Design and development of an Air Ticket Reservation System

A project report submitted to the department of Computer Science and Engineering of the
World University of Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted by
Md.Shahab Uddin Amirul Islam Md.Johirul Islam

Id:WUB 03/13/28/759 Id:WUB 03/13/28/762 Id:WUB 03/13/28/763

Supervised by
Ayesha Siddika
Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

World University of Bangladesh

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
June, 2016

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Table of contents Page
Letter of Transmittal………………………………………………………………………………I
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………..II
Certificate………………………………………………………………………………………..III
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………….IV
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..V

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………..2
1.3 Justification of Study………………………………………………………………………….2
1.4 Scope of Study………………………………………………………………………………...2

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………..4

2.2 History of Airline Reservation System………………………………………………………..4
2.3 Reservation System……………………………………………………………………………5
2.4 Online Reservations…………………………………………………………………………...6
2.5 Online Travel Agencies……………………………………………………………………….7
2.6 Differences in Airlines Reservation System…………………………………………………..7

Chapter 3 Methodology

3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………8

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3.2 In Our Project We Use Agile Methods, Because…………………………………………….8
3.3 Agile Methods………………………………………………………………………………..8
3.3.1 Agile Principles………………………………………………………………………….10
3.3.2 Agile Process Models…………………………………………………………………...11
3.3.3 Scrum Process…………………………………………………………………………...11
3.3.4 Agile Work Process……………………………………………………………………..12

3.3.4.1 Make a List………………………………………………………………………..12

3.3.4.2 Size Things Up……………………………………………………………………..13
3.3.4.3 Set Some Priorities…………………………………………………………………13
3.3.4.4 Start Executing……………………………………………………………………..14
3.3.4.5 Update The Plan as You Go……………………………………………………….14
3.3.5 Difference Between Traditional and Agile Method…………………………….…..….....15
3.3.6 Advantages of Agile Methods…………………………………………………..….…….16
3.3.7 Disadvantages of Agile Methods…………………………………………………………16

Chapter 4 Analysis, Design and Development

4.1 Functional Specification……………………………………………………………………..17

4.2 Analysis of Requirements……………………………………………………………………19
4.2.1 Software Tools Specification……………………………………………………………20
4.3 Entity Relationship (E-R) Diagram………………………………………………………….23
4.4 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)………………………………………………………………….24
4.5 Use Case Diagram…………………………………………………………………………...25

Chapter 5 Project Description

5.1 Home Page…………………………………………………………………………………27

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5.2 Registration Page…………………………………………………………………………..27
5.3 Login Page…………………………………………………………………………………28
5.4 Admin Login……………………………………………………………………………….28
5.4.1 Create Flight……………………………………………………………………………29
5.4.2 Add Airport…………………………………………………………………………….29
5.4.3 Create Route……………………………………………………………………………30
5.4.4 Add Schedule…………………………………………………………………………..30
5.4.5 Report…………………………………………………………………………………...31
5.4.6 Admin Profile……………………………………………………………………………31
5.4.7 Admin- User Access…………………………………………………………………….32

5.5 Registered User Dashboard…………………………………………………………………32

5.5.1 Flight Booking………………………………………………………………………….33
5.5.2 Confirm/Cancel Reservation……………………………………………………………33
5.5.3 User Profile……………………………………………………………………………..34
5.6 Unregistered User……………………………………………………………………………34
5.7 Map…………………………………………………………………………………………..35
5.8 Contact Us……………………………………………………………………………………35

Chapter 6 Conclusion

6.1 Limitations…………………………………………………………...………………………36
6.2 Future Works……………………………………………………………………………...…36

References…………………………………………………………………..………...….….…37

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List of Figures Page

Fig 1: Agile Lifecycle…………………………………………………………………………….9

Fig 2: Steps of Agile Methodology………………………………………………………………10
Fig 3: Scrum Process…………………………………………………………………………….12
Fig 4: Difference Between Traditional and Agile Method………………………………………15
Fig 5 : E-R diagram………………………………………………………………………………24
Fig 6 : DFD diagram……………………………………………………………………………..25
Fig 7 : Use Case Diagram………………………………………………………………………..26
Fig 8: Home page…………………………………………………………………….…………..27
Fig 9: Registration page…………………………………………………………………….……27
Fig 10: Login page………………………………………………………………………….……28
Fig 11 : Admin Login……………………………………………………………………………28
Fig 12: Create Flight……………………………………………………………………………..29
Fig 13: Add Airport…………………………………………………………………………..….29
Fig 14: Create Route…………………………………………………………………………..…30
Fig 15: Add Schedule……………………………………………………………………………30
Fig 16: Report……………………………………………………………………………………31
Fig 17: Admin Profile……………………………………………………………………………31
Fig 18: User Access……………………………………………………………………………...32
Fig 19: Registered User Dashboard…………………………………………………………...…32
Fig 20: Flight Booking…………………………………………………………………………...33
Fig 21: Confirm/Cancel Reservation…………………………………………………………….33
Fig 22 : User Profile……………………………………………………………………………...34
Fig 23: Unregistered User /Flight Schedule……………………………………………….….….34
Fig 24: Map………………………………………………………………………………………35
Fig 25: Contact…………………………………………………………………………………...35

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

June, 2016

To
Ayesha Siddika
Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
World University of Bangladesh (WUB)
House #3/A, Road #4, Dhanmondi
Dhaka -1205, Bangladesh.

Subject: Submission of Project Report

Dear Madam,
We are pleased to submit the report entitled “Design and Development of an Air Ticket
Reservation System”. It was a great pleasure to work on such an important topic. The report is
prepared according to the requirements and guidelines of the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, World University of Bangladesh (WUB).

We believe that the report will certainly help you in evaluating our project work. It would be a
great pleasure for us to interpret any part or whole of the report whenever necessary.

Sincerely Yours: Sincerely Yours: Sincerely Yours:

Md.Shahab Uddin Amirul Islam Md.Johirul Islam

Id:WUB 03/13/28/759 Id:WUB 03/13/28/762 Id:WUB 03/13/28/763

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 World University of Bangladesh

DECLARATION

We hereby solemnly declare that the project work entitled ”Design and Development of an Air
Ticket Reservation System”, has been carried out by us under the supervisor and active
guidance of Ayesha Siddika, Lecturer of the department of Computer Science & Engineering,
World University of Bangladesh (WUB). We further ensure that the project report has not been
submitted either in whole or part for any Degree or Diploma in any university previously.

We hereby warrant that the work we have presented does not breach any existing copyright rule.

We further undertake of indemnify the university against any loss or damage arising from breach
of the foregoing obligation.

Sincerely Yours: Sincerely Yours: Sincerely Yours:

Md.Shahab Uddin Amirul Islam Md.Johirul Islam

Id:WUB 03/13/28/759 Id:WUB 03/13/28/762 Id:WUB 03/13/28/763

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

World University of Bangladesh

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report on “Design and Development of an Air Ticket
Reservation System”, is a confide record of project work done by Md.Shahab Uddin (WUB
03/13/28/759), Amirul Islam (WUB 03/13/28/762), Md.Johirul Islam (WUB 03/13/28/763) for
partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of the Bachelor of Science in
Computer Science and Engineering from the World University of Bangladesh (WUB).

This project paper has been carried out under my guidance and is a record of the bona-fide work
carried out successfully by the student.

Supervisor

Ayesha Siddika
Lecture, Department of Computer Science & Engineering
World University of Bangladesh (WUB)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are extremely grateful and remain indebted to almighty ALLAH who has guided in all
ventures to complete our project successfully.

We would like to thank our family who always support us in our study. They were the reason
that keeps us go further and to be successful in our life.

It is our pleasure to thank the vice chancellor of World University of Bangladesh, Professor Dr.
Abdul Mannan Chowdhury, to whom we owe a lot for giving us the opportunity to complete
our project.

Also we would like to take the chances to thank our supervisor Ayesha Siddika, who was the
light that we use in the darkness which guides us to the right way. She has been the most helpful
to us and supports us when we need him. We are thankful for her constant constructive criticism
and valuable suggestions, which benefited us a lot while developing the project. She was the
source of inspiration and motivation for hard work.

Finally we would like to thank all teacher and staffs of World University of Bangladesh for their
kind assistance and support that provide us a perfect environment and good facility to help us in
accomplishment of our project.

Sincerely Yours: Sincerely Yours: Sincerely Yours:

Md.Shahab Uddin Amirul Islam Md.Johirul Islam

Id:WUB 03/13/28/759 Id:WUB 03/13/28/762 Id:WUB 03/13/28/763

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 ABSTRACT

The project aims to design & implementation of an air ticket reservation system which will
provide customers a facility to reserve there tickets in online without any hassle It is a web
based system & it will save valuable time and effort of air traveler. The air ticket reservation
system designed in this project was developed using PHP, JavaScript, CSS and html as the
programming languages and MySQL as the database Management system. The methodology
adopted for this project is the Agile methods.

This system allows the passenger to cancel his/her reservation, if any problem occurs and view
price chat which did not occur in the existing system. This system allows the airline passengers
to search for flights that are available between the two travel cities, namely the “Departure city”
and “Destination city” for a particular departure and arrival dates. The system displays all the
flight’s details such as flight number, name, price and duration of journey etc. After search the
system display list of available flights and allows customer to choose a particular flight. Then the
system checks for the availability of seats on the flight. Then it checks the validity of card and
book the flight.

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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction

Online Air Ticketing is a kind of user assistance where customers can reserve tickets for flight
online. This is an easy method which saves a lot of time. This project entitled design and
development of an air ticket reservation system can be applicable to any airlines. The feature of
this system will be similar as a common ticketing system. As a user

 You can view the schedule

 You can reserve ticket
 You can cancel your reservation
 You can confirm your reservation

There will be three types of user in the system; Admin, Registered and Unregistered user. A user
must be registered and have to login to book, confirm or cancel his/her ticket. The unregistered
user can only view the flight route and time schedule.

Admin usually perform the administrative task such as

 Creating a flight
 Changing time schedule
 Creating a new route
 Updating airport information
 Registering and managing users
 View statistics of total sale about a specific flight or route

Airlines organization will control the system. It will make process of scheduling trips more easer
and prevent conflicting in times, also it will help customers to book their tickets from their
homes and the pricing system will be automated to increase and decrease depending of the
season and availability and time of booking, also depending of the class that customer select and
all these factors will be calculated automatically and instantly. It will be a web based system
which will be available 24/7 to allow customers to book their tickets anytime.

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1.2 Objectives

1. To make air ticket reservation easier for passenger.

2. To save time and effort of potential air traveler.
3. To reduce the hassle of the user.

1.3 Justification of Study

We implement this system for better user experience, because air ticket booking is big hassle for
user now. This system is very easy to access. Also for establish real time communication, using
modern and updated technology. So, user can see the update without reload or refresh. This
system will compatible with user device such as pc, laptop, tab & smart phone. So user can
easily access the system anytime anywhere. This system will implemented with the responsive
UI design for better user experience. This system is very simple & user friendly so, any user can
use this system easily. At present there are many air reservation system is available in
Bangladesh. We visit all the reservation system and we find that there are many limitations to
reserve air ticket on those existing system. To overcome these limitations we design our air
reservation system where we try to recover these limitations.

1.4 Scope of Study

Airline Reservation System is one the modifications that were carried out in the Passenger
Service System so that the working and availability of Service area can be broadened.

This is basically an interface of Global distribution System to carry out reservations on the
desired airline from any place. Airline Reservation System make the life of passengers very easy
as they don’t need to stand in queues for getting their seats reserved and they can easily make
reservations on any airline just from a single system. On the other hand, it also removed an extra
burden from the Airline Department as most of the passengers and travel agencies use this
system instead of making reservations from the counters.

With the help of this system, customers can view all the different flight’s availability with
different timings for a particular date and it also allows them to reserve a seat, cancel a
reservation or modify it. The only problem with the system is that it doesn’t allow the passengers
to change the particular part of his or her reservation. Apart from the fight details, it also displays
information that how many passengers are going to board a particular flight. The users follow the

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same steps no matter what is their mode of system access is, namely, phone, internet or the
information desk at any part of the world, keeping consistency in the system.

On one hand, it helps the customers and on the other, it also makes the life of the airline service
companies easier by keeping all the records of the passengers and if there is any change in the
fight due to some reason, the passengers are promptly informed. This system is also used by
companies to keep track of user preferences of regular travelers so that they can provide better
service and give offers to customers.

It also helps in maximizing the revenue generation of the airline companies in various ways. The
regular passengers can use this system to get the information regarding the special offers and
discounts provided to them. For some travelers who travel in parts or have to travel to various
destinations one after another, this system also guides them to select the best possible
combination for them.

From the user's point of view the interface of the system is very easy and no technical knowledge
is required to use the system. But to use this reservation system, customers need to create an
account first and have to fill all the information required. If a client had already booked a ticket,
he can also reschedule his booking for any other desired flight. From a survey carried out by the
airline companies, it is confirmed that airline reservation system has removed a lot of burden
from the authorities and made the life of the customers very easy.

User can easily book, confirm or cancel ticket using this system. The system will appear with
very less loading time. This system will implement as totally error free. This system is benifited
for both user and authorization. No additional requirement is needed for access this system. The
System is very easy to learn and no specialized user is needed for access this system.

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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

In the arena of global competition, organizations in all over the world are competing through the
use of the most comprehensive and advanced technological feature. The most common example
of innovation is in the area of information technology and communication. Various industries are
using the technologies and the advancements of software and internet to maintain and monitor
their business transactions. In the application of the informative systems, the airline industry is
the most common users of the system. The purpose of the application of system is to easily
manage and organize all the reservations and bookings of the clients and gain the competitive
advantage. Some of the popular airlines that use the various reservations systems are the British
Airways, American Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Bangladesh Biman, Emirates,
Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways, and many others. All of the airlines are founded in different
years, following different routes, having unique organizational structure and models and yet
covers the system that gained them popularity.

2.2 History of Airline Reservation System

“American Airlines was the first to establish an automated booking system in 1946. Using a
system to track information and improve efficiency was a highly appealing aim in the industry,
and drew the attention of other airlines worldwide. The system endured years of development
and alterations. Later, other airlines invested more in research and development to launch
improved systems, and through the late 1960s and early 1970s, airlines established their own
systems. United Airlines developed the Apollo Reservation System, and shortly after allowed
travel agents access. The Apollo system was the foundation for many further developments,
which spread from just US airlines to European airlines as well. The research and development
of Airline Reservation System became a significant aspect of the industry and all its air carrier
companies, and partnerships between airlines and technology gurus emerged.”
( Winston, 1995) .

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“Other airlines soon established their own systems. Delta Air Lines launched the Delta
Automated Travel Account System (DATAS) in 1968. United Airlines and Trans World Airlines
followed in 1971 with the Apollo Reservation System and Programmed Airline Reservation
System (PARS), respectively. Soon, travel agents began pushing for a system that could
automate their side of the process by accessing the various Airline Reservation Systems directly
to make reservations. Fearful this would place too much power in the hands of agents; American
Airlines executive Robert Crandall proposed creating an industry-wide Computer Reservation
System to be a central clearing house for United States travels; other airlines demurred, citing
fear of antitrust prosecution.” (Wikipedia, May, 2012) .

“Airline deregulation occurred in 1978, magnifying the importance of computerized airline

reservation systems and their accessibility. During the early 1970s, as travel agents pushed for
access to reservation systems, and certain airline executives made investments for the sake of
accessing the systems of other airlines, antitrust laws came into focus. The purpose of the 1978
Airline Deregulation Act in the United States was to eliminate government control over
commercial aviation, and ensure competitive behavior and fair business practices in the airline
industry. Passengers could gain knowledge of market forces and new market entry in the
industry. Information on specific airlines and the industry as a whole became more widely and
readily accessible, evolving the airline reservation systems from "standalone" operations toward
GDS. Today, airline reservation systems have developed into computerized reservation systems
which are of mission critical to the airline industry, about six major airline reservations systems
are used by international airlines.”( Winston,1995) .

2.3 Reservation System

“Because of the effect of the September 11th attack, each airlines began polishing the system and
holding the importance of the airline reservation system. It has a purpose in enhancing the risk
assessments among the flights from the point of embarkation to the point of destination. This

15
 process is known as the Passenger Name Record (PNR). As traced into the early reservation
systems done by the travel agents, the electronic systems are here emphasized. The operation of
the reservation system might have different requirements from the competing companies. The
earliest versions of the reservation system were not designed to support the exchange of data
between operators, as the concept of interlining (transport involving two or more carriers under a
single ticket) was not yet fully developed. When the exchange of data was required, it often
involved the use of other processes outside of the carrier's own reservation systems. This
promotes in the construction of the PNR that systematically records each of passenger's travel
requirements which contains all information necessary to enable reservations to be processed and
controlled by the booking airline and the airline(s) participating in the carriage” (IATA, 2004).
The record includes the following:

1. The passenger's name (or names, as a PNR can be for a single traveler or for a group of many);

2. Itinerary or routing;

3. Received from (the person making the reservation);

4. A phone contact (which is basically the number of Travel Agent made the booking); and

5. Ticketing information

2.4 Online Reservations

“Because of the rapid spread of the internet, the airlines adopted a reservation system that is strong
factor to gain new sales. The airlines began to introduce their own on-line reservation system. These
systems allowed airlines to avoid commissions by bypassing travel agents. Thus, it has a tendency
for the users to repeat the business transactions. The airline reservation systems are frequently liked
to the various programs and special offers which adds to their ability to capture the travel and leisure
market. These are some strategies that the online travel agencies and travel agents cannot achieve
because of the limitation in their services. However, this system also experience drawbacks. Most of

16
the airline sites do not allow for easy price comparison, some will only book reservations on the
airline which owns the site. Itineraries which require travel to cities not served by that carrier usually
cannot be booked “(Kearney & Robinson, 2004).

2.5 OnlineTravel Agencies

“There are many traditional travel agencies that are operating on-line, but only few are known by the
passengers. The transaction between the travel agents and airlines is through the commission basis.
However, because of the direct booking of other passengers the commission basis is slow
diminishing and they have to charge the customers for the service fee. The usual offers they give
depend on their strategy and advertisement and not part of the airlines" (Kearney & Robinson,
2004).

2.6 Differences in Airlines Reservation System

There are many air reservation system in Bangladesh, we visit & study all of them and we find many
limitations to reserve air ticket on those existing systems. Those system was not real time application
, and also not responsive. Also those system was not compatible with all user’s device. And finally
those system was not user friendly at all. To overcome these limitations we design our reservation
system where we try to recover these limitations. That’s why we design our system for better user
experience. Our system is real time application (Update information instantly without reload or
refresh) and also responsive & Compatible with all user device. We improved user security by using
some validation. Our systems operation is too fast that’s why it saves the valuable time of user.

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Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Methodology

System Development Methodology refers to a standard process followed in an organization to

conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems.
A methodology is a set of ideas or guidelines about how to proceed in gathering and validating
knowledge of a subject matter. Different areas of science have developed very different bodies of
methodology on the basis of which to conduct their research. There are a number of
methodologies used to develop and improve the system such as:

 Waterfall Model
 Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
 Prototyping Model
 Spiral Model
 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
 Iterative and Incremental Method
 Agile Methods

3.2 In Our Project We Use Agile Methods, Because

 We want to Self-motivated, Self-organizing and Cross-functional teams which is

encourages in Agile Methodologies.
 For gain individual's leadership quality that’s encourages in Agile Methodologies.
 Agile provides multiple opportunities for stakeholder and team engagement – before,
during, and after each Sprint. By involving the client in every step of the project.
 An Agile approach provides a unique opportunity for clients to be involved throughout
the project in every step. However, this also requires clients to understand that they are
seeing a work in progress in exchange for this added benefit of transparency.
 Customer satisfaction by early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
 Welcome changing requirements, even in late development.

3.3 Agile Methods

Agile Methodologies are models used in the system development arena. The agile methodology
has evolved in the mid-1990s as a part of reaction against traditional waterfall methods. Agile
software development refers to a group of software development methodologies based on
iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between
self-organizing cross-functional teams. Agile methods or Agile processes generally promote a
disciplined project management process that encourages frequent inspection and adaptation, a

18
leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability, a set of
engineering best practices intended to allow for rapid delivery of high-quality software, and a
business approach that aligns development with customer needs and company goals. Agile
development refers to any development process that is aligned with the concepts of the Agile
Manifesto. The Manifesto was developed by a group fourteen leading figures in the software
industry, and reflects their experience of what approaches do and do not work for software
development.

An Agile process is characterized by the division of tasks into short phases of work and frequent
reassessment and adaptations of plans.

Fig 1: Agile Lifecycle

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3.3.1 Agile Principles

The twelve key points of defined in the Agile Manifesto are:

1. Satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery.

2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development.
3. Deliver working software frequently.
4. Business people and developers work together daily.
5. Build projects around motivated individuals.
6. Convey information via face to face conversation.
7. Working software is the primary measure of progress.
8. Maintain a constant pace indefinitely.
9. Give continuous attention to technical excellence.
10. Simplify: maximize the amount of work not done.
11. Teams self-organize.
12. Teams retrospect and tune their behavior.

The most important of these principles is: “The most efficient and effective method of conveying
information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation”.

The below figure shows the steps in Agile Methodologies which focus on iteration and adaptable
to change.

Fig 2: Steps of Agile Methodology

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3.3.2 Agile Process Models

Some popular agile techniques are such as:

 Extreme Programming (XP)

 Adaptive Software Development (ASD)
 Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)
 Scrum
 Crystal
 Feature Driven Development (FDD)
 Agile Modeling (AM)

In our project we use Scrum method

3.3.3 Scrum

Scrum was applied in 1990s by Ken Schwaber and Mike Beedle. It is an agile, iterative,
incremental developing method which assumes that changes and chaos exist through entire life-
circle of the project and attempt to solve these problems Scrum is designed to add energy, focus,
clarity and transparency to project teams development software systems. It allows team to
operate in close proximity to foster rapid system evolution.

In scrum backlog is a prioritized list of project requirement or features that provide business
value for the customer. Items can be added to the system at any time (this is how changes are
introduced). The product manager assesses the backlog and updates priorities as required. The
sprint is consist of work units that are required to achieve a requirement defined in the backlog. ,
iterations of work that are typically two to four weeks in duration. During each sprint, teams pull
from a prioritized list of customer requirements, called user stories , so that the features that are
developed first are of the highest value to the customer. At the end of each sprint, a potentially
shippable product is delivered.

Scrum naturally focuses an entire organization on building successful products. Without major
changes -often within thirty days - teams are building useful, demonstrable product functionality.
Scrum can be implemented at the beginning of a project or in the middle of a project or product
development effort that is in trouble.

Scrum meeting are short (typically 15 minutes) meetings held daily by the scrum team. Three
questions are asked and answered by all team members.

 What did you do since the last team meeting?

 What obstacles are you encountering?
 What do you plan to accomplish by the next team meeting?

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 Fig 3: Scrum Process

3.3.4 Agile Work Process

At its core, Agile does the same thing you and I do when faced with too much to do and not
enough time.

3.3.4.1 Make a List

Sitting down with your customer you make a list of features they would like to see in their
software. We call these things user stories and they become the To Do list for your project.

22
3.3.4.2 Size Things Up
Then, using Agile estimation techniques, you size your stories relatively to each other, coming
up with a guess as to how long you think each user story will take.

3.3.4.3 Set Some Priorities

Like most lists, there always seems to be more to do than time allows. So you ask your customer
to prioritize their list so you get the most important stuff done first, and save the least important
for last.

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3.3.4.4 Start Executing
Then you start delivering some value. You start at the top. Work your way to the bottom.
Building, iterating, and getting feedback from your customer as you go.

3.3.4.5 Update The Plan as You Go

Then as you and your customer starting delivering one of two things is going to happen. You'll
discover:

a. You're going fast enough. All is good. Or,

b. You have too much to do and not enough time.

At this point you have two choices. You can either a) do less and cut scope (recommended). Or
you can b) push out the date and ask for more money.

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3.3.5 Difference Between Traditional and Agile Method

Fig 4: Difference Between Traditional and Agile Method

 Analysis, design, coding & testing are continuous activities.
 Development is iterative.
 Planning is adaptive.
 Rules are blur.

25
  Scope can vary on time, budget and quality.
 Requirements can change.

3.3.6 Advantages of Agile Methods

1. System quality improves because testing starts from day one.

2. Risk is reduced because you are getting feedback early.
3. People and interactions are emphasized rather than process and tools. Customers,
developers and testers constantly interact with each other.
4. Customers are happy because they can make changes without paying exorbitant costs.
5. Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful software.
6. Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months).
7. Even late changes in requirements are welcomed.

3.3.7 Disadvantages of Agile Methods

1. Active user involvement and close collaboration are required throughout the development
cycle.
2. The project can easily get taken off track if the customer representative is not clear what
final outcome that they want.
3. There is lack of emphasis on necessary designing and documentation.
4. Requirements emerge and evolve throughout the development.

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Chapter 4 Analysis, Design and Development
4.1 Functional Specification

 Login

A user must be registered and have to login to reserve, confirm or cancel his ticket. User cannot
login with an empty username or password. User must use the email or password that he
provided during registration. An admin also need to login to access the system. The user can not
login with the same email or phone number that is already used. A user must use the valid email
address.

 Registration

A user must need to do registration before login into the system. User must provide valid
information during registration. Multiple users cannot use the same user name or email. User
must provide the valid mobile number. User information is stored into the database. User must
fill up all the fields in the registration form.

 View Schedule/Reserve Ticket

When a user selects a flight schedule, the information should appear dynamically, without
reloading the page. Also a Google map should display the flying route starting from the starting
airport to the destination airport. Only registered will be able to reserve tickets for flight.

 Searching Flight Schedule

There will be some searching mechanism, through which, a user can search for a flight schedule
between two airports. There will be multiple flight schedules between two specific airports. The
information will stored in the database.

 Viewing Statistics

Statistics help the admin to take decisions about which flight has to be cancelled or which route
needs more flights. The application will show the statistics separately for each flight and
schedule, also for the total application as a whole (i.e.: how much is the total sale, how many
tickets are booked, confirmed and canceled, what is the rate of confirmation/cancelation etc. ).

 Uploading information into the system

The information of an airport (i.e.: name, latitude and longitude) will be given to user in a text
file in the following order:

Airport Name

Latitude

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Longitude

Airport Name

Latitude

Longitude

……………

 User Login

A user must login into the system for reserve, confirm or cancel tickets for flight. User required
email and password for login into the system. When a user login into the system he will able to
see flight schedules, reserve and confirm or cancel ticket for flight. User also can see the user
profile and also can edit his profile.

 User Profile

A registered user can edit his profile anytime. A user must need to be logged in for edit his
profile information.

 Admin Login

Admin must login into the system for access the system. Admin usually perform the
administrative task such as: Creating a flight, Creating new route, Changing time schedule,
Updating airport information, Registering and managing users and View statistics about specific
subject.

 Admin Profile

Admin can also manage his profile, he can change his information at any time and very easily.

 Privacy Option

Privacy is very important feature for any system. Our system also provide some level of privacy:
open/unregistered, registered and admin. A feature with an open privacy level is public and
anyone can view this feature. And some feature is for registered user. And some for admin. We
use both front end and back end validation, so it’s not too easy to hack any data. In our system
every user have his own profile, so no user can see the information of others. A user can not use
a email or phone number that already used.

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4.2 Analysis of Requirement

Hardware Requirements (Minimum)

 Processor : Intel Pentium IV 2.0 GHz and above

 RAM : 512 MB and above
 Hard disk: 80 GB and above
 Monitor : CTR or LED or LCD
 Keyboard : Normal or Multimedia

Software Requirements

 Server : XAMPP
 Design : HTML, CSS, Bootstrap
 Language : PHP, JavaScript
 Back End : PHP MySQL
 Operating System : Windows XP or above
 Browser : Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera mini, Windows Explorer etc.

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4.2.1 Software Tools Specification

 HTML

HTML (Hypertext Markup language) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file
intended for display on a World Wide Web browser page. The markup tells the web browser
how to display a web pages words and images for the user.HTML defines the structure and
layout of a web document by using a variety of tags and attributes. Each individual markup code
is referred to as an element (but many people also refer to it as a tag). Some elements come in
pairs that indicate when some display effect is to begin and when it is to end. HTML is a formal
recommendation by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is generally adhered to by the
major browsers .It’s the standard format for formatting and displaying document on the World
Wide Web. The current version of HTML is HTML 5.0.

In order to meet the growing demand for more impressive web features, HTML has been coupled
with plugins like CSS, Flash, JavaScript etc.

 CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS describe how HTML elements are to be displayed
on screen, paper, or in other media.CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple
web pages all at once. CSS will be internal or external, external StyleSheets are stored in CSS
files.

CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in
display for different devices and screen sizes.CSS removed the style formatting from the HTML
page. CSS is independent of HTML and can be used with any XML based markup language. The
separation of HTML from CSS makes it easier to maintain sites, share style sheets across pages,
and tailor pages to different environment.

 Bootstrap

 Bootstrap is the most popular HTML, CSS and JavaScript framework for developing
responsive, mobile-first web sites.
 Bootstrap is completely free to download and use.
 Bootstrap gives you the ability to faster and easier web development.

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  JavaScript

JavaScript is a cross-platform, object-oriented scripting language. It is a small and lightweight

language. Inside a host environment (for example, a web browser), JavaScript can be connected
to the objects of its environment to provide programmatic control over them. JavaScript contains
a standard library of objects, such as Array, Date, and Math, and a core set of language elements
such operators, control structures, and statements. Core JavaScript can be extended for a variety
of purposes by supplementing it with additional objects.

 PHP

PHP is an acronym for “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”. PHP is a server scripting language, and a
powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive web pages. PHP is a widely used, free, and
efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft’s ASP. PHP is widely used and open
source scripting language. PHP scripts are executed on the server. It is powerful enough to be at
the core of the biggest blogging system on the web. It is deep enough to run the largest social
network such as Facebook. It is also easy enough to be a begineer’s first server side language.

PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code. PHP code are executed on
the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain HTML. PHP files have extension
”.php”.

PHP can generate dynamic page content. PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close
files on the server, can collect form data, can send and receive cookies. PHP can add, delete,
modify data in your database. PHP can be used to control user access, can encrypt data. With
PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and even Flash
movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.

PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, etc.). PHP is compatible with
almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, ect.). PHP supports a wide range of databases. PHP is
easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side.

Its popularity derives from its C-like syntax, and simplicity. PHP is currently divided into two
major versions: PHP 4 and PHP 5, although PHP 4 is deprecated and no longer developed or
supplied with critical bug fixes.PHP 6 is currently under development. PHP was designed by
Ramus Lerdorf to display his resume online and to collect data from his visitors.

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  MySQL

MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS) based on

Structured Query Language (SQL). MySQL runs on virtually all platforms, including Linux,
UNIX, and Windows. Although it can used in a wide range of application , MySQL is most often
associated with web-based applications and online publishing and is an important component of
an open source enterprise stack called LAMP. LAMP is a web development platform that uses
Linux as the operating system, Apache as the Web server, MySQL as the relational database
management system and PHP as the object orienred scripting language.

MySQL which was originally conceived by the Swedish company MySQL AB, was acquired by
Oracle in 2008.

MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component
of the widely used XAMPP open source web application software stack (and other ‘AFM’
stacks). XAMPP is an acronym for “All Windows, MySQL, Perl/PHP Python”. Free-software-
open source projects that require a full featured database management system often use MySQL.
MySQL can be built and installed manually from source code, but can be tedious so it is more
commonly installed from a binary package unless special customization are required.

On most Windows distributions the package management system can download and install
MySQL with minimal effort, though further configuration is often required to adjust security and
optimization settings. Though MySQL began as a low-end alternative to more powerful
proprietary databases, is has gradually evolded to support higher-scale needs as well. It is still
most commonly used in small to medium scale single-server deployments, either s a component
in a XAMPP based web application or as a standalone database server.

 Back End: PHP MyAdmin

PHPMyAdmin is a free software tool written in PHP, intended to handle the administration of
MySQL over the Web. PHPMyAdmin supports a wide range of operations on MySQL ,
MariaDB, and Drizzle. Frequently used operations (managing database, tables, columns,
relations, indexes, users, permissions, etc) can be performed via the user interface, while you still
have the ability to directly execute any SQL statement.

Features:

 Web interface.
 Support for most MySQL features.
 Import data from CVS and SQL.
 Export data to various formats: CVS, SQL, XML, PDF, ISO/IEC 263000.
 Open document Text and Spreadsheet, Word, Excel, and others.

32
  Administering multiple servers.
 Creating graphics of your database layout in various formats.
 Creating complex queries using Query-by-example (QBE).
 Searching globally in a database or a subset of it.
 Transforming stored data into any format using a set predefined function, like displaying
BLOB-data as image or downlink.
 Live chats to monitor MySQL server activity like connections, processes, CPU/Memory
usage, etc.

4.3 Entity Relationship (E-R) Diagram

An entity relationship diagram (ERD) shows the relationships of entity sets stored in a database.
An entity in this context is a component of data. In other words, ER diagrams illustrate the
logical structure of databases. An entity relationship diagram is a means of visualizing how the
information a system produces is related.

 Entity
Which are represented by rectangle. An entity is an object or concept that has its existence in the
real world. It includes all those things about which data is collected. A weak entity is an entity
that must defined by a foreign key relationship with another entity as it cannot be uniquely
identified by its own attributes alone.

 Attributes
which are represented by ovals. A key attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristic of the
entity. For example, an employee's social security number might be the employee's key attribute.

 An Entity Set

It is a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties, or attributes.

 Process

A process shows a transformation or manipulation of data flows within the system.

33
  Actions

Which are represented by diamond shapes, show how two entities share information in the
database.

Fig 5 : E-R diagram

4.4 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

A data flow diagram (DFD) illustrates how data is processed by a system in terms of inputs and
outputs. As its name indicates its focus is on the flow of information, where data comes from,

34
where it goes and how it gets stored. Data flow diagrams became popular in the 1970s in
software development. They were first described in a classic text about Structured
Design written by Larry Constantine and Ed Yourdon. Yourdon & Coad's Object Oriented
Analysis and Design (OOA/OOD) was a way of visualizing software systems before UML
diagrams.

Fig 6 : DFD Diagram

4.5 Use Case Diagram

A use case diagram is a dynamic or behavior diagram in UML. Use case diagrams model the
functionality of a system using actors and use cases. Use cases are a set of actions, services, and
functions that the system needs to perform. In this context, a "system" is something being
developed or operated, such as a web site. The "actors" are people or entities operating under
defined roles within the system.

35
Use case diagrams are valuable for visualizing the functional requirements of a system that will
translate into design choices and development priorities.

They also help identify any internal or external factors that may influence the system and should
be taken into consideration.

They provide a good high level analysis from outside the system. Use case diagrams specify how
the system interacts with actors without worrying about the details of how that functionality is
implemented.

Fig 7 : Use Case Diagram

36
Chapter 5 Project Description
5.1 Home Page

Home page introduces the site and user can understand that what facility we provide in this
system. User can see search option and login, registration, schedule and contact menu. User can
also see the latest offers & recent schedule in home page.

Fig 8: Home page

5.2 Registration Page

For reserve a ticket for flight a user must be registered into the system. A user must use valid
email address and valid mobile number during registration. User information is stored into the
database. Multiple user can not use the same email and mobile number. User must need to fill up
all fields for registration.

Fig 9: Registration page

37
5.3 Login Page

A user must be login into the system for reserve, confirm and cancel ticket for flight. User
required email and password for login that he provided during registration. User must use valid
email address and password. Admin also need to login into the system for access the system.

Fig 10: Login page

5.4 Admin Login

When an admin login into the system admin will see this dashboard, admin usually perform these
task (edit profile, add flight, add route, add schedule, add airport info, generate report).

Fig 11 : Admin Login

38
5.4.1 Create Flight

Admin can create flight here by giving value(Flight name, Total Seat, City, Status)

Fig 12: Create Flight

5.4.2 Add Airport

Admin can add airport here by giving value(Airport name, Lititude, Longitude).

Fig 13: Add Airport

39
5.4.3 Create Route

Admin can create route here by giving value(Departure airport, Destination airport, Hour/time,
Price ).

Fig 14: Create Route

5.4.4 Add Schedule

Admin can add flight schedule here by giving value(Choose flight, Choose Route, Departure
time/date).

Fig 15: Add Schedule

40
5.4.5 Report

Admin can view report here about Airport status,Total booking, Total booking cancelled, Flights.

Fig 16: Report

5.4.6 Admin Profile

Admin can edit profile information here. Admin can change password, email,user name,contact.

Fig 17: Admin Profile

41
5.4.7 Admin- User Access

Admin also can access user data and status. Admin can change the status of a particular user by
making available/unavilable.

Fig 18: User Access

5.5 Registered User Dashboard

When a registered user login into the system he/she see this page. Registered user can see flight
schedule and he/she can reserve, confirm and cancel his ticket, and also can change his profile
information.

Fig 19: Registered User Dashboard

42
5.5.1 Flight Booking

Registered user can book flight by using value (Departure, Destination, Schedule id, Seat).

Fig 20: Flight Booking

5.5.2 Confirm/Cancel Reservation

Registered user can confirm his/her reservation by giving value (User id, Card no). And also can
cancel reservation very easily.

Fig 21: Confirm/Cancel Reservation

43
5.5.3 User Profile

Registered user also can edit his/her profile. User can update user name, contact no, email &
password.

Fig 22 : User Profile

5.6 Unregistered User

When an unregistered user visit this site, he will see login , registration and flight schedule and
also search option. He can only see the flight schedule but, can not reserve, confirm or cancel
ticket for flight.

Fig 23: Unregistered User /Flight Schedule

44
5.7 Map

In this system passenger can see the map of departure and destination of any route.

Fig 24: Map

5.8 Contact Us

In this page user can contact with admin for any inquiry or suggestion. User can mail admin
using his/her email, user name with specific subject.

Fig 25: Contact

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Chapter 6 Conclusion
Before modern computing, the reservation system was done using manual means. This meant
that a person about to travel had to spend a lot of unnecessary time waiting in queues in order to
book their tickets. The manual process of reservation was also prone to human errors, which lead
to a lot of dissatisfaction amongst travelers. Nowadays competition is so fierce between airlines
that there are lot of discounts and a lot of luxuries given to customers that will give an edge to
that particular airline. The online airline reservation automates these processes of booking airline
tickets online, thus reducing the time wasted as well as the errors that are involved in the manual
process.

We analyzed different Air Ticket Reservation System worldwide and tried to gather different
features from them. We accumulated all the feature currently used by the Air Reservation system
apart from some graphical enhancements. This project was very useful to us as it provided us the
inside view of the planning and implementation of the data base. In this project we had to think
about the various options which we can provide to user. The implementation was not easy as we
had to look into the minute details in order to achieve our goals. We have tried to make this
project user friendly and also interactive by providing many features.

We are satisfied by achieving the goals for which we had planned. A lot of experimental work
can be done with this project. Looking forward for any advice which can help us to improve the
project.

6.1 Limitations

 Currently we are not able to introduce mobile verification system.

 Currently we are not able to add online payment system.

6.2 Future Works

 Develop mobile app of this system.

 Introduce online payment system.
 Add mobile verification system.
 Introduce live chat between admin and user.

46
References:

Airline , 2012 http://www.enotes.com/topic/Airline_Reservations_System retrieved on 23.May

2012 .

Diane (1993) Computer Reservation Systems: “Action Needed to Better Monitor the CRS
Industry and Eliminate CRS Biases”, DIANE Publishing Company, ISBN1568069774.

European Parliament: “More Competition in Airline Reservation System – With Protection for
Consumers,” Sept. 4, 2008 retrieved on June 6, 2012 from
http://www.ehow.com/about_5122697_airline-reservation-systems.html.

IATA, (2004) Airline Reservation System and Passenger Name Record (PNR) Access by States,
International Air Transport Association [Online] Available at:
http://www.icao.int/icao/en/atb/fal/fal12/documentation/fal12wp074_en.pdf [Accessed
17 August 2010].

Kearney, T.J., & Robinson, R., (2004) Direct Marketing in the Travel Industry: A Revolution in
Channel Structure [Online] Available at: http://www.the-
dma.org/dmef/proceedings/kearney.pdf [Accessed 17 August 2010].

M. J. Smith (2002): “The Airline Encyclopedia, 1909 – 2000”. Scarecrow Press, New York.

P. N. Seth, S. S. Bhat (2002): “An Introduction to Travel and Tourism”, Prentice Hall, London.

R. Doganis, C. Routledge (2001): “The Airline Business in the 21st Century.” McGraw-Hill,
New York.

R. E. G. Davies (1964): “A History of the World‟s Airlines”. Oxford University Press, London.

Stair, Ralph M. (1996). Principles of Information Systems and Managerial Approach, 2nd ed.
Cincinnati, OH: Boyd & Fraser. . [Accessed May, 19, 2012].

Wardell, David J, "Airline Reservation Systems", 1991. Research paper.

Winston, Clifford, 1995 "The Evolution of the Airline Industry", Brookings Institution Press,
ISBN 081575843X. Cf. p.61-62, Computer Reservation Systems .

47