 Pronounce words carefully – Give speech the

care and attention it deserves.

 Speak to be heard – Say, don’t slur.

 Look alive – talk lively

 Take your time – Slow down.

 Learn to listen – Open your ears

 Vary your approach – Talk should be

appropriate.
 Be concise – make it snappy.

 Be specific- Don’t be vague.

 Be original – Avoid clichés .

 Have something to say – Think first.

 ~ the process by which people seek to share meaning
via the transmission of symbolic messages.

 Essential points:

 That communication involves people, and that understanding

communication therefore involves trying to understand how
people relate to each other.

 That communciation involves shared meaning,, which suggest

that in order for people to communicate, they must agree on
the definitions of terms they are using.

 That communication involves symbols – gestures, sounds,

letters, numbers, and words can only representor approximate
the ideas that they are meant to communicate.
 The situation – often determines who the
speaker will be.
 The source – the person who makes the

decision to communicate.
 Three intentions:
 To inform

 To entertain

 To persuade
 The channel – 1st, the channel is the means by which you
transmit an oral message to a listener. 2nd, the channel is
the type of speech communication you use.

 The receiver – Any person who perceives the message.

 Interference – occurrences in the channel of 

communication.

 Barriers – may exist within listeners.

 Feedback – refers to the listeners’ reactions and responses

that you perceive.

 The cultural context – elements of communcation may

have different meanings depending upon the culture, or
social understanding within which the communication is
taking place.
 Encoding – takes place when the sender
translates the information to be transmitted
into a series of symbols.
 Lack of mutuality
 Gestures
 Decoding – the process by which the receiver
interprets the message and translates it into
meaningful information.
 Noise – any factor that disturbs, confuses, or

otherwise interferes with communication.

 Reduced long vowels

 Long Longer

seat seed
half halve
fork four
search surge
 Private conduit climate timid

 Proximate summit lettuce

 Villain biscuit postage cabbage

 Private chocolate climate explicit

Long Vowels – Long e in their full reduced form

 Beacon secret deed ravine

 Meter feat lenient seat

 Hero even leak neon

 /i/ and /I/ in contrast

 Beat – bit neat – knit

 Sleep – slip leap – lip

 Seat – sit cheap – chip

 Peak – pick reach – rich

 Leak – lick each – itch

 Lead – lid deed - did

 Knit a neat dress

 Look before you leap

 Sit on seat

 Seek for the goodness of the sick

 Reach your dream to get rich.

 /e/ and /ε/ in contrast

 Taste – test fade – fed mace – mess

 Gate – get wage – wedge

 Flake – fleck sale – sell raid – red

 Bacon – beckon date – debt

 Main - men
 Tell a tale

 Stayed for ten days

 Without fail

 Meet halfway

 During the day

 /ε/ and /æ/ in contrast

 Bet – bat led- lad men – man

 Set – sat beg – bag bend – band

 Head – had less – lass gem – jam

 Mess – mass flash – flesh shall – shell

 Lag – leg pan – pen tan - ten

 The apple of one’s eye

 A cat out of the bag

 A bag of sand

 Ban Jen from joining

 Bag and baggage

 /o/ and /æ/ in contrast

 Shock – shack block – black

 Ton – tan knob – nab

 Hot – hat mop – map

 Clock – clack spot – spat

 Pot – pat pot – pat

 Bog – bag rot – rat

 Lock – lack rock – rack

 Ox – ax odd - add
 Beyond recall

 An odd ball

 A slip of the tongue

 Nabbed by the cop

 Ran around the block

 When the English tongue we speak,
 Why is break not rhymed with freak?

 Will you tell me why it’s true

 We say saw, but likewise few,

 And the maker of the verse

 Cannot cap his horse with worse?

 Board sounds not the same as heard;

 Cord is different from word;

 Cow is cow, but low is low;

 Shoe is never rhymed with foe.

 Think of hose, and dose and lose,
 And of goose and yet of choose.

 Think of comb and tomb and tomb,

 Doll and roll, and home and some,

 And since pay is rhymed with say

 Why not paid with said, I pray?

 We have blood and food and good;

 Mould is not pronounced like could.

 Therefore done, but gone and lone?

 Is there any known?

 And, in short, it seems to me

 Sounds and letters disagree

 \
 \ as a in abut
 \ \ as u in abut
 \ \ as e in kitten
 \ r \ as ur/er in f urther
 \ a \ as a in ash
 \ \ as a in ace
 \ ä \ as o in mop
 \ a \ as ou in out
 \ b \ as in baby
 \ ch \ as ch in chin
 \ d \ as d in did
 \ e \ as e in bet
 \ \ as ea in easy
 \ \ as y in easy
 \ f \ as f in f if ty