141

INTRODUCTION

DEFLECTION: Deflection of Reinforced concrete must be checked prior to final detailing of

members. There are two reasons for these a) a structure must be safe and b) serviceable.

a) A structure is safe if it is able to resist without distress and with some margin to spare,
all forces which foressebly will act on it during its lifetime.
b) Serviceability implies, among other things that deflections and other distortions under
load will be unobjectionable small. For example excessive beam and slab deflections can
lead to objectionable cracking of partitions, poor drainage and misalignment of sensitive
machineries. It becomes important, therefore to be able to predict deflections with
reasonable accuracy, so that members can be dimensioned to ensure both adequate
strength and appropriate small deflection.

We shall deal with deflections which occur immediately upon application of loading, the so
called instantaneous deflection. Instantaneous deflections can be calculated on
elastic behavior of flexural members. From the theory of Structural Mechanics, elastic
deflections can be expressed in the form Delastic = where EI is the flexural rigidity
and F (loads, span) is a function of the particular load and span arrangement. Thus for a
3
uniform load in a simple span the deflection is equals to DEF = 5wl /384. For various types of
loadings and joint conditions, refer to any textbooks on Theory of Structures.

Using the transformed section of uncracked section and Ec is the modulus of concrete we have
deliu= F/EcIut here Iut = the moment of inertia of uncracked transform section and Ec is the
modulus of concrete. Investigations and experimental results from AC.I studies gives the
effective moment of Ie = Iut + ( 1- )3 )Ict
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Here Ict is the moment of inertia of the cracked, transformed section Ie = effective moment of

inertia Mcr = cracking moment. For design purposes Mcr = here Ig is the moment of
inertia of the gross concrete section neglecting reinforcement and fr is the modulus of rupture
for normal concrete taken as 7.5Fc’. Yt is the distance from the neutral axis to the tension
fiber stress.

For continuous beam the A.C.I. calls for the use of the average value.

LONG TIME DEFLECTIONS: These types of deflection are caused shrinkages and creep.
Additional longtime deflection can be computed by the formula Y = Deltaxx instantaneous
deflection where coefficients depends on the duration of sustained loads. Based from
experimental results the A.C.I. codes gives Delta = 2 - – 0.6 here As’ = Area of
compression steel

and As = Area of steel reinforcement tension.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS

TYPE OF MEMBER DEFLECTION TO BE CONSIDERED DEFLECTION

Roofs not supporting or attached
to non structural elements likely to
be damage by large deflections
Floors not supporting or attached
to non structural elements likely to
be damaged by large deflections
Roof or floor construction
supporting or attached to non
structural elements likely to be
damaged by long deflections
LIMITATIONS
Immediate deflections due to live load L 1/180
Immediate deflections due to live load l 1/360
That part of the total deflection which 1/480
occurs after attachments of the non
structural elements’ the sum of the long
time deflections due to all sustained loads
and the immediate deflections due to any
additional live load.

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF BEAMS ON ONE WAY SLABS

UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED

Member Minimum thickness, h

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Cantilever simply supported One end continues Both end continues

Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other constructions likely

to be damaged by large deflections

Solids one way slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

Beams or ribbed one way slab L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

With uniformly loaded loads and variable moments, the deflection at any point is given as
Delta = (X3 – (2l + )X2 + + L3 - - To locate the point of deflection

we differentiate above equation and set to zero and arrived at the following generalized form

AX3 + BX2 + CX + D = 0 Here A,B,C & D are coefficients of unknown X while D is a

constant.

By computer author used Newton’s method Of Approximation to solve for X in 15 trials

(Program no 2) Also the maximum positive moment is given as Mp = L/2 +

here Ma & Mb are variable end moments and W and L is uniform distributed load per ft. and
L span length in feet.

COMPUTER OUTPUT

Upon input of numerical data’s, into the keyboard, computer first determines maximum
positive

moment then prints on the monitor screen equation of the deflection curve. It computes
theoretical deflection by the transformed section method (service load design). With given
longtime multiplier factor as input data it computes actual deflection based from code and
prints on the screen whether given cross section and steel reinforcements is adequate for
deflection.
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Programmer/Designer/ Structural Engineer : Bienvenido C. David Date: Jan

19, 1970 PRC NO: 10170

DESCRIPTION: Deflection of beams by the working stress theory in

English Units

SUBJECT: Reinforced Concrete Design (USD ALTERNATIVE) 1977 ACI

Code*** Deflection calculations by service load design (WSD. theory)
TITLE: Deflection of beams and slabs CODE NAME: Deflect
MACHINE LANGUAGE : T.I. BASIC COMPUTER: T.I. 99/4A Texas
Instruments Program steps: 201
LIBRARY MODULE: Floppy Disk PROGRAM NAME: Deflect
PTR NO: 4696357 at Baguio City 10/11/1982
CODE NAME: Deflect

Longitudinal Section

B Ld H

N.A Mb

bw Ma reference line

SECTION Moment Diagram Mc

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REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS: Concrete Fundamentals by The Theory and Practice of

Design of Concrete Phil M. Ferguson Reinforced Concrete by
Structures by George Winter Simplified design of Clarence w. Dunham.
CHAPTER 4 Pages 161 - 169 Reinforced Concrete by
Parker
PROGRAM DISCLAIMER: Any use of the programs to solve problems other than those
displayed is the role responsibility of the user as to whether the output is correct or correctly
interpreted.

My first generation home computer

DEFLECT : Is a computer program that calculates the maximum deflection of a given beam with
variable end moments. Load is uniformly distributed. The program, computer solves location of
maximum positive moment then solves and locate point of maximum theoretical deflection.
Additional longtime deflection is also solved by computer and compares whether given section
is adequate or not. It uses the service load design method and the transformed section
method. The program is written in Advance BASICA language and can be use in
programmable calculators . It can easily be integrated into the E _Review center of UC BCF.
BASIC COMPUTER SYMBOLS
+ ADDITION ^ RAISED TO THE POWER
- SUBTRACTION SQR SQUARE ROOT OF THE NUMBER
MULTIPLICATION * GOTO = JUMP LINE NUMBER

\ DIVISION GO SUB = GO SUB ROUTINE

A.B.S ABSOLUTE VALUE SGN = SIGNUM NOTATION
If true branch out

Branch out IF THEN ELSE STATEMENT

Main program
If false
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computer instruction code

LINE STATEMENT NUMERICAL OUTPUT ***(SAMPLE

ONLY FOR DEBUGGING PURPOSES)
NO
5 Call clear
10 This is calculation of beam deflection by the
U.S.D. method
30 PRINT” Are you ready first determine point of
maximum deflection using the 1977 A.C.I code
revised”
40 PRINT’ Dimension of beam in Inches, material
strength in Kips per square Inch, uniform loads
in pounds per foot.”
50 PRINT” Let CA moment coefficient at exterior
support and Cc moment coefficient at support
C. If all data’s are in their respective units
then run line no 70”
60 STOP
70 INPUT”CA,CB,LC”CA.CB,LC 0.0725,0.0725,25
80 INPUT”DL,LL”:DL,LL 1100,2200
90 REM This is Newton’s method of
Approximation solving roots for a cubic
equation good for 15 trials only
3 2
110 REM Format is AX + BX + CX + D = 0
120 REM Input the following values as given
A,B,C,D and X1 where X1 is a trial root
130 X = LC/3
140 GOSUB 1150
150 X2=Z
160 Y2=A^X2^3+B*X2^2+C*X2+D
170 IF Y2=0 THEN 180 ELSE 200
180 PRINT” Real root is=”;X2
190 STOP
200 X=X2
210 GOSUB 1150
220 X3=Z
230 Y3=A*X3^3+B*X3^2+C*X3+D
240 IF Y3=0 THEN 250 ELSE 270
250 PRINT” Real positive root is=”;X3
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260 STOP
270 X=X3
280 GOSUB 1150
290 X4=Z
300 Y4=A*X4^3+B*X4^2+C*X4+D
310 IF Y4=0 THEN 320 ELSE 340
320 PRINT “Real positive root is=”;X4
330 STOP
340 X=X4
350 GOSUB 1150
360 X5=Z
370 IF Y5=0 THEN 390 ELSE 410
390 PRINT” Real positive root is=”;X5
400 STOP
410 X=X5
420 GOSUB 1150
430 X6=Z
440 Y6=A*X6^3+B*X6^2+C*X6+D
450 IF Y6=0 THEN 460 ELSE 480
460 PRINT” Real positive root is=”;X6
470 STOP
480 X=X6
490 GOSUB 1150
500 X7=Z
510 Y7= A*X7^3+B*X7^2+C*X7 +D
520 IF Y7=0 THEN 530 ELSE 550
530 PRINT” Real positive root is=”X7
540 STOP
550 X=X7
560 GOSUB 1150
570 X8=Z
580 Y8=A*X8^3+B*X8^2+C*X8+D
590 IF Y8=0 THEN 600 ELSE 620
600 PRINT” Real positive root is X8=”;X8
610 STOP
620 X=X8
630 GOSUB 1150
640 X9=Z
650 Y9=A*X9^3+B*X9^2+C*X9+D
660 IF Y9=0 THEN 670 ELSE 690
670 PRINT” Real positive root is X9=”X9
580 STOP
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690 X=X9
700 GOSUB 1150
710 X10=Z
720 Y10= A*X10^3+B*X10^2+C*X10+D
730 IF Y10 = 0 THEN 740 ELSE 760
740 PRINT” Real positive root is=”;X10
750 STOP
760 X-X10
770 GOSUB 1150
780 X11=Z
790 Y11= A*X11^3+B*X11^2+C*X11+D
800 IF Y11 =0 THEN 810 ELSE 830
810 PRINT” Real positive root is X11=”;X11
820 STOP
830 X=X11
840 GOSUB 1150
850 X12=Z
860 Y12=A*X12^3+B*X12^2+C*X12+D
870 IF Y12=0 THEN 880 ELSE 900
880 PRINT” Real root is=”;X12
890 STOP
900 X=X12
910 GOSUB 1150
920 X13=Z
930 Y13=A*X13^3+B*X13^2+C*X13+D
940 IF Y13=0 THEN 950 ELSE 970
950 PRINT” Real root is=”;X13
960 STOP
970 X=X13
980 GOSUB 1150
990 X14=Z
1000 Y14=A*X14^3+B*X14^2+C*X14+D
1010 IF Y14=0 THYEN 1020 ELSE 1040
1020 PRINT” Real positive root is =”;X14
1030 STOP
1040 X=X14
1050 Y14=A*X14^3+B*X14^2+C*X14+D
1055 GOSUB 1150
1060 X15=Z
1070 Y15= A*X15^3+B*X15^2+C*X15+D
1080 PRINT” Real positive root is=”;X15
1090 PRINT”Y15=”Y15;”At the end of 15 cycle”
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1100 STOP
1110 REM A sub routine for Newton’s Method”
1115 REM with X=Lc/3 as first trial
1150 W=1.4*DL+1.7*LL 5280
1155 W1=W/1000 3.3. IN KIPS
1160 A=1/6*W1
1170 B= -(1/4*W1*LC+1/2*MA/LC-1/2*MB/LC) -20.625
1180 C=MA -150
1190 D=W1*LC^3/24-MA*LC/3-MB*LC/6 273.43
1157 MA=CA*W1*LC^2 150 Foot kips
1159 MB=CB*W1*LC^2 150 Foot kips
2030 REM Actual sub routine
2040 Y=A*X^3+B*X^2+C*X+D
2050 Q=3*A*X^2+2*B*X+C
2060 Z=X-(Y/Q)
2070 RETURN
2080 STOP
2100 PRINT” This is actual computation of
deflection”
2110 REM For symbols see program record and
drawing
2120 INPUT”BF,BW,FC,FY”:BF,BW,FC,FY Example BF=75,BW=14,FC=2.5 &
FY=40
2130 INPUT”H,HF,X,DLP,LLP”:H,HF,X,DLP,LLP H=24.5,HF=5,X=12.5,DLP=20,LLP=80
2140 INPUT”ASB.AST”:ASB,AST ASB=3.58,AST=5.56
2145 INPUT”ASN:ASN ASN=1.58 Sq Inch
2150 AT1=BW*(H-HF)+BF*HF 648
2160 M1=(H-HF)*BW*((H-HF)/2+HF)+BF*HF*HF/2 4964.25
2170 Y1=M1/AT1 7.65 Inches
2180 REM Compute moment of inertia for
uncracked section
2200 IHC=1/12*(BF-BW)*HF^3+(BF-BW)*HF*(Y1- 8756.24
HF/2)^2
2210 IVC=1/12*BW*H^3+BW*H(H/2-Y1)^2 24384.50
2220 IGU=IHC+IVC 33139.503
2230 REM Compute moment of inertia of cracked
section i.e positive bending
2240 EC=1802.498*FC^.5 2849.995
2250 ES=29000
2260 N=INT(ES/EC) 10
2270 IHU= 1/12*BF*HF^3+BF*HF*(Y2-HF/2)^2 1864.
INSERT THE FOLLOWING PROGRAM LINES
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2262 AT2=BF*HF+N*ASB 410.8

2265 M2=BF*HF*HF/2+N*ASB*(H-2.5) 1725.00
2268 Y2=M2/AT2 4.19 FROM TOP
2280 IHT=N*ASB*(H-2.5-Y2)^2 11343.67865
2290 IGC=IHU+IHT 13207.907
2300 REM Let MCR Cracking moment & FR as
modulus of rupture and YT as extreme fiber
stress from N.A. For cracked section
2310 FR=237.17*FC^.5 374.99 PSI
2320 MCR=FR*IGU/(H-Y1)*1/12000 61.53
2330 MC=(W1*LC^2/8-(MA+MB)/2-(MA-MB)/ 108.00 Ft kips
(2*W*LC^2)
2340 IE=(MCR/MC)^3*IGU+(1-MCR/MC^3)*IGC 16892.017
2350 IF IE < IGU THEN 2360 ELSE 2380 33,139
2360 IE1-IE 16892.017
2370 GOTO 2385
2380 IE1-IGC 16892.617
2385 IE2=IE1
2390 REM Determine effective moment of inertia of
negative region
2400 Y3=H/2 12.25
2410 IRU=1/12*BW*H^3 17,157
2420 REM Let IRC as moment of inertia of cracked
section i.e negative bending region
2430 REM Let Y4 extreme fiber stress of cracked
section from N.A
2440 REM Solve Y4
2445 Q=N*AST*(H-2.5)+(N-1)*ASB*2.5 1303.75
2450 R=N*AST+(N-1) *ASB 87.82
2460 S=SQR(4*R^2+8*BW*Q) 420.558449
2470 Y4= (S-2*R)/(2*BW) 8.746
2480 I4=N*AST*(H-2.5-Y4)^2+(N-1)*ASB*(Y4- 13377
2.5)^2+1/12*BW*Y4^3 + +BW*Y4*(Y4-Y4/2)^2
2490 REM Let IF as average moment of inertia to be
used for negative bending region let MCR2
cracked moment for negative bending region
2500 MCR2=FR*IRU/H/2*1/12000 43.7678 Foot kips
2510 I2=(MCR2/MA)^3*IRU+(1-(MCR2/MA)^3)*I4 13470
2520 IAV=1/2*(IE+I2) 15569.13
2530 REM Find multiplier for a long time deflection
2535 FP=2-1.2*ASB/AST 1.22733
2540 IF FP2<=0.6 THEN 2250 ELSE 2570
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2550 FP1-FP
2560 GOTO 2580
2570 FP1=0.6
2580 FN=2-1.2*ASN/AST 1.65
2590 FAV=1/2*(FN+FP1) 1.43165
2600 BREAK
2595 PRINT” Review given numerical results then
type continue to resume running”
2610 REM Let YA as actual beam deflection
2615 REM We let D1,D2,D3,D4,& D5, D6 as
preliminary variable to arrived at actual beam
deflection
2620 D1=W1*X/24 1.7185
2630 D2=X^3-2*LC*X^2+4*MA*X^2/(W1*LC)- -5859.38
4*MB*X^2/(W1*LC)
2640 D4=1728*D1*(D2+D3)/(EC*IAV) 0.2014
2650 rem let pd&pl as percent dead load and live
load respectively
2660 D5=(D4*DL*FAV)/(W1*1000) 0.1225
2670 D7=PL*D4*LL/(W1*1000) 0.077
2680 D8=D5+D6+D7 0.309
2690 PRINT” Total deflection of member is equals 0.309
to the sum of immediate and sustained dead
and live loads=”D8;”Inches”
2673 DC=LC*12/480 0.650
2675 PRINT”Allowable deflection from code is
=”;DC;”Inches”
2680 PRINT’ Compare actual deflection and
deflection as per code requirements”
2685 PRINT” Revise section and make another run if
necessary or revise material strength
specifications”
2690 PRINT” This was programmed by Bienvenido
C. David on November 1982 in his hometown
Baguio City
2700 END