.
However, the computer is used more in the form of assistive technology for special needs with many kinds of software
available as learning aids.

Types of Teaching Aids

The aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example :- actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps,
flash cards, flannel board, bulletin board, chalkboard, overhead projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and chalk
are the commonest ones

What are the Types of Teaching-Learning Aids?

I. Visual (Verbal) Print or Duplicated

(a) Textbook, Supplementary Book

(b) Reference books, Encyclopedia, etc.

(c) Magazine, Newspaper, etc.

(d) Documents and Clippings

(e) Duplicated Written Material

(0 Programmed Learning Material and Self-instructional Modules

(g) Case Studies (Simulating Reality) and Case Report

II. Visual (Pictorial) Non-projected Two-dimensional

(a) Blackboard Writing and Drawing

(b) Charts (c) Posters (d) Maps (e) Diagrams (f) Graphs (g) Photographs (h) Cartoons (i) Comic Strips
III. Audio

(a) Human voice (b) Gramophone records (c) Audio tapes/discs (d) Stereo records (e) Radio broadcast (f) Telephonic
conversation

IV. Visual Non-projected Three-dimensional

(a) Model (b) Mock-up (c) Diorama (d) Globe (e) Relief Map (f) Specimen (g) Puppet (h) Hologram

V. Visual Projected (Still)

(a) Slide (b) Filmstrip (c) Transparency (OHP) (d) Microfilm, Microcard (e) Computer

VI. Audio-visual Projected (With Motion):

(a) Motion Picture Film (b) Television (c) Close-circuit Television (d) Video Cassettes/Disc (e) Multimedia Computer

(f)Slide-Tape Presentation

Worksheets

Worksheets are handouts the students complete to practice their skills. They give the students a chance to get further
repetition without taking the teacher's full-time attention. While all students complete their worksheets, the teacher
can focus on the individual students who need the most help. Worksheets are also a common form of homework
assignment. A student's performance on worksheets can also be used to gauge the student's progress on that particular
subject.

Textbooks

Textbooks are books containing information about a particular subject, organized in a manner calculated to make
presenting the information easier. Teachers can read a textbook to confirm or expand their personal knowledge and/or
assign readings from a textbook for students to complete. Many textbooks also include quizzes or review questions to
help assess how well students have comprehended what they have read. Publishing companies often release matched
pairs of textbooks with workbooks (books full of worksheets) on the same subject matter.

Teaching aids can make the job much easier.

Teaching is a challenging job, whether you are in charge of a traditional public school classroom or tutoring a single child
in a language. Fortunately, there are many aids and accessories available to make the job easier. Though some cost
money, others are available for free or easily manufactured from household items or on your computer.

Worksheets

Worksheets are handouts the students complete to practice their skills. They give the students a chance to get further
repetition without taking the teacher's full-time attention. While all students complete their worksheets, the teacher
can focus on the individual students who need the most help. Worksheets are also a common form of homework
assignment. A student's performance on worksheets can also be used to gauge the student's progress on that particular
subject.
Textbooks

Textbooks are books containing information about a particular subject, organized in a manner calculated to make
presenting the information easier. Teachers can read a textbook to confirm or expand their personal knowledge and/or
assign readings from a textbook for students to complete. Many textbooks also include quizzes or review questions to
help assess how well students have comprehended what they have read. Publishing companies often release matched
pairs of textbooks with workbooks (books full of worksheets) on the same subject matter.

Realia

Realia are artifacts from the real world that are related to the subject matter being studied. Students can interact with
the realia to gain better perspective on what they are studying. For example, students practicing Spanish conversation
can role play ordering at a restaurant using real menus printed in Spanish from a Mexican restaurant. Other examples
include photographs, road maps and that frog you dissected in biology class.

Multimedia

Often among the most popular with the students, multimedia presentations use video, audio or both to present
information. Films, videos and film strips are all examples of multimedia teaching aids. Most school districts have
libraries of multimedia presentations, avoiding the need for teachers to spend personal funds on these expensive aids.

Presentation Tools

A number of tools have been designed to help the teacher put information in a place all the students can see it during
class. Examples include chalk boards, whiteboards, overhead projectors, bulletin boards, felt boards and in-focus
machines.

Administrative Tools

Besides tools used during presentation, teachers have access to a variety of tools to help manage and maintain their
curriculum. Lesson planning books, attendance rosters, grade books and teachers' guides to subjects or textbooks are
common examples of this kind of tool. Even a simple appointment calendar can be an indispensable administrative aid
to most teachers.