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HCMC — 2016.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 1 / 52
OUTLINE
3 ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
4 MATL AB
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 2 / 52
Functions of single variable Function and its graph
DEFINITION 1.1
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in
a set X ⊂ R exactly one element y , called f (x) in a set
E ⊂ R. Denoted by:
f : X −→ E
y = f (x), x − independent, y − dependent
DEFINITION 1.2
The set consists of all points (x, f (x)), x ∈ X in the
coordinate plane Oxy is called the graph of the
function f .
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 4 / 52
Functions of single variable Function and its graph
EXAMPLE 1.1
p
Find the domain and range of function f (x) = x + 2
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists of all values of x such
that x + 2 Ê 0 ⇔ x Ê −2, so the domain is the
interval [−2, +∞)
2
Theprange of f consists of all values of y such that
y = x + 2 Ê 0, so the range is the interval [0, +∞)
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 5 / 52
Functions of single variable Piecewise defined functions
DEFINITION 1.3
The functions which are defined by different formulas
in different parts of their domain, are called
piecewise defined functions
EXAMPLE 1.2
A function f is defined by
1 − x, if x É −1
½
f (x) =
x2 , if x > −1
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 6 / 52
Functions of single variable The composite function
y = f (g(x))
(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x))
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 7 / 52
Functions of single variable The composite function
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 8 / 52
Functions of single variable The composite function
EXAMPLE 1.3
If f (x) = x2 , and g(x) = x3 − 7, find the composite
function f ◦ g and g ◦ f
SOLUTION We have
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 9 / 52
Functions of single variable One-to-one functions
DEFINITION 1.5
A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never
takes on the same value twice; that is,
EXAMPLE 1.4
1
The function f (x) = x3 is one-to-one because if
x1 6= x2 then x13 6= x23 .
2
The function g(x) = x2 is not one-to-one because,
for instance g(1) = 1 = g(−1), and so 1 and −1 have
the same output.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 10 / 52
Functions of single variable Inverse functions
DEFINITION 1.6
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain D and
range E. Then its inverse function f −1 (read: f inverse)
has domain E and range D and is defined by
f −1 (y) = x ⇔ f (x) = y
f −1 (x) = y ⇔ f (y) = x
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 11 / 52
Functions of single variable Inverse functions
CANCELLATION EQUATIONS
f −1 (f (x)) = x, ∀x ∈ D, f (f −1 (y)) = y, ∀y ∈ E.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 12 / 52
Functions of single variable Inverse functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 13 / 52
Functions of single variable Inverse functions
1
Write y = f (x)
2
Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
3
To express f −1 as a function of x, interchange x
and y . The resulting equation is y = f −1 (x)
EXAMPLE 1.5
Find the inverse function of f (x) = x3 + 2
SOLUTION
1
y = x3 + 2
x3 = y − 2 ⇒ x = 3 y − 2
p
2
p
3
3
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 14 / 52
Basic properties of functions Periodic functions
DEFINITION 2.1
The function f is called periodic of period T > 0 if for
all x ∈ X , such that x − T , x + T ∈ X and
f (x + T ) = f (x − T ) = f (x) (1)
EXAMPLE 2.1
Function sine f (x) = sin x is periodic function and has
period T = 2π. This means that, for all values of x
= f (x) = sin x.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 15 / 52
Basic properties of functions Increasing and decreasing functions
DEFINITION 2.2
A function f is called
1
increasing on an interval X if f (x1 ) < f (x2 )
whenever x1 < x2 in X .
2
decreasing on an interval X if f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
whenever x1 < x2 in X .
EXAMPLE 2.2
1
Function f (x) = x is increasing on the R.
2
Function g(x) = x2 is decreasing on the interval
(−∞, 0) and increasing on the interval (0, +∞).
3
Function h(x) = c = const, according to the
definition is not decreasing and not increasing.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 16 / 52
Basic properties of functions Symmetry
DEFINITION 2.3
Function f is called an even function on the X ⊂ R if
for all x ∈ X such that −x ∈ X and
DEFINITION 2.4
Function f is called an odd function on the X ⊂ R if
for all x ∈ X such that −x ∈ X and
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 17 / 52
Basic properties of functions Symmetry
SYMMETRY
1
The graph of an even function is symmetric with
respect to the y−axis.
2
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about
the origin O.
EXAMPLE 2.3
1
Function f (x) = x is odd on R because for each x ∈ R
then −x ∈ R and f (−x) = −x = −f (x).
2
Function g(x) = x2 is even on R because for each
x ∈ R then −x ∈ R and g(−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = g(x).
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 18 / 52
Basic properties of functions Boundedness
DEFINITION 2.5
Let function f : X → Y be defined on a set D ⊂ X .
Function f is called
1
bounded from above if there is a number M ∈ R
such that for all x ∈ D from the domain D one has
f (x) É M;
2
bounded from below if there is a number m ∈ R
such that for all x ∈ D from the domain D one has
f (x) Ê m;
3
bounded if there is a number C > 0 such that for
all x ∈ D from the domain D one has |f (x)| É C;
4
unbounded if for all C > 0, exists x0 ∈ D such that
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 19 / 52
Basic properties of functions Boundedness
EXAMPLE 2.4
1
1
Function f (x) = is bounded from above on
1 + x2
the set D = R because 0 < f (x) É 1, ∀x ∈ R.
1
2
Function g(x) = is bounded on the open interval
x
[1, +∞) because 0 < g(x) É 1, ∀x ∈ [1, +∞) but g(x) is
unbounded on the interval (0, +∞) because for all
1
C > 0, exists x0 = ∈ (0, +∞) such that
C +1
|g(x0 )| = |C + 1| > C.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 20 / 52
Elementary functions Linear function
LINEAR FUNCTION
y = mx + b, (4)
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 22 / 52
Elementary functions Linear function
EXAMPLE 3.1
Find the slope and the equation of the line through
the points (4, 3) and (2, 5)
y − 3 = −1(x − 4) ⇔ y = −x + 7
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 23 / 52
Elementary functions Polynomials
DEFINITION 3.1
A function P is called a polynomial if
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 24 / 52
Elementary functions Polynomials
EXAMPLE 3.2
1
P(x) = mx + b is a polynomial of degree 1 - linear
function
2
P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of degree 2
- quadratic function
3
P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (a 6= 0) is a polynomial of
degree 3 - cubic function
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 25 / 52
Elementary functions Power functions
POWER FUNCTIONS
y = xα , α ∈ R. (5)
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 26 / 52
Elementary functions Power functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 27 / 52
Elementary functions Power functions
1
Case α = −1 ⇒ y = - reciprocal function
x
1
Domain: D = R \ {0}.
2
Range: E = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
3
Function is decreasing on the interval (−∞, 0) and
(0, +∞)
4
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 28 / 52
Elementary functions Power functions
1 p
Case α = ⇒ y = x -square root function
2
1
Domain: D = [0, +∞).
2
Range: E = [0, +∞).
3
Function is increasing on the interval (0, +∞)
4
Function does not have symmetry.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 29 / 52
Elementary functions Exponential functions
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
y = ax , a > 0, a 6= 1. (6)
Function y = ax , (a > 1)
1
Domain: D = R
2
Range: E = (0, ∞)
3
Function is increasing on the interval (−∞, +∞)
4
The graph always passes through the point at
(0, 1)
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 31 / 52
Elementary functions Exponential functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 32 / 52
Elementary functions Logarithmic functions
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 34 / 52
Elementary functions Logarithmic functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 35 / 52
Elementary functions Logarithmic functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 36 / 52
Elementary functions Trigonometric functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 37 / 52
Elementary functions Trigonometric functions
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 38 / 52
Elementary functions Trigonometric functions
sin x
Function tangent y = tan x = cos xª
©π
1
Domain: D = R \ 2 + kπ, k ∈ Z
2
Range: E = R
3
Function is periodic of period π :
tan(x) = tan(x + π) = tan(x − π)
Function is increasing on the interval − π2 , π2 .
¡ ¢
4
5
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 39 / 52
Elementary functions Trigonometric functions
x
Function cotangent y = cot x = cos
sin x
1
Domain: D = R \ {kπ, k ∈ Z}
2
Range: E = R
3
Function is periodic of period π :
cot(x) = cot(x + π) = cot(x − π)
4
Function is decreasing on the interval (0, π).
5
Function is odd, the graph is symmetric about
the origin O(0, 0).
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 40 / 52
Elementary functions Trigonometric functions
y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
π π (8)
−1 É x É 1, − ÉyÉ
2 2
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 42 / 52
Elementary functions Inverse trigonometric functions
y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y
(9)
−1 É x É 1 0ÉyÉπ
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 43 / 52
Elementary functions Inverse trigonometric functions
y = arctan x
⇐⇒ x = tan y
π π (10)
−∞ < x < ∞ − <y<
2 2
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 44 / 52
Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions
ex − e−x
Function sinh x = is called hyperbolic sine.
2
1
Domain: D = R 4
Function is odd, the
2
Range: E = R graph is symmetric
3
Function is increasing about the origin O(0, 0).
on the R
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 45 / 52
Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions
ex + e−x
Function cosh x = is called hyperbolic cosine.
2
1
Domain: D = R 4
Function is even, the
2
Range: E = [1, +∞) graph is symmetric
3
Function is increasing with respect to the
on (0, +∞) and y−axis.
decreasing on (−∞, 0)
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 46 / 52
Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions
DEFINITION 3.2
sinh x
Function tanh x = is called hyperbolic tangent.
cosh x
DEFINITION 3.3
cosh x
Function coth x = is called hyperbolic
sinh x
cotangent.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 47 / 52
Elementary functions Hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic Identities
sinh(−x) = − sinh x
cosh(−x) = cosh x
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x
sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 48 / 52
MatLab
1
Composition: compose(f,g).
Example: syms x; f = xˆ2; g = exp(x); compose(f , g)
⇒ ans = exp(2 ∗ x).
2
Inverse function: finverse(f).
Example: syms x; f=exp(x); finverse(f ) ⇒
ans = log(x).
3
Evaluate function at a number: subs(f,x,a).
Example: syms x; f = xˆ2 + 1; subs(f , x, 2) ⇒ ans = 5.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 49 / 52
MatLab
1
Simplify expression: simplify(f).
Example: syms x; f = (sin(x))ˆ2 + (cos(x))ˆ2;
simplify(f ) ⇒ ans = 1.
2
Simple expression: simple(f).
Example: syms x; f = (x + 1) ∗ x ∗ (x − 1); simple(f ) ⇒
ans = xˆ3 − x.
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 50 / 52
MatLab
1
Input: input(’Input x’, x)
2
Output: disp(’The value of x is’, x)
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 51 / 52
MatLab
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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 52 / 52