WORD FORMATION

NEGATIVE PREFIXES
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
UN- "the opposite of" adjectives unfair
"not" participles unassuming/
unexpected
____SUPPORTIVE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NON- "not" various classes non-smoker
non-drip (paint)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IN- (as for -UN) adjectives insane
DIS- (as for- UN) adjectives disloyal
verbs dislike
abstract nouns disfavour
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A- "lacking in" adjectives amoral
nouns asymmetry
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REVERSE OR PRIVATIVE PREFIXES
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
UN- "to reverse action" verbs untie
"to deprive of" unhorse -desarzonar
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DE- "to reverse action" verbs defrost
abstract nouns deforestation
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DIS- (as for UN-) verbs disconnect
participles discoloured
nouns discontent
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PEJORATIVE PREFIXES
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
MIS- "wrongly" verbs misinform
"astray" abstract nouns misconduct
participles misleading
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAL- "badly" verbs maltreat
abstract nouns malfunction
participles malformed
adjectives malodorous
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PSEUDO- "false, nouns pseudonym
imitation" adjectives pseudonymous
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREFIXES OF DEGREE OR SIZE
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
ARCH- "highest, nouns archduke
worst" (mainly human) arch-enemy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUPER- "above, nouns superman
more than, supermarket
better" adjectives supernatural
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
OUT- "to do something verbs outrun
faster, longer, (mainly intrans) outlive
etc than ..."
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREFIX MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES

SUR- "over and above" nouns surtax
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUB- "lower than, less adjectives subhuman,
than" substandard
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVER- "too much" verbs overeat
participles overdressed
adjectives overconfident
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNDER- "too little" verbs undercook
participles underprivileged
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HYPER- "extremely" adjectives hypercritical
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ULTRA- "extremely, adjectives ultra-violet
beyond" ultra-modern
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MINI- little" nouns miniskirt
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREFIXES OF ATTITUDE
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
CO- "with, joint" verbs cooperate
nouns co-pilot
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTER- "in opposition to" verbs counteract
abstract nouns counter-revolution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANTI- "against" nouns anti-missile
adjectives anti-social
adverbs anti-clockwise
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRO- "on the side of" nouns pro-Common Market
adjectives pro-communist
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOCATIVE PREFIXES
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
SUPER- "over" nouns superstructure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUB- "beneath, nouns subway
 lesser in rank" adjectives subconscious
verbs sublet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTER- "between, adjectives international
among" verbs intermarry
nouns interaction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANS- "across, from adjectives transatlantic
one place to verbs transplant
another"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREFIXES OF TIME AND ORDER
MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES
FORE- "before" mainly verbs foretell
abstract nouns foreknowledge
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
PRE- "before" nouns pre-war
adjectives pre-martial
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
POST- "after" nouns post-war
adjectives post-classical
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX- "former" human nouns ex-husband
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RE- "again, verbs re-build, re-create
back" abstract nouns resettlement
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER PREFIXES
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
UNI-, MONO- "one" unilateral, monotheism
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BI-, DI- "two" bilingual, dipole
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRI- "three" tripartite
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MULTI-, POLY- "many" multiracial, polysillabic
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OTHER PREFIXES
MEANING EXAMPLES
AUTO- "self" autobiography
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEO- "new, revived" neo-Gothic
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PAN- "all, world-wide" pan-African
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROTO- "first, original" prototype
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMI- "half" semicircle
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VICE- "deputy" vicepresident
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONVERSION PREFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BE- nouns  participial adjectives bewigged, bespectacled
verbs  { transi- bedazzle
adjectives  { tive becalm
nouns  { verbs bewitch

EN- nouns  verbs enslave

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A- verbs  predicative adjectives afloat
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUFFIXES ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
[A] OCCUPATIONAL
-STER nouns= "person engaged in gangster
-EER personal an occupation or
nouns activity" engineer
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ER nouns= "varied meanings, teenager,
nouns eg "inhabitant of X" Londoner
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[B] DIMINUTIVE OR FEMININE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LET count nouns= "small, unimportant" booklet,
count nouns piglet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-'ETTE nouns= nouns "small, compact" kitchenette
statuette
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"imitation" flannelette
(material)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"female" usherette
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUFFIX ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES

-ESS animate nouns= "female" waitress

animate nouns
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Y, IE nouns= nouns daddy, auntie
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[C] STATUS, DOMAIN
-HOOD nouns= "status" boyhood
abstract nouns
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-SHIP (as for -hood) "status, condition" friendship
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-DOM (as for -hood) "domain, condition" kingdom
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-'OCRACY (as for -hood) "system
of government) democracy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-(E)RY "chiefly nouns=
a) abstract nouns a) "behaviour" slavery
b) concrete count b) "place of activity or
nouns abode" nunnery, refinery
c) non-count nouns c) collectivity machinery
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[D] OTHER
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ING count nouns= "the substance of which
non count nouns N is composed" panelling
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-FUL count nouns= "the amount which N mouthful
contains"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOUN/ADJECTIVE  NOUN/ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
ADDED TOTO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ITE nouns (chiefly "member of community Israelite
names) faction/type" socialite
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-(I)AN nouns (chiefly "pertaining to ..." Indonesian
proper) = personal republican
nouns, non-gradable
adjectives
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ESE (as for -(i)an "nationality" Chinese
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-IST nouns/adjectives= "member of a party, socialist
personal nouns/ad- occupation" violinist
jectives
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ISM nouns/adjectives= "attitude, political idealism
abstract nouns movement" communism
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB NOUN SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ER, -OR verbs (mainly dy- agentive and driver
namic) =nouns instrumental receiver
PUBLISH____
(mainly personal) actor
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ANT verbs= nouns agentive and inhabitant
instrumental disinfectant
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-EE verbs= personal passive employee
nouns
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-(A)TION verbs
a abstract nouns a "state, action" a exploration
COMPETE
COMPE
REACT
REAC
b collective nouns b "institution" b organization
-SION CONCEDE
________SSION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-MENT verbs= nouns "state, action" amazement
(chiefly abstrac)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-AL verbs= nouns "action" refusal
(chiefly count dismissal
abstract)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ING verbs=
a abstract nouns a activity driving
b concrete nouns b result of building
activity
SING____VOICE
LEAD_____
PUBLISHER
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-AGE verbs= non-count "activity, result drainage
of activity"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADJECTIVE NOUN SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-NESS adjectives= abs- "state, quality"
tract nouns happiness
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ITY (as for - NESS) "state, quality" sanity
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-IFY nouns, adjectives= causative simplify
verbs (chiefly
transitive)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-IZE (as for -IFY) causative popularize
(BrE:
also -ISE)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-EN adjectives=verbs
a transitive "causative" deafen
b intransitive "become X" sadden
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOUN  ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUFFIX ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-FUL nouns (chiefly ab- "having ..., useful
stract) = gradable giving..." helpful
adjectives
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
-LESS nouns= adjectives "without ..." childless
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LY nouns (chiefly con- "having the
crete)= gradable qualities of
adjectives ..." cowardly
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIKE (as for -LY) "having the
qualities of" childlike
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Y nouns (chiefly con- "like ..., creamy
crete non-count)= covered with..." hairy
gradable adjectives
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ISH nouns (chiefly pro-
per and count) =
adjectives
a) non gradable a belonging to Turkish
b) gradable b having the foolish
character of ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-IAN nouns (chiefly "in the tradition
proper) of ... " Darwinian
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOME ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES COMMON IN BORROWED AND NEO-CLASSICAL
WORDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUFFIX USED TO FORM EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-AL primarily non-gradable criminal
(also -IAL, -ICAL) adjectives editorial
PROFESSION_____
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-IC gradable or non-gradable heroic
adjectives
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-IVE gradable or non-gradable
(also -ATIVE, adjectives) attractive,
-ITIVE) affirmative,
sensitive
SUPPORT_____
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-OUS primarily gradable virtuous,
(also -EOUS, adjectives courteous
-IOUS) vivacious
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OTHER ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES

SUFFIX ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ABLE verbs (chiefly transi- "able/worthy readable
-IBLE tive) = adjectives to be V-ed" forcible
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ISH gradable adjectives= "somewhat..." youngish
gradable adjectives
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ED nouns or noun phrases "having ..." balconied
= adjectives
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADVERB SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LY adjectives= adverbs "in a... happily
of manner, viewpoint manner" etc strangely
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-WARD(S) adverbs, nouns= manner/direc- backwarkd(s)
adverbs of manner/ tion
direction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-WISE nouns=
a adverbs of manner "in the ma- a) crabwise
nner of ..."
b viewpoint adverbs "as far as ... b) weather-wise
is concerned"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBJECT AND VERB COMPOUND
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUNRISE = the sun rises bee-sting
noun + deverbal noun earthquake
Very productive type headache
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RATTLESNAKE = the snake rattles flashlight
verb + noun hangman
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DANCING GIRL = the girl dances firing squad
Vebal noun + noun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB AND OBJECT COMPOUNDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIGHTSEEING = X sees sights air-conditioning
Noun + verbal noun brainwashing
(Number is neutralized) dressmaking
Very productive type story-telling
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TAX-PAYER = X pays taxes gamekeeper
Noun + agentive or instrumental noun record-player
(Number is neutralized) songwriter
Very productive type window-cleaner
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BLOODTEST = X tests blood count nouns non-count nouns
Noun + deverbal noun book review birth-control
haircut self-control

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL-GIRL = X call the girl knitwear
Verb + noun
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEWING GUM = X chews gum cooking apple
spending money
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB AND ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SWIMMING POOL = X swims in the pool typing paper
Verbal noun + noun adding manchine
Very productive type walking stick
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DAYDREAM = X dreams during the day sun-bathing
Sleepwalking
Noun + verbal noun handwriting
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BABY-SITTER = X sits with the baby factory-worker
Noun + agentive noun sun-bather
daydreamer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOMEWORK = X works at home boat-ride
Noun + deverbal noun daydream
Most examples are count gunfight
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHLIGHT = X searches with a light dance hall
Verb + noun plaything
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERBLESS COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WINDMILL = the wind (powers) the mill hydrogen bomb
Noun + noun motorcycle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOY FACTORY = the factorey (produces) toys tear gas
Noun + noun oil well
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BLOODSTAIN = the blood (produces) stains hay fever
Noun + noun sawdust
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOORKNOB = the door (has) a knob shirt-sleeves
Noun + noun table leg
Very productive type television screen
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GIRL-FRIEND = the friend (is) a girl oak tree
Noun + noun tape measure
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DARKROOM = the room (is) dark hardboard
Adjective + noun madman
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FROGMAN = the man (is) like a frog goldfish
Noun + noun kettledrum
Very productive type tissue paper
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SNOWFLAKE = the flake (consists) of snow bread-crumb
Noun + noun sand-dune
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASHTRAY = the tray (is) for ash coffee time
Noun + noun facecloth
Very productive type fire engine
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BAHUVRIHI COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PAPERBACK noun + noun adjective + noun
= the book has a paper back blockhead fathead
a `bahuvrihi compound´ hunchback loudmouth
names an entire thing by specifying pot-belly paleface
some feature
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADJECTIVE COMPOUND
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB AND OBJECT COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAN-EATING = X eats men breathtaking
Noun + -ing participle heartbreaking
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB AND ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OCEAN-GOING = X goes across ocean law-abiding
Noun + -ing participle mouth-watering
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEARTFELT = X feels it in the heart handmade
Noun + -ed participle self-employed
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HARD-WORKING = X works hard easy-going
Adjective / adverb + -ing participle good-looking
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUICK-FROZEN = X is frozen quickly far-fetched
Adjective / adverb + -ed participle new-laid
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERBLESS COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CLASS-CONSCIOUS = X is conscious with respect to class duty-free
Noun + adjective homesick
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRASS-GREEN = X is green like grass brick red
Noun + adjective sea-green
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BRITISH-AMERICAN (initiative) = the British and bitter-sweet
the American jointly (made an initiative) deaf-mute
adjective + adjective
(coordination compound)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIGHTSEE = X sees sights house-hunt
Noun + verb lip-read
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPRING-CLEAN = X cleans in the spring baby-sit
Noun + verb sleep-walk

GLOSSARY
Afloat: floating; carried along on air or water
Bedazzle: dazzle or confuse, as with brilliance
Bespectacled: wearing spectacles
Bewigged: wearing wig
Bewitch: work magic on; put a magic spell on
Blockhead: unintelligent, and stupid person
Courteous: polite and considerate in manner
Daydream: pleasant dreamlike fantasy indulged in while awake; idle reverie "ensueño"
Darkroom: a room in which photographs are processed in darkness or safe light.
Dismisssal: an official notice of discharge from employment or service.
Easy-going: pleasant; tolerant; relaxed.
Fathead: dull, stupid person.
Fire engine: a heavy road vehicle that carries firemen and fire-fighting equipment to a fire.
Flannelette: a cotton imitation of flannel "muletón"(a soft light woollen fabric with a slight nap
"lanilla", used for clothing.) "franela"
Gamekeeper: a person employed to take care of game and wildlife, as on an estate.
Goldfish: freshwater cyprinid fish, typical of a pond or aquarium bowl has an orange-red or golden
coloration.
Insane: mad; senseless
Kettledrum: a percussion instrument of definite pitch, consisting of a hollow bow-like hemisphere
covered with a skin or membrane, supported on a tripod or stand. "timbal"
Knitwear: knitted clothes, esp. sweaters
Law-abiding: obeying the law
Loudmouth: person who brags (boasts) or talks too loud.
Nunnery: the convent or religious house of a communitiy of nuns.
Outlive: live longer than
Outrun: run faster or better than
Paleface: a derogatory term for a White person, said to have been used by North American Indians.
Panelling: panels collectively, as on a wall or ceiling. "paneles"; "artesonado"
Piglet: young pig
Plaything: a person regarded or treated as a toy.
Pot-belly: a protruding or distended belly.
Socialite: a person who is or seeks to be prominent in a fashionable society. "persona mundana,
conocidisima en buena sociedad"
Squad: any small group of people engaged in a common pursuit.
Sublet: rent (a room, house etc of which one is a tenant) to somebody else.
Usherette: a woman assistant who shows people in a cinema or theatre to their seats.

WORD FORMATION. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate

word formed from the words in CAPITALS.
EXAMPLE: Notice the similarity of these words. SIMILAR
1 Language is a means of .............................COMMUNICATION
2 Dolphins are .......................very intelligent. APPEAR
3 How do they show their ............................. INTELLIGENT
4 Sagan looked at Elvar in ............................ASTONISH
5 He wanted to learn more about the ................ of the dolphin's
brain.
6 The chimp's trainer made several .................CORRECT.
7 His .................. to stop annoyed the chimp. REFUSE
8 The chimp looked at Tim.
9 What an ........................... story. AMUSE
10 Are you ................... in this story? INTEREST
11 I felt very ...................EMBARRASS
12 I wasn't ..................... by the story. AMUSED
13 I didn't find it at all ................. INTEREST
14 In fact, I found it extremely .................. EMBARRASS
15 Have you any ....................... experience. SECRETARY
16 I'm not very ........................ MUSIC
17 There are many .................benefits besides this. ADDITION
18 What are your ...............qualifications? PROFFESION
19 Do you know the boss ......................PERSONAL
20 The office is .................... located. CENTRE
21 It is a very ..................... company. FRIEND
22 You will have a share of the ........ .profits. YEAR
23 What is your .................. salary? MONTH
24 Do you get a ....................... newspaper?
25 The sewing machine was a very important ............... INVENT
26 I am reading a book called the .......... of the dream. INTERPRET
27 Elias Howe is not the only person who had found the ... ....... to his problem. SOLVE
16 Charlotte is not the only writer who used dreams as well as her
....................................... IMAGINE
28 Many artists as well as psychologists give a great deal of ........ ......... IMPORTANT to dreams.
29 The opera singer's dream symbolized her desire to a perfect PERFORM
30 Sometimes of course there is a great deal of DISAGREE ............
II Look at the word in CAPITALS. What form of the word do you need to complete the sentences?
Does the word always change?
1 Scientists don't .................... about this. AGREE
2 Let's sign this ...................... AGREE
3 What does this word ................. MEAN
4 What's the ................... of this word?
5 Where do you .................. ? LIVE
6 It's a hard .................LIVE
7 When will we ................... ARRIVE in London?
8 Pan Am announces the .............. ARRIVE flight 704 from New York.
9 This news will ................. you. ASTONISH
10 Sagan looked at Elvar in ....................... ASTONISH
11 I ........................... stamps. COLLECT
12 Would you like to see my ..................... COLLECT

VERB NOUN
suggest
explanation
satisfy
permission
interfere
appearance
encourage
delivery
see
breath
give
export
prove
practice
advise
II Give the noun forms (-ion) of these verbs.
add confess inflate
divide impress suspect
persuade possess pollute
III What are the two missing forms for each word? The first one is done as an example.
VERB PERSON (NOUN) THING (NOUN)
advise adviser advice
apply
assistant
 interviewer/
interviewee
translate
critic
employment

think
shopping
speak
love
use /z/ /s/
opponent
discover
invention
IV Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS.
1 She had ignored her neighbours' COMPLAIN
2 They had been disturbed by the dog's BARK
3 It could be heard all over the NEIGHBOUR
4 Her lawyer said in her DEFEND
5 He said this was not a case of deliberate CRUEL
6 In other words, she had had no INTEND
causing any suffering.
7 He said he hoped the court would show some
of her condition. UNDERSTAND
8 However, the court found her GUILT
9 The judge gave her to keep only one
dog for ten years. PERMIT
10 Do you agree with this DECIDE
11 That man is a police INSPECT
12 Jack is a very bad LOSE
13 Einstein was a great THINK
14 I've always wanted to be an ACT
15 The all went back to the ship SAIL
16 The town is full of tourists and other VISIT
17 Jack the Ripper was a famous MURDER
THE GERUND
FORM AND USES
The gerund has the same form as the present participle. In Spanish the gerund of the verb
`amar' is `amando' and the present participle of this verb is `amante' which means the person who
loves.
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