Excel function: p-value for Z test Excel function: Zcal

Two tail test =2*(1-NORMSDIST(ABS(Zcal)))

Upper one tail test =1-NORMSDIST(Zcal) Excel function: Zcri
Lower one tail test =NORMSDIST(Zcal)

Excel function: p-value for t test Excel function: tcal

Two tail test =TDIST(ABS(tcal),df,2)
Upper one tail test =TDIST(ABS(tcal),df,1) Excel function: tcri
Lower one tail test =TDIST(ABS(tcal),df,1)

Excel function: p-value for χ2 test Excel function: χ2cal

=CHIDIST(χ2cal,df)
Excel function: χ2cri
Excel function: Zcal =(X̅-μ)/(σ/√n)

Excel function: Zcri

Two tail test
Upper =NORMSINV(1-α/2)
Lower =NORMSINV(α/2)
One tail test
Upper =NORMSINV(1-α)
Lower =NORMSINV(α)

Excel function: tcal =(X̅-μ)/(s/√n)

Excel function: tcri

Two tail test
Upper =TINV(α,df)
Lower =-TINV(α,df)
One tail test
Upper =TINV(2*α,df)
Lower =-TINV(2*α,df)

Excel function: χ2cal =∑(O-E)2/E

Excel function: χ2cri

=CHIINV(α,df)
Q1 Hypothesis Testing Example: One Sample z-test for the Population Mean

Employees of a firm produce units at a rate of 100 per hour with a standard deviation of 20 units. A new employee is tested on 36 separate random
occasions and found to have an output of 90 units per hour. Does this indicate that the new employee's output is significantly different from the
average output?

Q2 Hypothesis Testing Example: One Sample t-test for the Population Mean

A local car dealer wants to know if the purchasing habits of a buyer buying extras have changed. He is particularly interested in male buyers. Based
upon collected data he has estimated that the distribution of extras purchsed is approximately normally distributed with an average of Rs 2000 per
customer. To test this hypothesis he has collected the extras purchased by the last seven male customers (Rs): 2300, 2386, 1920, 1578, 3065, 2312
and 1790. Test whether the extras purchased on average has changed.

Q3 Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample z-test for the Population Mean

A large organization produces electric light bulbs in each of its two factories (A and B). It is suspected that the quality of production from factory A is
better than from factory B. To test this assertion the organization collects samples from factory A and B and measures how long each light bulb
works (in hours) before the light bulb fails. Both population variances are known (σ 12 = 52783, σ22 = 61650). Conduct an appropriate test to test this
hypothesis.

Q4 Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample T Test for the Population Mean (Independent Samples, Equal Variances)

A certain product of organic beans are packed in tins and sold by two local shops. The local authority have received complaints from customers that
the amount of beans within the tins sold by the shop are different. To test this statistically two small random samples were collected from both
shops.

Q5 Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample T Test for the Population Mean (Independent Samples, Unequal Variances)

A certain product of organic beans are packed in tins and sold by two local shops. The local authority have received complaints from customers that
the amount of beans within the tins sold by the shop are different. To test this statistically two small random samples were collected from both
shops.

Q6 Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample t-test for the Population Mean (Dependent or paired samples)

Suppose that Super slim is offering a weight reduction programme that they advertise will result in more than 10 pound weight loss in the first 30
days. Twenty six subjects were independently randomly selected for a study and their weights before and after the weight loss programme were
recorded. Super slim have stated that the historical data shows that the populations are normally distributed. Conduct an appropriate test to test
this hypothesis.

Q7 Hypothesis Testing Example: Chi squared distribution test of goodness of fit

A company is concerned about the incresing violent altercations between its employees. The number of violent altercations is recorded by
management during six randomly selected months. Determine whether the data fits a uniform distribution.

Q8 Hypothesis Testing Example: Chi squared distribution test of association or independence

Suppose a university sampled 485 of its students to determine whether males and females differed in preference for five courses offered. The
question to answer is to confirm whether or not there is an association between courses chosen and the person's gender. Conduct an appropriate
test to test this hypothesis.
Hypothesis Testing Example: One Sample Z Test for the population Mean
State Hypothesis
Select Test
Set level of significance
Extract relevant statistic
Decision:
H0 : population mean μ = 100
H1 : population mean μ not equal to 100
Two tail test
One Sample Z Test for Mean
Population distribution unknown but large n
Population standard deviation known σ
Significance Level = 0.05
Population
Mean μ = 100
Standard Deviation σ = 20
Sample
n= 36
Xavg = 90
Standard Error = 3.333333 =E14/SQRT(E16)
Zcal = -3 =STANDARDIZE(E17,E13,E18)
P-value or Critical Z
Two tail p-value = 0.0027 =2*(1-NORMSDIST(ABS(E19)))
Lower Zcri = -1.95996 =NORMSINV(E10/2)
Upper Zcri = 1.959964 =NORMSINV(1-E10/2)
Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Since Zcal < Lower Zcri, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Hypothesis Testing Example: One Sample T Test for the population Mean

State Hypothesis
H0 : population mean μ = 2000
H1 : population mean μ not equal to 2000
Two tail test

Select Test One Sample T Test for Mean

Population distribution normal
Population standard deviation unknown

Set level of significance Significance Level = 0.05

Extract relevant statistic Population

Population Mean μ = 2000
Sample
2300
2386
1920
1578
3065
2312
1790

Sample size n = 7 =COUNT(E18:E24)

Sample mean Xavg = 2193 =AVERAGE(E18:E24)
Sample standard deviation s = 489.6267 =STDEV(E18:E24)
Standard Error = 185.0615 =E28/SQRT(E26)
tcal = 1.042897 =(E27-E16)/E29

P-value or Critical t
Number of Degrees of freedom u = 6 =E26-1
Two tail p-value = 0.337182 =TDIST(ABS(E30),E33,2)
Upper tcri = 2.446912 =TINV(E13,E33)
Lower tcri = -2.446912 =-TINV(E13,E33)

Decision: Since p-value > α, Accept H0 and Reject H1

Since tcal > Lower tcri and < Upper tcri, Accept H0 and Reject H1
Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample Z Test for the Population Mean

A B State Hypothesis
900 1052 H0 : μA = μB
1276 947 H1 : μA > μB
1421 886 One tail upper
1014 788
1246 1188 Select Test Two Sample Z Test
1507 928 Comparing two means with population distribution unknown
975 983 Given large sample sizes we can assume normal distribution appropriate (CLT)
1177 970 Population standard deviations unknown but since n large use sample to provide estimate
1246 766
875 1369 Set level of significance Significance Level = 0.05
816 737
983 1114 Extract relevant statistic (for solution use Data Analysis Tools)
1119 354
988 1347 z-Test: Two Sample for Means
1137 1062
1227 756 A 1052
858 1052 Mean 1191.8387096774 889.1290323
941 754 Known Variance 52783 61650
1299 990 Observations 31 31
1110 950 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
929 783 z 4.9823187701
843 816 P(Z<=z) one-tail 3.14134108503339E-07
1156 658 z Critical one-tail 1.644853627
867 504 P(Z<=z) two-tail 6.28268217006678E-07
1454 1076 z Critical two-tail 1.9599639845
1403 500
1165 1025
1653 649
1288 1166
1187 498 Decision: Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1
2887 945 Since Zcal > Upper Zcri, Reject H0 and Accept H1
1002
Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample T Test for the Population Mean (Independent Samples, Equal Variances)

Shop A Shop B
437 418 State Hypothesis
497 525 H0 : μA = μB
555 581 H1 : μA ≠ μB
485 495 Two tail test
462 489
638 448 Select Test Two Sample t Test assuming equal varaince
592 455 Comparing two means with population distribution unknown
569 484 Given large sample sizes we can assume normal distribution appropriate (CLT)
517 527 Population standard deviations unknown but since n large use sample to provide estimate
490 504
533 489 Set level of significance Significance Level =
509 493
500 483 Extract relevant statistic (for solution use Data Analysis Tools)
528 463
588 484
484 539
531 439
572 535
495
508
605
492
514
460
491

Decision: Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1

Since tcal > tcri, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample T Test for the Population Mean (Independent Samples, Unequal Variances)

Shop A Shop B
437 418 State Hypothesis
497 525 H0 : μA = μB
555 581 H1 : μA ≠ μB
485 495 Two tail test
462 489
638 448 Select Test Two Sample t Test assuming unequal variance
592 455 Comparing two means with population distribution unknown
569 484 Given large sample sizes we can assume normal distribution appropriate (CLT)
517 527 Population standard deviations unknown but since n large use sample to provide estimate
490 504
533 489 Set level of significance Significance Level =
509 493
500 483 Extract relevant statistic (for solution use Data Analysis Tools)
528 463
588 484
484 539
531 439
572 535
495
508
605
492
514
460
491

Decision: Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1

Since tcal > tcri, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Hypothesis Testing Example: Two Sample T Test for the Population Mean (Dependent Samples)

Before After
Person
Weight (B) Weight (A)
State Hypothesis
1 170 170 H0 : Weight loss 10 lbs or less (d <= 10)
2 159 153 H1 : Weight loss > 10 lbs (d > 10)
3 162 129 Upper one tail test
4 153 143
5 177 137 Select Test Two Sample t Test
6 167 134 Populations normally distributed
7 158 133
8 178 128 Set level of significance Significance Level =
9 141 152
10 163 142 Extract relevant statistic (for solution use Data Analysis Tools)
11 154 140
12 159 154
13 159 143
14 138 147
15 161 142
16 156 149
17 165 136
18 158 154
19 151 140
20 165 145
21 155 125
22 154 140
23 147 125
24 156 141
25 155 146
26 169 135
Decision: Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Chi squared distribution test of goodness of fit

Months No. of Violent altercations State Hypothesis

Jan 55 H0 : Numbers of violent altercations are uniformly distributed over the months
Feb 65 H1 : Numbers of violent altercations are not uniformly distributed over the months
Mar 68
Apr 72 Select Test
May 78 Chi square test ofgoodness-of-fit
Jun 82 Category data variable (month)
420
Set level of significance
Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic Significance Level =

O E (O-E)2/E Extract relevant statistic

55 =AVERAGE($C$15:$C$20) =(C15-D15)^2/D15 χ2cal = =SUM(F15:F20)
65
68 Critical test statistic
72 n= =COUNT(D4:D9)
78 df = =K18-1
82 χ2cri = =CHIINV(K12,K19)
p-value = =CHIDIST(K15,K19)

Decision: Since p-value > α, Accept H0 and Reject H1

Since χ2cal < χ2cri, Accept H0 and Reject H1
Chi squared distribution test of association

MALES FEMALES TOTALS State Hypothesis

C A101 45 86 =SUM(D4:E4) H0 : Gender and course are not associated
O D102 52 67 H1 : Gender and course are associated
U M101 50 19
R S101 50 32 Select Test
S T101 69 15 Chi square test of association
E TOTALS Category data variables (course, gender)
=SUM(D4:D8)
Set level of significance
Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic Significance Level =

O E (O-E)2/E Extract relevant statistic

M 45 =F4*$D$9/$F$9 =(C15-D15)^2/D15 χ2cal = =SUM(F15:F24)
52
50 Critical test statistic
50 r= =COUNT(D4:D8)
69 c= =COUNT(D4:E4)
F 86 =F4*$E$9/$F$9 df = =(K18-1)*(K19-1)
67 χ2cri = =CHIINV(K12,K20)
19 p-value = =CHIDIST(K15,K20)
32
15 Decision: Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Since χ2cal > χ2cri, Reject H0 and Accept H1
Hypothesis Testing Example: One-way ANOVA

Compact cars Mid-size cars Full-size cars State Hypothesis

643 469 484
655 427 456
702 525 402

Select Test

Set level of significance

Extract relevant statistic

Decision:
H0 : μA = μB = μC
H1 : μA ≠ μB ≠ μC

One-way ANOVA

Significance Level = 0.05

(for solution use Data Analysis Tools)

Since p-value < α, Reject H0 and Accept H1

Since Fcal > Fcri, Reject H0 and Accept H1