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https://islamophiliawatch.blogspot.com/2016/02/critique-of-blowback-hypothesis.html
Lacking in blowbackicity
Disjointed notes on the care and feeding of blowbacks
It is true that often the media indeed try to avoid blaming Western policy for anti-Western
violence.
On the other hand often the media are quite candid about the cause of the blowback.
For example, a few years ago in Sweden, an Iraqi who had come to Sweden as a child refugee
and had been educated in Swedish schools blew himself up in a crowded shopping area of
Stockholm during the Xmas shopping season. The underlying cause: Sweden refused to
punish a cartoonist who made fun of the prophet Mohammed.
Or isn’t that the kind of blowback you had in mind?
PS. Thanks to a malfunction, he managed to kill only himself.
On this web site the term “blowback” seems to be used far more often than warranted, and
furthermore sometimes used to describe phenomena whose blowbackicity is not always
evident to the uninitiated.
Moreover nowadays blowback is nearly always applied to acts of violence. Its original meaning
was far broader, such as used by Chalmers Johnson.
http://nypolisci.org/files/PDF%20FILES/Chapter%20VIII_%202_Blowback.pdf
I think it is high time to review both usage and meaning of this term.
London 2005
Were the 2005 London bombings “blowback”? In a sense they were, since they were
motivated by the illegal invasion of Iraq. But the perps were not Iraqis. They were Englishmen
of Pakistani descent who had never been to the Middle East. Consequently they were
avenging the deaths of complete strangers to whom they were bound only by a common
religion.
Saddam Hussein and the current president of Sudan killed at least as many Moslems as Tony
Blair and George Bush.
Where was the blowback?
As a matter of fact the Sudanese president is quite popular in the Middle East.
Moslems who kill Moslems get a free pass. Culprits are denounced and punished only if they
are outsiders.
Bosnia
“Revenge can be inspired by other stuff besides the “personal” sort.”
You’re quite right. When revenge is not of the personal sort, it’s generally of the ideological
sort.
There are many cases of Moslem violence that can only be explained by ideological motives.
In the 1990s the US saved Bosnian Moslems from brutal Bosnian Serb aggression.
In this scenario the blowback hypothesis would predict that Bosnian Serbs are more likely to
threaten the US than Bosnian Moslems.
Since then several Bosnians have been convicted for terrorism in the US. None of them were
Bosnian Serbs. All of them were Bosnian Moslems.
Consequently in this case the blowback hypothesis fails to explain Islamic terrorism. On the
contrary, this is a clear case of terrorism generated by purely ideological motives.
Paris and Brussels 2015-2016
To call the Paris and Brussels attacks “blowback” seems to imply that people from the Middle
East went to Paris and Brussels to avenge imperialist crimes committed against their nearest
and dearest. But all the terrorists in Paris and Brussels were natives to those cities. Their only
link to the Middle East was religious and/or ideological. Specifically, the terrorists were
people of Moslem background who chose to ally themselves with enemies of their native
countries principally because those enemies were Moslems.
Consequently, these instances of “blowback” would never have occurred if there were not a
Moslem fifth column in Europe willing to do the bidding of foreign terrorists.
The attacks on Paris and Brussels could only occur because those cities have large Moslem
populations.
Therefore it seems reasonable to conclude that the principal cause of terrorism in Europe is
not blowback but Islam.
Posted 21st April 2016 by Zenobia van Dongen
[1] I grant that it is conceivable that the Swedish spooks announced this arrest as a favor
to France, in order to deflate the blowback hypothesis for the Paris attacks of 15 Nov.
However, even if this announcement was a mere public relations operation, the fact is
that Sweden has been the target of several Islamic terrorist attacks before. So such
conjectural fakery would not disprove the assumption that the true measure of an Islamic
terrorism threat is not a country’s foreign policy, but instead the strength and composition of
its Mohammedan ( AND Pookum) populations.
This is however merely an empirical rule of thumb that reflects current conditions. There is
nothing inexorable about it.
[2] Even if Louati does not expressly say ethnic profiling “of Muslims”, but merely mentions
ethnic profiling in general, it can be fairly inferred that he means Muslims and not the
population at large, since he is the boss of an anti-Islamophobia organization.
I am not here taking any position regarding ethnic profiling. Even if we consider ethnic
profiling something good in principle, an excess of ethnic profiling is definitely bad. And it
appears that in France [and likely elsewhere] ethnic profiling is used excessively and almost
certainly -- at least sometimes -- constitutes unnecessary harassment of certain subordinate
minorities.
Posted 29th April 2016 by Zenobia van Dongen
Blowback Chronicles 1
Comment on:
Will It Take The End of the World For Obama To Recognize ISIS As 'Islamic'?, by Asra Q.
Nomani and Hala Arafa [two self-described "liberal Muslim feminist journalists" living in
the United States], Daily Beast, 20 Feb 2015
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/20/will-it-take-the-end-of-the-world-for-
obama-to-recognize-isis.html
[1] Aggregate terminological haziness ATH is equal to the vector sum of all the individual
terminological hazinesses [ITHs].
[2] Eugène Ionesco: Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It, Act 1
[3] The fact that Hizzoner couldn't find a single suitable piece of legit islamophobe slander
online and was forced to concoct his own, says much about the media’s (even the
islamophobe media’s) rigid compliance with the rules of political correctness. Political
correctness is not really bad in itself, it’s the overdoses that get you.
[4] Some recent examples of the Muslim Brotherhood’s terrorist ties: The behavior of the MB
leader Morsi as president of Egypt (2011-2013) clearly showed his soft spot for mass
murderers. He appointed as governor of Luxor province the mastermind of the
1997 Luxor massacre, in the course of which several women were disemboweled and verses of
the Holy Qur’an thrust into their abdominal cavities. And he pleaded most movingly to Barack
Obama for the release of the Blind Sheikh, serving a life sentence for blowing up New
York’s World Trade Center in 1993.
Posted 16th August 2016 by Zenobia van Dongen
Blowback chronicles 3
1. Sunni grievances against Shia
An American journalist interviewed an ISIS terrorist who had been captured by Iraqi police and
condemned to death. The man confessed to having killed 40 or 50 people with roadside
bombs (IUDs).
US journalist -- Why did you join ISIS?
Captured ISIS terrorist -- Someone from my neighborhood came to me. He explained we must
make a change, that Shias were hurting Sunnis.
US journalist -- Did you ever know a Sunni personally who was hurt by a Shia Muslim?
Captured ISIS terrorist -- No. Just rumors.[1]
2. Arab grievances against Jews
1921 Jaffa riots
Summarized from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Jaffa riots in Mandatory Palestine on May 1–7, 1921 started as a fight between 2 different
Jewish political parties.
NOTE: At the time the Arab population of Palestine was about 90% Mohammedan and 10%
Christian. Most police were Arabs.
Hearing of the fighting and believing [mistakenly!] that Arabs were being attacked, the Arabs
of Jaffa went on the offensive. Dozens of British, Arab, and Jewish witnesses all reported that
Arab men bearing clubs, knives, swords, and some pistols broke into Jewish buildings and
murdered their inhabitants, while women followed to loot. They attacked Jewish pedestrians
and destroyed Jewish homes and stores. They beat and killed Jews in their homes, including
children, and in some cases split open the victims' skulls.[1]
As in the previous year's Nebi Musa riots, the mob tore open their victims' quilts and pillows,
sending up clouds of feathers. Some Arabs defended Jews and offered them refuge in their
homes. Many witnesses identified their attackers and murderers as their neighbours.
The Arab leaders submitted a petition to the League of Nations in which they expressed their
demands for independence and democracy, noting that the Arab community contained
sufficient educated and talented members to establish a stable representative democracy.
The report of an investigative commission headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
in Palestine ... confirmed the participation of Arab policemen in the riots ...
"... the fundamental cause of the violence and the subsequent acts of violence was a feeling
among the Arabs of discontent with, and hostility to, the Jews, due to political and economic
causes, and connected with Jewish immigration."
"The racial strife was begun by Arabs, and rapidly developed into a conflict of great violence
between Arabs and Jews, in which the Arab majority, who were generally the aggressors,
inflicted most of the casualties.”
“... the state of popular feeling made a conflict likely to occur on any provocation by any
Jews.”[2]
The raids on five Jewish agricultural colonies arose from the excitement produced in the
minds of the Arabs by reports of Arabs having been killed by Jews in Jaffa. In two cases
unfounded stories of provocation were believed and acted upon without any effort being
made to verify them. The Palestine government imposed fines on Arab villages and tribes
believed to have been collectively involved in the riot. They were Tulkarm, Kakon, Kalkilieh,
Kafr Saba, the Wadi Hawareth Bedouin and the Abu Kishik tribe.
New bloody riots broke out in Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem on November 2, 1921, when five
Jewish residents and three of their Arab attackers were killed ...
[1] The heavy imprint of America's 'light footprint', by Nick Turse, Open Democracy, 27 March
2014
https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/nick-turse/heavy-imprint-of-americas-light-
footprint
[2] The heavy imprint of America's 'light footprint', by Nick Turse, Open Democracy, 27 March
2014
https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/nick-turse/heavy-imprint-of-americas-light-
footprint
[3] Back to the future: America's new model for expeditionary warfare, by Nick Turse, Open
Democracy, 14 March 2014
https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/nick-turse/back-to-future-americas-new-
model-for-expeditionary-warfare
[4] The heavy imprint of America's 'light footprint', by Nick Turse, Open Democracy, 27 March
2014
https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/nick-turse/heavy-imprint-of-americas-light-
footprint
[5] Barbary slave trade, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade
[6] Barbary: Islamic Terrorism and America’s First Military Victory, by Raymond Ibrahim,
06/10/2018
http://raymondibrahim.com/2018/06/10/barbary-islamic-terrorism-americas-first-military-
victory/
This article is partially excerpted from Raymond Ibrahim’s book, Sword and Scimitar: Fourteen
Centuries of War between Islam and the West
[7] “Jihadists” - A Review, by Robin Simcox, Quillette, January 14, 2019
https://quillette.com/2019/01/14/jihadists-a-review/
[8] People displaced by attacks in northern Mozambique call for help, 12:13 CAT | 04 Jun 2018
http://clubofmozambique.com/news/people-displaced-by-attacks-in-northern-mozambique-
call-for-help/
[9] Muslim Persecution of Christians December 2015, by Raymond Ibrahim, Gatestone
Institute 02/08/2016
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda
[11] Terrorism and Counter terrorism in East Africa, by Patrick Kimunguyi
Research Fellow, Global Terrorism Research Centre and Monash European and EU
Centre, Monash University (Australia)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267265383_Terrorism_and_Counter_terrorism_in_
East_Africa
[12] White supremacists at the heart of Whitehall, by Nafeez Ahmed, Middle East Eye, 6
March 2015
https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/white-supremacists-heart-whitehall-789183852
[13] British Jihadism: The Detail and the Denial, by Paul Vernon Angus Stott, pp 141-142
[14] British Jihadism: The Detail and the Denial, by Paul Vernon Angus Stott, pp 158-160
[15] Why is George Soros pushing sharia law?
https://islamophiliawatch.blogspot.com/2018/11/why-is-george-soros-pushing-sharia-
law.html
[16] George Soros funds Islamic extremists
https://islamophiliawatch.blogspot.com/2018/12/george-soros-funds-islamic-extremists.html
[17] I know Abu Qatada – he's no terrorist, by Victoria Brittain, The Guardian, 7 Jul 2013
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/07/abu-qatada-no-terrorist
[18] British hostage Edwin Dyer 'killed by al-Qaida', by Matthew Weaver and agencies, The
Guardian, Wed 3 Jun 2009 10.11 BST First published on Wed 3 Jun 2009 10.11 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/jun/03/edwin-dyer-hostage-killed-al-qaida
[19] White supremacists at the heart of Whitehall, by Nafeez Ahmed, Middle East Eye, 6
March 2015
https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/white-supremacists-heart-whitehall-789183852
Posted 18th January 2019 by Zenobia van Dongen
[1] Nigeria kidnapping: why Boko Haram is a top security priority for the US, by Chris McGreal,
The Guardian, Fri 9 May 2014
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/09/boko-haram-us-security-policy-nigeria-
kidnap
[2] Blowback Central, by Nick Turse, Tom Dispatch, June 18, 2013
http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175714/
[3] The Saharan Conundrum, by Nicholas Schmidle, The New York Times Magazine, Feb. 13,
2009
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/magazine/15Africa-t.html
[4] Blowback Central, by Nick Turse, Tom Dispatch, June 18, 2013
http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175714/
[5] America’s war on terror in Africa, by Rafael Friedman, Mar 23, 2017
https://hsf.org.za/publications/hsf-briefs/America2019s-war-on-terror-in-Africa
Posted 19th January 2019 by Zenobia van Dongen
[1] Source: Resilience to Bullying "All Muslims Are Terrorists!" What should you do if you are a
victim of Islamophobic bullying? by Izzy Kalman, Psychology Today, Apr 19, 2016
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201604/all-muslims-are-
terrorists
Posted 25th January 2019 by Zenobia van Dongen
[1] Jeremy Corbyn attacks Islamophobia during mosque visit, by Harriet Sherwood, Religion
correspondent, The Guardian, 18 Feb 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/18/jeremy-corbyn-attacks-islamophobia-
during-mosque-visit
[2] Manchester attack: How Muslims became the enemy within, by Imran Awan, Middle East
Eye, 29 May 2017
https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/manchester-attack-how-muslims-became-enemy-
within
[3] Reported by Will Carless, The Hate Report: 4 takeaways from the big annual hate study
Feb 22, 2019 02:35 pm
[4] https://islamophiliawatch.blogspot.com/2019/02/splc-hypocrisy.html
[5] Alain de Benoist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist
[6] Race, Nation, Class. Ambiguous Identities, by Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein,
Verso 2010
[7] The Refugees’ Tsunami In Italy Turns Out To Be Just A Ripple, by Marcela Gola Boutros,
Social Europe, 2 October 2018
https://www.socialeurope.eu/the-refugees-tsunami-in-italy-turns-out-to-be-just-a-ripple
[8] Refugee issues in Italy, by Zenobia van Dongen, Islamophilia Watch, 4 Oct 2018
https://islamophiliawatch.blogspot.com/2018/10/refugee-issues-in-italy.html
[9] Cited in “La théorie du « grand remplacement », de l’écrivain Renaud Camus aux attentats
en Nouvelle-Zélande “ [Writer Renaud Camus’ “Great Replacement” theory featured in
the New Zealand attacks], by Michèle Tribalat http://www.micheletribalat.fr/442084322
Posted 28th March 2019 by Zenobia van Dongen
Manufacturing blowback
An Austrian website called Steirische Friedensplattform [“Styrian Peace Platform” – Styria is
an Austrian province] reports on the conviction of a Palestinian, Abdel Karim Abu Habel,
for terrorism at Krems in Austria. The charges are firstly that once in Austria, he got in touch
via social media with Palestinians in Gaza, whom he instigated to commit a terrorist attack
with a grenade in Jerusalem, near al Aqsa mosque; and secondly being a member of Hamas.
The website is clearly pro-Palestinian, and it protests vehemently against his conviction and
denounces Israel as a colonial occupier. Here is a passage that shows clearly this website’s
sympathies:
"The [Austrian] court ostentatiously writes (Israel) after "Jerusalem”, thus displaying its
political bias and directly contradicting international law [concerning Jerusalem’s status],
since the al-Aqsa Mosque is located in East Jerusalem, which was illegally annexed by Israel in
1967 and is not recognized as part of Israel by the UN or the Security Council, or even by the
US. The court treated the alleged offense throughout as if it had taken place in Austria. There
is no reference to the colonial context. And of course there is no mention of the fact that
international law explicitly authorizes armed resistance against foreign occupation.”[1]
I wonder whether international law is flexible enough to authorize someone to resist foreign
occupation via social media from a remote unoccupied country.
The witnesses for the prosecution testified via Skype from an Israeli prison,
where they were being held for the same alleged terror plot.
Apparently he served 9 years in an Israeli prison for terrorism charges, but for events that had
occurred many years before.
An Austrian daily newspaper[3] reports that he had fled Gaza in 2016. He
gave different reasons for his flight. One of them is that he feared Hamas, which accused him
of being an Israeli spy and had interrogated him harshly. He admits to being a
Hamas member. He sought asylum in Austria and lived in a shelter for asylum seekers in
Gmünd. Through the shelter wi-fi he then recruited youths in Gaza to commit the attack. He
denies the charge, but his messages were preserved on his cell phone and the prosecutor
called the evidence “overwhelming”.
He was originally charged with assaulting prison guards while he was being taken to see the
prison doctor, but that charge was dropped. In a preliminary hearing he claimed he had been
beaten by guards at the prison doctor’s behest. Consequently he was also charged with
slander. That charge too was dropped. The prosecutor denied the defendant’s claims
of having been assaulted.
Neither the Austrian MSM nor the Austrian Palestine-sympathizing website even hinted at
any allegations that someone had tortured Abu Habel, let alone that Mossad agents had
tortured him for nine months on Austrian soil with the connivance of the authorities, had
injected unknown substances into him or had threatened to murder his pregnant wife in Gaza.
Consequently we can safely assume that these are all merely lurid fabrications maliciously
inserted by the Palestinian website.
After quoting this bogus letter, Inminds, an alleged “human rights” group, issued the
following statement, which is saturated with lies:
This is a shocking injustice that a European state has perpetrated on its most vulnerable
resident on behalf of Israel. When Austria invites Israeli thugs to torture, for 9 months, a
young Palestinian father who has entered Austria legally and respected all its laws, breaking
none of them, it calls into question Austria's sovereignty. It's a shameful mockery of Austria's
justice system when it hands down a life sentence to a victim of Israeli terror on the say so of
Israel, for charges which he has already served his time in an Israeli dungeon.
Quite apart from issues of truthfulness, any Muslim who reads the Palestinian website will get
the impression that Austria allows Israeli torturers onto its soil to torture innocent Palestinians
for months on end. And then at the behest of the Israeli occupation authorities, sentence him
to life imprisonment JUST FOR MEDIA MESSAGES! (or else for something he had already
been punished for -- they switch back and forth from one yarn to the other).
Their blood will boil.
Then the blowback clock will start ticking.
One day some righteous jihadi will decide to avenge the infamy committed by that evil
Austrians against his Palestinian blood brother.
Islamic justice will be done.
https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/fbi-arrests-pakistani-american-at-airport-for-
links-to-jem-isis/article27032104.ece
FBI arrests Pakistani-American at airport for links to JeM, ISIS
PTI Washington:, May 04, 2019
Waqar Ul-Hassan, a ... 35-year-old Pakistani-American national, has been arrested by the FBI
on his arrival from Pakistan for being in contact with two UN-proscribed terror groups the
Islamic State and the JeM [Jaish-e-Muhammad].
...
Hassan told investigators that he was in contact with ISIS as well.
The complaint said because he was angry about what was happening to Muslims around
the world, he was serious about sending USD 175 to Jihadists in Syria.
[1] “Ist das verhältnismäßig? Verdacht auf Gesinnungsjustiz” [Is this fair? Suspicion of
prosecution for political opinions], Steirische Friedensplattform [“Styrian Peace Platform”]
http://www.friedensplattform.at/?p=4842
[2] Guerilla Projection - Austria Free Tortured Palestinian Asylum Seeker Abdel Karim Abu
Habel, Inminds, 15 February 2018
http://www.inminds.com/article.php?id=10789
[3] “Terror-Prozess: Mehrtägige Verhandlung gestartet” [Terrorism trial: Proceedings will last
for several days], Austria Presseagentur, Niederösterreichische Nachrichten, 18 July 2017
https://www.noen.at/niederoesterreich/chronik-gericht/krems-terror-prozess-mehrtaegige-
verhandlung-gestartet-justiz-niederoesterreich-prozess-terrorismus-54785390
Posted 11th April 2019 by Zenobia van Dongen
The National Geographic wrote in 2011, “One of the largest United Nations forces in the
world, some 20,000 troops, currently maintains a fragile, and often broken, peace.”[7]
So the armies of about 40 different countries have intervened in the Goma area, as late as
2012. Turse mentions these wars but says nothing about foreign armies.
By neatly separating foreign military involvement from everything else, Turse manages to
avoid raising questions about any benefits that foreign military involvement may have yielded
in Africa.
Fortunately for Turse, his left-wing American audience is gullible and easy to manipulate. He
can probably count on maintaining the illusion for years. Handling jihadi terrorism as if
it were a legitimate popular insurgency like those in Central America in the 1980s can only
serve to prevent popular revulsion in the US at the savagery of the jihadi modus operandi.
Turse skillfully presents and withholds information in order to persuade his audience
that foreign military intervention in Africa is unnecessary and harmful. At a time of swift
expansion of jihadism on the African continent, this can only serve the goals of Islamic
extremism.
Explaining why military intervention in Africa is a bad idea is becoming a veritable
cottage industry among journalists of a certain political persuasion.
Juan Cole distinguished himself around 2007 by explaining that the terrorism of Al Qaeda was
a flash in the pan and completely untypical for Islam. When Sadiq Khan was elected mayor
of London, Juan Cole explained that Khan was merely the latest in a long line of distinguished
European rulers of the Muslim faith. It turned out that Cole was referring to officials of the
Ottoman Empire and of Muslim Spain, all of whom ruled by virtue of invasions of Europe from
either Asia or Africa.
Juan Cole recently republished on his web site an article from The Conversation by Bryce
Reeder that explained the consequences of drone strikes against the Somali terrorist
organization Al Shebaab.[8]
The US argues that drone strikes are necessary for two main reasons: to counter the influence
of Al-Shabaab locally; and to prevent the group from reaching out to members of the Somali
diaspora community to inspire tragic terror attacks. Examples include the Westgate Mall
attack in Kenya that killed 67 people, and the attack on a university in Garissa that killed 147.
Earlier this year there was an attack on a hotel in Nairobi that killed 14 people
What happens after an American drone strike depends on the target of the strike. When
the US attacks Al Shebaab bases, Al Shebaab kills civilians, which must be avoided. And when
the US attacks Al Shebaab soldiers, they are easily replaced by new recruits, so there's no
point in attacking Al Shebaab soldiers. So the best thing for the US is to do nothing.
No wonder Juan Cole republished this article.
[1] The heavy imprint of America's 'light footprint', by Nick Turse, Open Democracy, 27 March
2014
https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/nick-turse/heavy-imprint-of-americas-light-
footprint
The US military's new normal in Africa, by Nick Turse and Tom Engelhardt, 15 May 2014
AFRICOM behaving badly, by Nick Turse and Tom Engelhardt, 22 April 2015
Back to the future: America's new model for expeditionary warfare, by Nick Turse, Open
Democracy, 14 March 2014
https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/nick-turse/back-to-future-americas-new-
model-for-expeditionary-warfare
Pivot to Africa: AFRICOM's gigantic 'small footprint', by Nick Turse, 10 September 2013
Blowback Central, by Nick Turse, Tom Dispatch, June 18, 2013
http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175714/
[2] Education under threat in West Central Africa 2019, UNICEF, pages 6 and 7
https://www.unicef.org/media/57801/file/Education%20under%20threat%20in%20wca%2020
19.pdf
[3] Islamist militants are targeting Christians in Burkina Faso: ‘They are planting seeds of a
religious conflict’, by Danielle Paquette, The Washington Post, August 21, 2019
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/islamist-militants-are-targeting-christians-in-
burkina-faso-they-are-planting-seeds-of-a-religious-conflict/2019/08/20/3d689bf8-b91c-11e9-
aeb2-a101a1fb27a7_story.html
[4] As the World Looks Away, Death Stalks the Democratic Republic of Congo. The forgotten
trauma of a forgotten war, by Nick Turse, Common Dreams, 11 October 2019
https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/10/11/world-looks-away-death-stalks-
democratic-republic-congo
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War
[7] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/04/nyiragongo-volcano/
[8] You Mean we’re at War in Somalia? The Hidden Costs of U.S. Airstrikes, by Bryce W.
Reeder, The Conversation, 4 December 2019
https://www.juancole.com/2019/12/somalia-hidden-airstrikes.html
Posted 18 December 2019 by Zenobia van Dongen