1/27/2020 Fluid Mechanics-II

Engr. Wasif Sahb

Muhammad AQIB
ROLL # 2018-ME-08
Experiment # 1

Impact of Jet
Title:
Impact of Jet against a flat surface
Objective:
Objective of the experiment is to measure the theoretical and experimental forces
when the jet of water strikes on flat surface.
Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Bench
 Flat Impact Surface
 Gauge Weights
 Stop Watch
Theory:
Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus in
hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in
majority of experiments to be conducted e.g. To find the
value of the co-efficient of velocity ‘Cv’, coefficient of
discharge ‘Cd’, to study the characteristics of flow over
notches, to find metacentric height, to find head losses
through pipes, to verify Bernoulli’s theorem etc.

Parts of Hydraulic Bench Machine:

Centrifugal pump draws water from sump tank and

supplies it for performing experiments. Sump Tank stores
water for Hydraulic bench. It is located in the bottom
portion of Hydraulic bench. Water from here is transported
to other parts by using a pump. It has a capacity of 160
liters. Vertical pipe supplies water to the upper part of
hydraulic bench from sump tank through a pump. Control
valve is used to regulate the flow in the pipe i.e. to increase
or decrease the inflow of water in the hydraulic bench. With
the help of connecter we can attach accessories with the
hydraulic bench. Special purpose terminations may be
connected to the pump supply by unscrewing connector, no
hand tools are required for doing so. It is located in the
channel. Channel is used in number of experiments It provides
passage for water for different experiments. Drain valve is used
for emptying sump tank. Side channels are the upper sides of the
channel. They are used to attach accessories on test. Volumetric
tank stores water coming from channel. This tank is stepped to
accommodate low or high flow rates. It has a capacity of 46
liters. Stilling baffle decreases the turbulence of water coming
from channel. It is located in the volumetric tank. A sight tube
and scale is connected to a tapping in the base of the volumetric
tank and gives an instantaneous indication of water level. Dump
valve is at the base of the volumetric tank. Opening the dump
valve allows the entrained water to return to the sump tank for
recycling. It is used for emptying volumetric tank. It is located in
the bottom of the volumetric tank. Dump valve is operated by a
remote actuator, lifting actuator opens the dump valve, when it is
given a turn of 90’ it will turn the dump valve in the open
position. Over flow is an opening in the upper portion of the
volumetric tank. It sends the water level above 46 litters to the
sump tank. Measuring cylinder A measuring cylinder is provided
for measuring of very small flow rate. The cylinder is stored in the
compartment housing the pump. Starter on / off the hydraulic bench.

Procedure:
1. Firstly, I set the hydraulic bench apparatus according to the requirements.
2. I set impact surface on the jet and tight the screws.
3. I turned on the hydraulic bench device and open the pressure gauge slowly
to increase the pressure.
4. I turned off apparatus when the impact surface lifted up.
5. I measured the release time until the volume comes into initial position.

Observation and Calculation:

I have observed that the theoretical force and the experimental force produced by
jet on impact surface are equal.
 Some important formulas:

Fm = mg
𝑄2
Fa = 𝜌
𝐴

Fa = 𝜌QV1

Where,
𝑄
V=
𝑡
𝑑2
A=𝜋
4
Impact against a flat surface:
Sr. No. Weight (g) Fm (N) Volume (m3) Time (s) Q Q2 Fa (N)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 50 490 0.25 2 0.125 0.0156 0.0124
3 100 980 0.25 2 0.2 0.04 0.0318
4 150 1470 0.4 3 0.3333 0.1111 0.0884
5 200 1960 1 4.8 0.3645 0.1329 0.1057
6 250 2450 1.75 5.8 0.6896 0.4756 0.3784
7 300 2940 4 8.5 0.4705 0.2214 0.1762

Conclusion:
I have concluded that the theoretical value of force (Fm) and the actual value of the
force produced by the jet (Fa) are equal.
Fm = Fa
 Title:
Impact of Jet against a curved surface of 120o
Objective:
Objective of the experiment is to measure the theoretical and experimental forces
when the jet of water strikes on concave surface.
Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Bench
 Flat Impact Surface
 Concave Impact Surface
 Spherical Impact Surface
 Gauge Weights
 Stop Watch
Theory:
Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus in
hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in majority of
experiments to be conducted e.g. To find the value of the
co-efficient of velocity ‘Cv’, coefficient of discharge ‘Cd’,
to study the characteristics of flow over notches, to find
metacentric height, to find head losses through pipes, to
verify Bernoulli’s theorem etc.

Parts of Hydraulic Bench Machine:

Centrifugal pump draws water from sump tank and

supplies it for performing experiments. Sump Tank stores
water for Hydraulic bench. It is located in the bottom
portion of Hydraulic bench. Water from here is transported
to other parts by using a pump. It has a capacity of 160
liters. Vertical pipe supplies water to the upper part of
hydraulic bench from sump tank through a pump. Control
valve is used to regulate the flow in the pipe i.e. to increase
or decrease the inflow of water in the hydraulic bench. With
the help of Connecter we can attach accessories with the
hydraulic bench. Special purpose terminations may be
connected to the pump supply by unscrewing conne ctor, no hand
tools are required for doing so. It is located in the channel.
Channel is used in number of experiments It provides passage
for water for different experiments. Drain valve is used for
emptying sump tank. Side channels are the upper sides of the
channel. They are used to attach accessories on test. Volumetric
tank stores water coming from channel. This tank is stepped to
accommodate low or high flow rates. It has a capacity of 46
liters. Stilling baffle decreases the turbulence of water coming
from channel. It is located in the volumetric tank. A sight tube
and scale is connected to a tapping in the base of the volumetric
tank and gives an instantaneous indication of water level. Dump
valve is at the base of the volumetric tank. Opening the dump
valve allows the entrained water to return to the sump tank for
recycling. It is used for emptying volumetric tank. It is located in
the bottom of the volumetric tank. Dump valve is operated by a
remote actuator, lifting actuator opens the dump valve, when it is
given a turn of 90’ it will turn the dump valve in the open
position. Over flow is an opening in the upper portion of the
volumetric tank. It sends the water level above 46 litters to the
sump tank. Measuring cylinder A measuring cylinder is provided for measuring
of very small flow rate. The cylinder is stored in the compartment housing the
pump. Starter on / off the hydraulic bench.

Procedure:
1. Firstly, I set the hydraulic bench apparatus according to the requirements.
2. I set impact surface on the jet and tight the screws.
3. I turned on the hydraulic bench device and open the pressure gauge slowly
to increase the pressure.
4. I turned off apparatus when the impact surface lifted up.
5. I measured the release time until the volume comes into initial position.
Observation and Calculation:
I have observed that the theoretical force and the experimental force produced by
jet on impact surface are equal.
 Some important formulas:

Fm = mg
𝑄2
Fa = 𝜌
𝐴

3
Fa = 𝜌QV1
2
Where,
𝑄
V=
𝑡
𝑑2
A=𝜋
4
Impact against a curve surface of 120o:
Sr. No. Weight (g) Fm (N) Volume Time (s) Q Q2 Fa (N)
(m3)
1 0 0 1 3.15 0.317460 0.100781 80199.01
2 50 490 1.2 3.22 0.372670 0.138884 110520
3 100 980 0.7 2.24 0.3125 0.097656 77712.37
4 150 1470 0.1 1 0.1 0.01 7957.747
5 200 1960 1.5 4.86 0.308641 0.09526 75805.40
6 250 2450 1.3 2.62 0.496183 0.246198 195918
7 300 2940 2.4 3.78 0.634920 0.403124 320796.1

Conclusion:
I have concluded that the theoretical value of force (Fm) and the actual value of the
force produced by the jet (Fa) are equal.
Fm = Fa
Title:
Impact of Jet against a semispherical surface of 180o
Objective:
Objective of the experiment is to measure the theoretical and experimental forces
when the jet of water strikes on spherical surface.
Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Bench
 Flat Impact Surface
 Concave Impact Surface
 Spherical Impact Surface
 Gauge Weights
 Stop Watch
Theory:
Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus in
hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in majority of
experiments to be conducted e.g. To find the value of the
co-efficient of velocity ‘Cv’, coefficient of discharge ‘Cd’,
to study the characteristics of flow over notches, to find
metacentric height, to find head losses through pipes, to
verify Bernoulli’s theorem etc.

Parts of Hydraulic Bench Machine:

Centrifugal pump draws water from sump tank and

supplies it for performing experiments. Sump Tank stores
water for Hydraulic bench. It is located in the bottom
portion of Hydraulic bench. Water from here is transported
to other parts by using a pump. It has a capacity of 160
liters. Vertical pipe supplies water to the upper part of
hydraulic bench from sump tank through a pump. Control
valve is used to regulate the flow in the pipe i.e. to increase
or decrease the inflow of water in the hydraulic bench. With
the help of Connecter we can attach accessories with the
hydraulic bench. Special purpose terminations may be
connected to the pump supply by unscrewing connector, no hand
tools are required for doing so. It is located in the channel.
Channel is used in number of experiments It provides passage
for water for different experiments. Drain valve is used for
emptying sump tank. Side channels are the upper sides of the
channel. They are used to attach accessories on test. Volumetric
tank stores water coming from channel. This tank is stepped to
accommodate low or high flow rates. It has a capacity of 46
liters. Stilling baffle decreases the turbulence of water coming
from channel. It is located in the volumetric tank. A sight tube
and scale is connected to a tapping in the base of the volumetric
tank and gives an instantaneous indication of water level. Dump
valve is at the base of the volumetric tank. Opening the dump
valve allows the entrained water to return to the sump tank for
recycling. It is used for emptying volumetric tank. It is located
in the bottom of the volumetric tank. Dump valve is operated by
a remote actuator, lifting actuator opens the dump valve, when
it is given a turn of 90’ it will turn the dump valve in the open
position. Over flow is an opening in the upper portion of the
volumetric tank. It sends the water level above 46 litters to the
sump tank. Measuring cylinder A measuring cylinder is
provided for measuring of very small flow rate. The cylinder is
stored in the compartment housing the pump. Starter on / off
the hydraulic bench.

Procedure:
1. Firstly, I set the hydraulic bench apparatus according to the requirements.
2. I set impact surface on the jet and tight the screws.
3. I turned on the hydraulic bench device and open the pressure gauge slowly
to increase the pressure.
4. I turned off apparatus when the impact surface lifted up.
5. I measured the release time until the volume comes into initial position.
Observation and Calculation:
I have observed that the theoretical force and the experimental force produced by
jet on impact surface are equal.
 Some important formulas:

Fm = mg
𝑄2
Fa = 𝜌
𝐴

Fa =2 𝜌QV1

Where,
𝑄
V=
𝑡
𝑑2
A=𝜋
4
Impact against semispherical surface of 180o:
Sr. No. Weight (g) Fm (N) Volume (m3) Time (s) Q Q2 Fa (N)
1 50 490 2.5 9 0.27778 0.07716 61402.37
2 100 980 3 6.8 0.44117 0.19463 154886.9
3 150 1470 3 5.61 0.53475 0.28596 227565.8
4 200 1960 2.5 3 0.83333 0.69444 552621.3
5 250 2450 4 7 0.57142 0.32653 259844.8
6 300 2940 5.5 10.35 0.53140 0.28238 224716.4

Conclusion:
I have concluded that the theoretical value of force (Fm) and the actual value of the
force produced by the jet (Fa) are equal.
Fm = Fa