International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET)

Volume 9, Issue 4, July-August 2018, pp. 9–23, Article ID: IJEET_09_04_002

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DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES

COMPENSATION TECHNIQUE FOR SMART
GRID APPLICATIONS - A REVIEW
Kamal Arora
Research Scholar, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

Dinesh Birla
Professor, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

ABSTRACT
Distribution generation based on sustainable has appeared as a demanding part
of research between investigators to conflict the issue of maximizing the pressure. In
case of microgrids of DG basis, suspended loads and generators are in close level in a
bid to assist consecutive power supply. In DG systems electronic interfacing originate
critical power quality issues of harmonics in generation and compensation of reactive
power which make the distribution of power system inferior. The compensation of
Reactive power is necessary to support an adequate level of power standard in
microgrids due to tightly coupled distribution with generation. So, many experiments
have been claimed in this research area for reduction of these agitated hurdles in the
enlarging microgrid system. Modern fashions are around attainment of devices used
for different task to tackle various standardization of power problems concurrently. So
this paper presents an analysis of a microgrid, its designing and challenges in
standardization of power problems accepted in the microgrid, analyzing compensation
methods reported by previous investigators utilizing different techniques of control,
algorithms, and devices.
Key words: Terms-Microgrid, smart grid, power quality, UPQC, MPPT.
Cite this Article: Kamal Arora and Dinesh Birla, Distributed Energy Resources
Compensation Technique for Smart Grid Applications - A Review. International
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 9–23.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=9&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION
A detrimental effect such as aging, hazardous atmospheric changes related with conventional
energy sources and their expending resources make renewable energy based dispensed
origination a bright possibility in future power generation. Electrical operation for the entire
power system industries have been extremely varies evolution of these operation and
emerging new concepts & strategies particularly concerning the planning & operation of the
power systems. Distributed generations based on solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells and micro

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 Distributed Energy Resources Compensation Technique for Smart Grid Applications - A Review

turbines have given significant momentum for power generation in recent years. A microgrid
(MG) is a reduced estimate of power system intended for a minimized distribution of voltage
programs for a small society is to furnish supply of power [1] [2]. The working of microgrid
is carried out in two operating modes; connection of grid mode (correlated to the conventional
grid to permit the exchange of power) with independent/discrete mode (individuality of the
conventional grid). The essential components of microgrid are DG units like photovoltaic
(PV) and wind generators, storage devices, various loads and power controllers. The
interconnection of these DG units to the conventional grid is normally accomplished by use of
power converters. This provides many advantages like optimal working and flexible control
[3]; although, power electronic interfacing creates some power quality problems in microgrids
[4–7]. Also reactive power compensation is a major concern. This paper presents an overview
of various prominent compensation of reactive power methods reported in the area, presenting
an overview of microgrid modeling & associated power quality issues.
The systems of power works on most of the loads of AC system that is utilized for day to
day life need the reactive power also. Therefore reactive power or VAR compensation is
required to improve the performance of the AC system. The problem of reactive power
compensation is recognized in two ways: load and voltage support. Starting with the load
point of view, the aim is to attain an enhanced power factor and power balance, although the
voltage support is majorly to minimize voltage fluctuations at a transmission or distribution
line terminal. The reactive power across the microgrid has to be adequately controlled and
compensated in both cases.
In islanded working state, the assured microgrids have the reactive power balance
individually as there is no unlimited bus available. The closely integrated generation and
usage through the presence of non-dispatch able intermittent renewable power sources needs
reactive power assistance. Likewise, in a grid interconnected mode, the reactive power
compensation is required. It is challenging because of linear and non-linear loads.
A microgrid can be designed and progressed consisting of renewable energy sources such
as PV & wind energy conversion system (WECS), and connected to loads. Maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) controllers are deployed for either PV or WECS. The power standard
issues of the microgrid, subject to contribute and load variations are also presented in this
paper reviewing reactive power compensation methods against these problems reported by
previous investigators making use of different control models, algorithms and devices.
The present paper is regulated as follows: designing of PV cells and wind generators are
presented in Section 2. Section 3 discusses in detail the review of reactive power
compensation in microgrids. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 4.

2. MICROGRIDS AND ITS POWER QUALITY ISSUES

A techniques comprises a microgrid along the two DG sources correlated to a common AC
bus is determined in Fig. 1. Both the DG sources comprise a source of generation wind with a
source of PV generation accordingly. For the linear DG network with nonlinear loads are
correlated with the AC bus. The designing of the every source of DG is illustrated in
following sub-sections.

2.1. Modeling of PV Modules in Microgrid

Depend on the PV cell; the two-diode design can be studied in the manufacture of a
microgrid. The model of two-diode solar PV generates many exact outcomes as correlated
with all the present designs, particularly at minimized levels of illustration [9]. Thus, the

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 Kamal Arora and Dinesh Birla

model of two diode is assessed as a relevant design for its voltage and current of PV cell
where it is associated by:

[ [ ] ] [ [ ] ] (1)

Where: IS1, IS2 are the current at saturation of the two diodes which is reversed; Vt is the
voltage module for thermal; current of photo-generation is Iph; N1, N2 are the factors of
standardization for the two diodes D1, D2 used in the two-diode model. Rs, Rp are the
resistances of series and shunt. Depend on equation (1), a model of two-diodes can be
progressed through equation dependent execution in MATLAB.

2.2. Designing for Wind Generator in a Microgrid

A wind generator along with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is assessed
as the second DG sources of the microgrid construction. The power output of wind turbine is
represented by equation below [10]:

( ) (2)

Where Qo illustrates the power output of turbine mechanical, Rs is power of turbine, λ

coefficient illustrates the ratio of speed for blade of the rotor tip, θ illustrates the blade that
have pitch angle, ρ illustrates the density of air, A illustrates the sweep area through the
turbine that have blades and Vwind illustrates the wind speed.
Because of the often variations in the behavior of the loads (harmonic and reactive)
correlated; many problems making power standard inferior can be introduced. So necessity of
compensation reactive power in the microgrid is required to improve the disturbances in
supply and load side. A relevant model through the suitable device is required for reactive
power compensation in the microgrid. About an analysis that have made and shown on the
compensation necessary to be reported in the literature against the earlier problems utilized
different methods of control, algorithms, and devices.

3. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN MICROGRIDS AND ITS

REVIEW
3.1. Techniques of Control
More effective methods of control can be used by investigators that can be improved for the
standardization of power through furnishing the microgrid compensation. Those converters
utilized for the microgrid are regulated to delivering of original and reactive power that can be
desired. The reactive power or voltage with power activation and droop concepts with
frequency are majorly utilized in the microgrid for the power control. The control of droop
(P/f-Q/V) which is downscaled with the strategy within the grid of conventional to the grid of
low voltage in [11]. The use of an enhanced (P/f-Q/V) control has been [12] compensated for
the condition of imbalance load. The approach of an Adaptive Notch Filtering (ANF) was
executed in absence of phase lock loop (PLL) to furnish regulation of voltage and the control
of reactive power in [13].
Coordinated control of P-Q from DG units to the grid utility through altering of amplitude
in voltage and stages of converter in Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) has been shown in [14].
Moreover, the control of current balance in calculation of P-Q control has been analyzed in
[15]. In [16], the effects for load & nature of source in DG in addition with V/f-P/Q control
were assessed.

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 Distributed Energy Resources Compensation Technique for Smart Grid Applications - A Review

The organized mode of grid connection can be used for reactive power control for the
microgrid, therefore transformation of its operation within stable compensation of VAR
beyond the energy source [17]. The mode of autonomous, balance the real and reactive power
that has been attained in regulation of node voltage is utilized [18]. The converter of power
block constructing in mode of sliding with the active and reactive power control [19], a neural
controller is simultaneous through the controller of PI for enhanced control droop [20] has
been modeled for furnishing compensation of reactive power. The regulation of reactive
power for the processors for the control of electronic power was implied in [21]. The droop
control P/f-Q/V has been altered for the compiling through the nature of inertial and non-
inertial sources of DG in [22]. The controller of droop model depends on these factors
decoupling of current (power), the initial order of inertia and control of droop has been shown
in [23]. Immediately, theory of P-Q for the compensation reactive power is established in
[24]. The strategy of Reactive power allocation (RPA) depends on evaluation of phasor for
management of P-Q has been presented in [25]. On the basis of Reactive power, the control
which opposes flow of wind in swings for WECS depending on microgrids has been shown in
[26]. The direct control of P-Q for ECS in micro-hydro [27], direct or control of inverse droop
for power control in both active and reactive correlated and the other proposed control
methods are islanded microgrids [28]. The compensation of Harmonics, furthermore with the
usage of droop control in reactive power compensation has been shown in [29]. The Finite
Hybrid Automata (FHA) uses the P-Q control comprising switch mode microgrids for droop
control has been explained in [30]. The current control of Lyapunov for P-Q has been utilized
which can provide supreme execution above the PI of convention or the control of resonance
in microgrids [31]. The incorporation of Dubbed Generator Emulation Controls (GEC) can be
able to permit inverters of DG to yield the support of voltage regulation, the compensation of
reactive power and through effective fault ride in microgrids [32]. Immediate generation of
reference current ignoring the utilization of Phase Lock Loop and the transformation blocks
have been furnished to improve P-Q control in [33]. The transformation of Park's through
active decoupling and reactive currents was also utilized to acquire the control of individual
P-Q in [34]. The regulation of Voltage with the control of sliding mode to contribute the
compensation of reactive power has been presented in [35]. The compensation of dynamic
reactive power for the microgrid through various permeability of photovoltaic has been
presented in [36]. The control of Droop island microgrids in [37], the current control of DC in
bidirectional microgrid correlated with AC microgrid in [38] has been shown. The voltage
source converter in Back to back (BTB-VSC) has been utilized to organize DC link of bi-
directional power flow in [39]. The requirement of Flexible ABC theory - Lagrange
optimization in compensation of reactive power with distribution in microgrid [40]. The
method of Q-V′ control of droop with the mechanism of restoration of V′ has been discussed
to enhance the sharing of reactive power in [41]. The usage of conventional droop control in
reactive power sharing errors has been decrease a disturbance in real power by injecting in
[42]. One more attack depends on the consensus of P-f and Q-V′ droop control has been
described in [43]. The model of dynamic voltage based on predictive control and the control
of VAR has been shown in [44]. The conventional P-f control of droop has been inspired by a
droop control of ∫ Q dt - V was determined in [45] by minimizing the proportional voltage for
integrating the reactive power. The control which is minimized majorly for the faults present
in sharing of reactive power. The APF acting as Microgrid to furnish the reactive power
compensation in harmonics uses the predictive control method which has been presented in
[46]. The flow for a review in optimal active and reactive power in microgrids has been
shown in [47]. The analysis for the flow of power with the various modes of control in DGs
namely droops, PV and islanded microgrid of PQ, has been explained in [48]. The
compensation of Reactive power concerns in interconnecting of microgrid converters aroused

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 Kamal Arora and Dinesh Birla

by circumstances called as a limit cycle. The limit cycle appearance has been excluded for the
usage of non-linear hysteresis control presented in [49]. On basis of the tariff in the
controller of fuzzy logic has been modeled for compensation of reactive power and harmonics
of microgrids that have major operations in [50].
Those control models above which is beginner for control of droop, control of inverse
droop, control with and without PI controller, with and without phase lock loop, different new
suggested control techniques has been established in microgrid to furnish the compensation of
reactive power.

3.2. Algorithms
The algorithms that has been implemented through different investigators in furnishing the
compensation in microgrids for reactive power. The algorithms are as follows: algorithm for
micro genetic [5], algorithm for flux charge current-limiting [6], applied micro genetic
algorithm with reduced real power loss [51], frame strategic depend energy management [52].
The algorithm for Sensor less in the control of decoupled torque and microgrid based on
reactive power in WECS [53], and voltage unbalance and compensation of reactive power for
conservative power theory [54] has been investigated. Moreover the algorithm of smart
control for management in P-Q [55], the loop of power control and control algorithm for
voltage-current close loop has been correlated with PQ and droop control [56] has been
discussed. The algorithm for ranking where maximum P-Q load abilities can withstand [57],
the phasor algorithm of pulse width modulation [58], the varied microgrids in multi-objective
flow algorithm of power optimization [59], and the algorithm of randomized gossip-like [60]
have been proposed to improve the standardization of power in microgrids. The proposed
method to resolve the compensation of reactive power problem in microgrids is distributed
control algorithm in [61]. These were prominent algorithms that have been proposed to
furnish the compensation of reactive power in PV and the microgrids based on wind.

3.3. Devices
The standardization of power issues in microgrids are to be reduced mainly to furnish the
harmonics, reactive power and unbalancing remuneration. The disturbance caused by other
users with nearby communication networks besides worsening the standardization of power
interferences. Utilization for capacitor banks, TSC application and TCR classic technology
devices to mitigate some of the previous problems in standardization of power. Conventional
passive LC filters has been utilized to decrease harmonics and the capacitor banks count
during the improvement of power factor. Although the major disadvantages in the classical
methods like bulkiness, resonance, fixed compensation. Flexible AC transmission systems on
basis of Power electronics can be implied as FACTS devices, which is been improved and
furnishes a compensation to powerful solution.
On basis of FACTS, the compensation of reactive power initial approach in WECS has
been proposed in [62]. The electronics of power integrated to assure standardization of power
in microgrids has been initiated in [4, 64]. The FACTS device for conventional grid of
compensation in reactive power has been proposed for the microgrids execution in [5]. A
three-phase with four-wire of grid-interfacing with standardization for compensator of power
was discussed in [6].
Least devices suggested for remuneration has been majorly D-UPFC for control of voltage
sag and swell [65], with shunt active power filter [66] for compensation of VAR, static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM), battery energy storage system (BESS) [67], and
voltage and frequency controller (VFC) with a DC chopper that can have control over the

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 Distributed Energy Resources Compensation Technique for Smart Grid Applications - A Review

reactive and active power [68]. Integration of DSTATCOM and DG are correlated in mode of
grid [22], Dynamic voltage regulator [69], UPFC [70] has been described to furnish
compensation over the standardization of power.
Hybrid electrical station of Reactive power management (photovoltaic and hydro turbine)
and obtaining of microgrids from the constitution of diesel generators, where the connection
of microgrid doubly-fed induction generator [107]. Likewise, an integration of synchronous
generator and induction generator was implied in simultaneous working of micro hydro plants
[108] for furnishing compensation. DFIG-WECS and PWM converters in PQ based were
proposed in [71]. Distributed switching power processors and static reactive compensators
[72], Dynamic power limiter with matrix converter at PCC [73], DSTATCOM for regulation
of VAR [74] were implies as power electronic integrating devices in microgrids.
The technology of wireless a microgrid voltage stabilizer (MGVS) [75], microgrid
(ZigBee, 2.4 GHz) [76] are modeled and suggested for the activation of reactive power
control with coordination. Varied functions of devices like constant frequency UPQC with
matrix converter [77], universal power line manager comprising of UPQC, UPFC and matrix
converter [78] are described for reduction of various standardization of quality issues. VAR
compensator has been used in simultaneously operated in microgrid of wind or hydro through
the induction generator of self-excited [109]. UPFC for integrated conventional and
compensation of DG grid [82], for standardization of quality UPQC with enhancement [93–
95], for VAR control in WECS has Kalman filter [79], storage of battery through the system
of micro-wind energy generation (μWEGS) [80] for voltage assisted are conferred for
different compensation models in microgrids. The integration among SVC and APF in [81],
UPFC in microgrids interconnected with Formulation of Hamilton Jacobi Bellman [83] have
provided assistance of reactive power in microgrids. Among SVC and static capacitors the
comparison was done on reactive power - voltage regulation in [84]. The power line
communication modem (PLC modem) that have Smart microgrid for compensation of
reactive power coordination was described in [85].
On basis of UPFC topology with Nine IGBT's [86], custom power device (CPD) have
STATCOM [87–89], the incorporation of LV grids of SVC in TCR and TSC [90] are
proposed for compensation of reactive power and voltage oscillation reduction in microgrids.
Distribution levels in power electronic devices like STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC; multi-terminal
and converters that are back-to-back for DG correlation between compensation of network are
furthermore described in [91].
For incorporating of PV modules with Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) grid
with control for angle of power, which have been improving power quality, has been
presented in [92]. Likewise, improved UPQC with various designing features and systems of
energy [96] and a converter of variation UPQC (MC-UPQC) utilizing RPC that furnishes the
fuzzy logic controller [97]. Performance for the distribution of three phase with four wire
UPQC [98], STATCOM and UPQC are compared among themselves for non-symmetrical
WECS defects [99], UPQC for islanding of intelligent and interconnection of microgrids
which are seamless [100], improved for grid interconnecting of UPQC and control of VAR
[101], H-infinity that have series for controller with unit voltage and unit of shunt current in
the track of compensation for microgrids [102], enhanced the controller of iUPQC as
STATCOM for the regulation in voltage with grid and support of reactive power [103]
furnished a analysis of UPQC in furnishing standardization of power in microgrids.
Standardization of power issues in grids that is conventional and is correlated among the
sources of energy that are renewable and its solution with the FACTS devices and its

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 Kamal Arora and Dinesh Birla

application was described in [63] also. The usage of UPQC in microgrids for mitigation of
voltage sag/swell [104], supply/load disturbance compensation [105]. In the mode of grid-
connection, RPC is furnished by UPQC during its link energy of DC is restoration through PV
array as presented in [106]. Table 1 provides the summary of the different techniques based
on control techniques, algorithms, and devices for providing RPC. Present fashions are geared
in the direction of realization of devices with multitasking that alters much standardization of
power issues parallel. Moreover, the system of operation that can be very effective if the
contribution of source have only the activation of power should be locally assisted during
reactive power. The discussion above shows that the switched reactive power compensators,
synchronous condensers with traditional rotating, VAR that is stable where compensators
employing switched capacitors of thyristor and controlled reactors of thyristor has been
utilized to furnish compensation of power quality. Although, it cannot be appropriate for
worked in the microgrid because of the disadvantages like bulkiness, resonance, fixed
compensation. The operation of filters that are active can be in this direction, through the
operating at the point of establishment without the standardization with the consideration of
the entire system. The power filters that are active will be flexible and its size is smaller.
Moreover, the execution of the system by furnishing multitasking can be optimized (Voltage
regulation, Reactive power compensation, Harmonic compensation etc.). Therefore, the
conditioning device has the active power UPQC, which is a power filters that are active with
the combination of series and shunt filters, is suggested as a possible solution for reduction
these varied standardization of power issues of voltages and currents in microgrids.
Table 1. Compensation technique for various reactive powers.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The penetration of that energy of microscope which is renewable is developing to the
direction of users end naturally; system of power distribution is turned to be very defenseless
against different standardization of power issues. This power system of synthesis in DERs has
forced to further new complexities like compensation of power quality to the industry. To
retain the controlled regulations of standardization of power, compensation is furnished at all
the levels of power are turns a practice into typical. This can be regarded as a basis of
distributed generation in microgrid comprises of WECS, solar PV, and stand-alone AC loads
and review of techniques to investigate it’s execute under different working conditions is
illustrated in this paper. When the wind velocities are altering is found or it occurs for partial
shadowing, huge disturbances would cause in the source, apart from variations of load are
imparting their own per turbines in the form of standardization of power disturbances.
Because of this nature of unpredictable, it is almost not possible to retain an AC power
balance accurately among the source and load. It is necessary to maintain the nominal voltage
in microgrid where the balance of reactive power required. The Variation of control
techniques, algorithms, and devices are classified and presented in this paper devoted by
investigators towards this. Therefore, a study which is detailed has been made to find a
relevant solution to minimize the standardization of power concerns by furnishing necessitate
reactive power compensation.

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