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tongue.
Adjectives fall into two categories: descriptive and limiting. Descriptive adjectives are those which
express an inherent quality (important, clever, interesting), or a physical state such as age, colour,
size ( young, red, small) Limiting adjectives place restriction on the nouns they modify expressing
distance, quantity, possession, etc ( this, much, my).
Adjectives is a word or set of words that modifies ( i.e describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives
may come bejore the word they modify.
Examples:
That is a cute puppy.
She likes a high school senior.
Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:
Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is sateof theart.
Adverbs are those parts of speech that modify or add to the meaning of verbs ( by telling how,
when, where etc. something happens or is done), adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases,
complete sentences or even nouns.
Modifying a verb:
Kerry sang that song beautifully.
Modifying an adjective:
That problem was extremely difficult.
Modifying an adverb:
Movern understood us very well.
Modifying a prepositional phrase:
Her watch was completely out of order.
Modifying a complete sentence:
Strangely enough, she left without saying a word.
Modifying a noun or a noun equivalent:
The girl over there is my sister.
Repeat it from the very beginning.
The undersecretary of that committee.
Is that house really hers?
Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent – how often or how much ( e.g., daily,
completely)
Examples:
He speaks slowly ( tell how)
He speaks very slowly ( the adverb very tells how slowly)
She arrived today ( tells when)
She will arrive in an hour ( this adverb phrase tells when )
Let’s go outside ( tell where)
We looked in the basement ( this adverb phrase tells where )
Bernie left to avoid trouble ( this adverb phrase tells why)
Jorge works out strenuously ( tells to what extent)
Jorge works out whenever possible ( this adverb phrase tell to what extent)
Rule 1. Many adverbs end in ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have ly added to its
adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.
Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.
She is a quick/quickly thinker.
Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no ly is attached.
She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed, so ly is added.
Rule 2. Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a
challenge to determine if ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of ly with linking verbs such
as taste, smell, look, feel, which pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such
sentences, which require adjectives instead.
Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which
requires an adjective to modify roses—so no ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing her
appearance (she appeared angry), so no ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no ly.
Rule 3. The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.
Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.
You did the job well.
Well answers how.
You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is
correct.
You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.
Rule 4. The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather
than good.
Examples:
You do not look well today.
I don't feel well, either.
Rule 5. Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual
form is called a positive degree adjective. There are also
the comparative and superlative degrees, which are used for comparison, as in the following
examples:
A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form of comparison.
To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:
Example: She is the cleverer of the two women (never cleverest)
The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only when comparing
three or more things:
Example: She is the cleverest of them all.
Incorrect: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?
Correct: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like better?
Rule 6. There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal usage, do not drop the ly from an
adverb when using the comparative form.
Incorrect: She spoke quicker than he did.
Correct: She spoke more quickly than he did.
Incorrect: Talk quieter.
Correct: Talk more quietly.
Rule 7. When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they
appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.
Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective.
This is for sale.
This is a pronoun.
In Romanian language many adjectives (primary or participial) are used as adverbs,
without changing their form. The difference between the adjective and the adverb is, in
this case, by the determined word: the adjective is an attribute of a noun, while the
adverb determines a verb, adverb or an adjective:
This is a fast train / the train is moving fast.
Here is a deep lake / He looked me deep in the eye.
A recent item / Apartment recently purchased.
[style./util.] In unkind language, the tendency to tune the adverb often appears:
* New born babies
* Fresh guests arriving.
The use of these granted forms is a mistake.
Nouns that name the seasons, days, and parts of the day are regularly used as adverbs,
retaining their form and meaning. In this case, they have an invariable form, articulated
by the singular or plural:
Monday the store is closed (= every Monday day).
In the summer I went to the sea (= every summer).
The morning is colder than the evening (= in the morning).
When combined with other words forming an adverb group, the names of seasons or parts of
the day sometimes appear without an article: tomorrow morning, tomorrow evening, tonight
night.
[style.] In the familiar language there are some nouns which have an adverbial value only in
relation to other words, showing the mode of action:
Angry fire (= very angry)
Adverbs
can be
distinguished
Adjectives express traits of objects called linguistically by nouns, update the degree of attainment,
have the grammatical category of the comparison (intensity), the gender, number and case meanings
of the noun with which they enter into relations of dependence or interdependence and perform
functions attribute syntactic, predicative name in the nominal predicate structure, indirect
complement, circumstantial complement
Types of Adjectives:
Objective adjectives describe the world.
Radu is blonde.
Subjective adjectives reflect a value judgment of the issuer. Radu is beautiful.
The affective states as the property of the object that it determines, an emotional reaction of the
speaker towards this object.
Nonaxiological evaluations imply a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the object based on a
double norm: internal to the object and specific to the sender (eg: a thick book)
Axiological evaluations also imply a double norm, related to the underlying object of the property
and of the transmitter (admirably, detestable).
Suggest your own exercise to one of the verb categories.
Chose the correct form of verb
1 The secretary………. an important document.
a)lose; b)is losing; c) has lost.
2 Can you guess who I ………. To when I say that someone has stolen the money from the petty
cash box?
a)refer; b)am referring c)have referred
3 The old man ………. silemt for an hour engrossed in his thought.
a)keeps; b)is keeping; c)has kept.
4 I’ve run short of money because the company I ……….. for hasn’t made any payments for a
month.
a)work; b) am working c) have worked
5 Don’t worry. The manager………. your dismissal.
a)doesn’t approved; b) isn’t approving; c) hasn’t approved
6 Good for her! She ………. herself to her work.
a)applies; b)is applying; c) hasn’t applied
7 I think I must wait for his answer. I………. on it.
a)depend; b)am depending; c)have depended
8 More and more women………. University degrees.
a)get; b) are getting; c) have got
9 Now that I’ve won the lottery, I……….. of starting my own business.
a)think; b)am thinking; c)have thought
10I can’t stand people who………..all the time!
a)complain; b)are complaining; c)have complained
Compare the relative clauses in English and your mother tongue. Ilustrate it with your qwn
examples.
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information
about something.