Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Ara v1 PDF

The Wetland Biodiversity Component for
Ligawasan Marsh Study
A Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

supported with a grant from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the
World Bank, with supervision of the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP)
PROPOSED
LIGAWASAN MARSH
PROTECTED AREA
MANAGEMENT PLAN
Volume I
Description, Evaluation and Prescription
December 2004
Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page i
PREFACE
The Ligawasan Marsh (LM) Development Master Plan (1999-2025),

formulated by Region XII of NEDA (National Economic and Development Agency) in
1998, recommended the inclusion of Ligawasan as a protected area (PA) under the
National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS). However, there were not
enough scientific bases to support the recommendation.
The Government, with the support of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)-
World Bank / United Nations Development Programme, has now undertaken two
studies: (i) the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) Study, completed in
2001, and (ii) the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study,
completed in 2004, which gathered the required scientific information. These studies
have also completed the required stakeholder consultations at national, provincial,
municipal, barangay, and sitio levels. There was a strong consensus among the
stakeholders that LM should be proclaimed as a PA under the NIPAS Act.
The outputs of the Wetland Biodiversity Study include three documents

contained in three volumes:
Volume I : Long-term Management Plan (the Plan) for the whole LM

complex. The Plan, which covers 21 municipalities and one
city, is based on the results of PASA and Wetland Biodiversity
Component;
Volume II : Medium-term Investment Program for the LM proper. The

Program, which covers 10 priority municipalities located in the
LM proper, is basically a five-year time slice of the
Management Plan; and
Volume III : Project Brief. It is actually the Investment Program transformed

into the GEF format.
The Plan lays out the detailed management activities aimed at providing
direction for conserving and protecting the biodiversity and natural resources of the
LM complex.
The Plan contains the Description, Evaluation, and Management

Prescriptions. The description presents the physical, biological, demographic and
socieconomic characteristics of the proposed PA. The evaluation presents the
assessment presented in the description, and also the threats, constraints, and
conflicts in managing the PA. The management prescriptions detail the different
management strategies and specific actions required.
The Plan is designed so that it will have a positive impact on the environment,
it will ensure the sustainability of biodiversity and the cultural heritage of the people in
the marsh, and it will also reduce the poverty of the inhabitants there. The community
will be empowered to help them effectively implement the proposed conservation
programs, which they helped formulate and developed. The capacity of local
government units, NGOs, private sector enterprises, and other stakeholders will also
be strengthened so that they can provide effective partnership with the local
communities in the long-term conservation of the marsh.
WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

Winrock International • SUSTEC
and • Minsupala Foundation
Winrock Philippines • Maguindanaoan Foundation
Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface i
Table of Contents ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abbreviations iv
List of Appendices v
List of Annexes vi
List of Tables vii
Executive Summary 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
A. Justification and Purpose 3
B. Legislative Authority for Management 4
Chapter 2 Description 5
A. Legal and Policy Framework 5
B. Geographic Location and Accessibility 7
C. Physical Geography 7
D. Biology 10
E. Socio-Economic Profile 23
F. Assessment of Management and Interventions 31
Chapter 3 Evaluation 34
A. Asset Value 34
B. Threats and Proposed Actions 35
C. Conflicts and Proposed Actions 39
D. Constraints and Proposed Actions 40
E. Vision 41
F. Goals and Objectives 41
Chapter 4 Management Prescriptions 43

A. Prescription I Ecosystem Management and Protection 43
1. Habitat Restoration 43
2. Management Zoning System 44
3. Two-Step Process towards Declaring LM as a PA 45
4. Law Enforcement 46
5. Off-Site and On-Site Research 47
B. Prescription II Institutional Development and Capacity Building 49
1. Establish a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee 49
2. Empower the Community and Training of LGUs, GAs, 49
and NGOs
3. Environmental Education and Awareness Program 50
4. Special Literacy Program 51
5. Sustainable Financing 51
C. Prescription III Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities 52
D. Prescription IV Support for Environment-friendly Small Rural Infrastructure 53
E. Prescription V Monitoring and Evaluation System for Wetland 55
Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Upliftment
APPENDICES 57
ANNEXES 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY 125

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to acknowledge the great contributions and heartfelt support

extended to the team of consultants by many people and institutions in Ligawasan
Marsh during the conduct of the Wetland Biodiversity Study and the formulation of
the Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan and the Investment Program.
We gratefully acknowledge the full support from the following:
The more than 4,200 key stakeholders (farmers, fisherfolks, women,

youth leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders, teachers, and
businessmen) from ten municipalities in the Ligawasan Marsh Proper;
and
The Honorable Mayors and their Municipal Planning and Development

Officers (MPDO) and numerous barangay chairmen and members
We are also very grateful for the full unstinting support we received from the
following Government officials and partners:
Mr. Jim Sampulna, DENR RED

Secretary Emblawa Kabuntalan, Al Haj, DENR – ARMM
Director Romeo A. Manzan, DENR-PAWB, ARMM
Mr. Ali M. Hadjinasser, DENR Region XII-PAWB
Our appreciation is also extended to the following DENR officials for their
expert advice:
Assistant Secretary Rafael E. Camat, Jr., DENR - FASPO
Ms. Ma. Lourdes Ferrer, Chief, Project Evaluation Division, FASPO,
DENR, Ms. Socorro Mallare and Ms. Josephine Q. Natividad,
Ms. Theresa Mundita S. Lim, Director, PAWB
Ms. Norma Molinyawe, Chief, Biodiversity Division, PAWB, and Ms.
Teresita Blastique
Ms. Marlene Mendoza and Mr. Carlo Custodio , PAWB
We also commend the special participation and support extended by the

following World Bank and UNDP officials:
Mr. Gilbert Braganza, World Bank, Manila Office

Ms. Angelita Cunanan, GEF National Coordinator, UNDP
Ms. Clarissa Arida and Ms. Jennifer Navarro, UNDP
To the entire community of Ligawasan Marsh, for welcoming us during the

conduct of the socioeconomic surveys, the information drive, and barangay
consultations, we gratefully acknowledge your kind support. Thank you.

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page iv
ABBREVIATIONS
AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines

ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
CRB Cotabato River Basin
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
FASPO Foreign Assistance and Special Projects Office
GEF Global Environment Facility
GPS Global Positioning System
IEC Information, Education and Communications
IP Indigenous People
IPRA Indigenous People’s Rights Act
LGU Local Government Unit
LM Ligawasan Marsh
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front
MPN Most Probable Number
NEDA National Economic and Development Agency
NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area System
NGO nongovernmental organization
OSY out-of-school youth
PA Protected Area
PAMB Protected Area Management Board
PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
PASA Protected Area Suitability Assessment
PMO Project Management Office
PMU Project Management Unit
PO People’s Organization
OSY Out-of-School-Youth
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WB World Bank

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page v
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. Page
1. Age Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents 57

per Municipality
2. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents by 60

Size of Household Number
3. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents 62

According to Religious Affiliation
4. Highest Educational Attainment of Household 65

Heads/Respondents per Municipality
5. Ethnic Origin of Household Heads/Respondents per 68

Municipality
6. Fishing Methods Employed by the Respondents 71
7. Types of Livestock and Poultry Raised and 72

Estimated Population per Species
8. Methods Employed in Raising Livestock and Poultry 81
9. Types of Handicraft Produced by the Respondents 80
10. Other Sources of Income by the Respondents 83
11. Estimated Annual Household Income 89

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page vi
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex No. Title Page
1 Map 1. Administrative Boundary of North Cotabato, 92

Maguidanao, and Sultan Kudarat
2 Map 2. Topographic Map 93
3 Map 3. Soil Map 94
4 Map 4. Climate Map 95
5 Map 5. Habitat Classification Map 96
6 List of Plant Species Found in the Ligawasan Marsh 97

Complex
7 List of Fauna in the Ligawasan Marsh 102
8 List of Migratory Birds in the Ligawasan Marsh 107
9 List of Endemic Birds in the Ligawasan Marsh 108
10 List of Mammals in the Ligawasan Marsh 109
11 Map 6. Land Use/ Land Cover (PRA) Map 110
12 Map 7. Land Use/ Land Cover Map (Satellite Imagery during 111
Dry Season)
13 Map 8. Proposed Protected Area Map 112
14 Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh 113

Protected Area
15 Summary of Development Projects and Environmental Issues 116

per Municipality
16 Threat Analysis Matrix 120
17 Map 9. Threats Map 124

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page vii
LIST OF TABLES IN THE MAIN TEXT
Table No. Title Page
1 List of Major Legislations Relevant to the Conservation and 5

Management of the Resources of Ligawasan Marsh
2 List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex 13
3 List of Some Endemic, Near Threatened and Vulnerable 19

Species in 16 Survey Sites
4 List of Some Migratory Species of Birds Recorded in 20

Ligawasan Marsh after Three (3) Field Surveys in May-June,
September and November-December 2004
5 List of Species of Molluscs and Crustaceans, including 21

their local and common names, origin and distribution in the
Ligawasan Marsh Complex
6 List of Species of Plankton and Distribution in the 22

Ligawasan Marsh Complex
7 Population of Municipalities within Ligawasan Marsh as 23

of May 2000 Census
8 Comparative Estimates of Land Cover/ Land Use During 25

Dry and Wet Season
9 Land Use/ Land Cover Trend in Percent (1988 – 2001) 27
10 Inventory of Related Programs and Projects of Ten 32

Ligawasan Marsh Municipalities
12 Five Proposed Management Zones, Criteria, and Allowable 44

and Non-Allowable Activities
13 Thirteen Steps to Get Legislative Approval for Declaring the 45

Ligawasan as a Protected Area under NIPAS and Status of
Preparation

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan Page 1
Executive Summary
1. The Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan has three sections, namely

description, evaluation and prescriptions. The first section presents the physical,
biological, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the proposed
Protected Area (PA). The second evaluates the data presented in the description
section while the third and last section details the different management strategies
identified. The plan is prepared to provide the overall direction for the management,
development and conservation of the natural and cultural resources within the
Ligawasan Marsh thereby ensuring continuous benefits from such resources by the
local communities.
2. The objective of the Management Plan is to provide the overall direction for
the management, development, and conservation of the natural and cultural
resources within the Ligawasan Marsh, thereby ensuring that local communities
would continue to benefit from such resources on a long term basis. The Plan is also
formulated so that communities and stakeholders will share responsibility in the
management of the area. The Plan depends on operationalizing a management
framework delineating appropriate and viable management zones for various parts of
the marsh.
3. The Ligawasan Marsh is one of the largest wetlands in the Philippines

comprising about ten percent of the Mindanao River Basin. It is a conglomeration of
three marshes: the Ligawasan proper, the Libungan, and the Ebpanan. It is located in
the three provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat. It has been
identified as a distinct and unique region among 15 biogeographic regions of the
Philippines.
4. Based on the results of this study, Wetland Biodiversity Study of DENR

(2004), the Marsh is known to support 201 plant species belonging to 159 genera in
68 families, 206 terrestrial vertebrate species, under the classes Aves, Mammalia,
Reptilia, Amphibia, 31 aquatic vertebrates and 17 invertebrates. Ligawasan Marsh is
a globally important bird area, where at least 170 bird species belonging to 47
families have been recorded to frequent or are considered resident of the area. Of
this, 39 species are endemic, 13 threatened, and at least 37 are migratory species. It
is also considered as the last stronghold for the endemic and endangered Philippine
crocodile.
5. The original flora in the area have been largely altered due to considerable
human encroachment and land use conversion for agricultural, residential,
commercial and industrial uses. Land conversion is also the number one threat for
the sustainability of the marsh. Other threats that have been identified are illegal
logging, rapid increase in population, water pollution, solid waste, wildlife gathering
and illegal fishing.
6. Ligawasan Marsh and its surrounding areas are rich agricultural and fishing
grounds, contributing at least two hundred sixteen million pesos (P 216,000,000.00)
worth of rice, corn and fish to the local economy annually. Aside from its rich
biodiversity, Ligawasan Marsh is also rich in cultural history and tradition being the
site of the earliest Muslim settlements in Mindanao. It is predominantly inhabited by
Maguindanaons, who are historically referred to as the “People of the Flooded
Plains”. They were already living near the mouth of Pulangi or Mindanao River and in

the plains along its upper tributaries in what is now called the Municipality of Datu
Piang, long before the arrival of Shariff Kabungsuan in 1475.
7. Five management prescriptions have been recommended for implementation

to sustainably manage the protected area. These are: (i) Ecosystem Management
and Protection, (ii) Institution Development and Capacity Building, (III) Support for
Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities, (IV) Support for Environment-friendly Rural
Infrastructure, and (v) Monitoring and Evaluation.
8. This management plan is intended to serve as a working document for

whoever will be tasked to manage the Ligawasan Marsh. The five management
prescriptions are in no way intended to be final but rather only to serve as a guide for
future managers for conservation of Ligawasan and could be subject to modifications
by the stakeholders of the Marsh if they so desire.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Justification and Purpose
9. The Ligawasan Marsh is one of the largest wetlands in the Philippines

comprising about ten percent of the Mindanao River Basin. The Ligawasan Marsh
Complex is a conglomeration of three marshes: the Ligawasan proper, the Libungan,
and the Ebpanan. It is located in three provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato, and
Sultan Kudarat.
10. The Ligawasan Marsh supports a significant variety of wild flora and fauna
and has been identified as a distinct and unique region among 15 biogeographic
regions of the Philippines. The Ligawasan Marsh Development Master Plan for 1999-
2025, formulated by Region XII Office of National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA) in 1998, recommends the inclusion of the Marsh as a protected area under
the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) pursuant to Republic Act
7586.
11. To support the establishment of the Ligawasan Marsh as a protected area,

DENR conducted two studies to compile scientific information on the biodiversity of
the marsh: (i) the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) (March –
September 2001), and (ii) the Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh
(March – December 2004). The PASA study confirmed the need to include the
Ligawasan Marsh as part of the NIPAS under the category of Natural Biotic Area to
sustainably manage the natural resources therein as well as the biological and
cultural diversity of Central Mindanao. Further assessment and required stakeholder
consultations were successfully undertaken under the Wetland Biodiversity Study
which confirmed the interest of stakeholders to proclaim the Ligawasan Marsh as a
protected area under NIPAS as a natural biotic area. As a natural biotic area, the
protected area is set aside to allow the way for life of societies living in harmony with
the environment to adapt to modern technology at their own pace.
12. It should be emphasized that the site is not independent of adjacent

ecosystems and that on-site management plan should be in consonance within a
broad scale environmental planning including river basin and coastal as well as
watershed management.
13. This Management Plan, which covers the Ligawasan Marsh complex, has
three sections namely Description, Evaluation and Prescriptions. The first section
presents the physical, biological, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of
the proposed Protected Area. The second evaluates the data presented in the
Description section while the last section details the different management strategies
identified. The plan is presented to ensure that communities and stakeholders will
share responsibility in the management of the area thereby continue to benefit from
the resources that abound in the proposed protected area.
14. The Management Plan, which covers the Ligawasan March Complex, is so
designed that it will have positive impact on the environment and will contribute to the
sustainability of biodiversity and the cultural heritage of the people in the marsh. The
communities will be strengthened to develop their capacity to take charge of the

implementation of biodiversity conservation program, which they helped formulate

and developed.
B. Management Authority
15. Except for Forestry Administrative Order No. 19 dated January 19, 1941
which proclaims approximately 50,000 ha of the Ligawasan Marsh as a Game
Refuge and Bird Sanctuary, there is no specific law that puts the Marsh under a
protected area status. Currently since the area has been a traditional source of
livelihood by the people of the Marsh, resource extraction has been on an open
access basis. Consultation with stakeholders however revealed that there is a strong
desire to put the marsh on a protected area status in order to sustainably manage its
resources and the people’s cultural heritage in the area.

CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION
A. Legal and Policy Framework
16. Major laws were enacted in the 1990s that move towards integrated
management of resources. These include the Local Government Code, NIPAS Act,
the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), and the Wildlife Act that focused on the
decentralization of control and recognition of the rights of the local communities
and/or indigenous people’s to manage the resources or actively participate in the
decision-making process. Each of these laws can be used as a basis for setting the
policy direction for the conservation and management of the resources of the
Ligawasan Marsh.
Table 1. List of Major Legislations Relevant to the Conservation and

Management of the Resources of Ligawasan Marsh
Law/Policies Title
RA 7160 Local Government Code of the Philippines
RA 7161 Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines
RA 7586 National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992
RA 7942 The Philippine Mining Act
RA 8041 National Water Crisis Act of 1995
RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997
RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
RA 8550 The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
RA 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
RA 9275 Clean Water Act of the Philippines
PD 705 Revising Presidential Decree 389, otherwise known as the Forestry Reform Code
of the Philippines
PD825 Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and other Forms of
Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes
PD856 Sanitation Code of the Philippines
PD984 National Pollution Control Decree of 1976
PD1067 The Water Resources Code
PD1152 The Philippine Environmental Code
PD1586 Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment Act
Note: RA-Republic Act; PD-Presidential Decree
Source: Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, 2004.
1. Local Government Code
17. Under the Local Government Code (RA 7160), Local Government Units
(LGUs) are given the authority to manage the country’s natural resources, the
jurisdiction of which previously exercised exclusively by different national government
agencies. They can issue local ordinances for the protection and conservation of
natural resources within its territorial jurisdiction consistent with national policies. This
will strengthen immediate protection of the area while waiting for national legislation
declaring Ligawasan Marsh under the NIPAS. The LGUs also have the responsibility
over extension and on-site research services and facilities related to agriculture and
fishery activities, including water and soil resource utilization and conservation
projects and enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters—such as conservation
of mangroves. Implementation of community-based forestry projects which include
integrated social forestry programs and similar projects like management and control
of communal forests, establishment of tree parks, greenbelts, and similar forest
development projects. It should however be noted that in cases of Proclaimed

Protected areas, the Protected Area Management Boards (PAMB) have jurisdiction
over this areas.
18. One drawback with this type of arrangement is that the LGUs can only
manage resources within their respective jurisdictions and do not take into
consideration the need for a holistic approach in the management of the
interconnection of the various component ecosystems. To be effective,
environmental management programs must manage ecosystems that seldom
correspond to political boundaries, such as the case of Ligawasan Marsh, making it
imperative that local governments jointly manage common resources.
2. National Integrated Protected Area System Act
19. To protect the last remaining representatives of Philippine habitats and

ecosystems the Philippine Government enacted the NIPAS Act (RA 7586). The
NIPAS Act provides for the establishment and declaration of identified portions of
land and water that are considered to have unique physical and biological
significance as protected areas. It also provides the framework for a decentralized,
community-based resource management strategy and participatory management of
natural resources through the PAMB.
20. The law provides for eight possible categories of protected areas that can be
established such as: a) strict nature reserve; b) natural park; c) natural monument; d)
wildlife sanctuary; e) protected landscapes and seascapes; f) resource reserve; g)
natural biotic areas; and h) other categories established by law, conventions or
international agreements which the Philippine Government is signatory.
21. The establishment of the Ligawasan marsh as a protected area under the
NIPAS Act, which could take longer compared to the provisions of the Local
Government Code, has certain distinct advantages. One of which is its ability to
transcend political boundaries of local government units. Second it will be more
stable in the sense it will not be easy for local politicians to remove the park
compared to a local ordinance, and it is given a higher level of importance since the
area is considered of national interest.
3. Indigenous People’s Right Act
22. Republic Act 8371, the IPRA, protects the rights of the indigenous people (IP)
to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions and institutions. Rights include titles
to ancestral domains, covering not only the physical environment but also the
spiritual and cultural bonds associated with it. Similarly, the Act confers duties on IPs
to help maintain ecological balance (but there is a bias on traditional practices) and
restore damage areas, but it also protects the right of IPs in excluding others from
exploiting natural resources within their domains.
23. There is available information that the original settlers of Ligawasan Marsh do
not want to be referred to as IPs and that the Marsh be referred to as “Homeland of
the Bangsa Moro” rather than “Ancestral Domain”. Whether the provisions of this law
will be subscribed to by the Muslim communities needs further consultations with the
stakeholders.

4. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
24. In early 2001, Republic Act No. 9147 otherwise known as the “Wildlife
Resources Conservation and Protection Act” was enacted. This new law aims to
conserve wildlife resources through regulated sustainable use and establishment of
critical habitats for threatened species.
25. Under this legislation, habitats of threatened species outside the protected
areas under the NIPAS Act (RA 7586) maybe set aside by the DENR Secretary in
coordination with LGUs. Such designation shall be made on the basis of the best
scientific data taking into consideration species endemicity and/or richness, presence
of man-made pressures and threats to the survival of wildlife living in the area,
among others. The critical habitats shall be managed in partnership with the
concerned local government units and other stakeholders. The survival of the
threatened species shall be given paramount importance in the designated critical
habitat’s management and shall be protected from any form of exploitation or
destruction which may be detrimental to the species’ survival.
26. Considering the four major options described above, it was agreed by the
stakeholders that the conservation and protection of Ligawasan will be according to
the protected area system. The advantages under the NIPAS Act are: (i) there will be
permanency of the land classification of the area; (ii) it provides participation of the
local communities and stakeholders in the management of the area through the
PAMB; (iii) provides sustainability of funding through the Integrated Protected Area
Fund (IPAF); (iv) provides protection of rights of the local communities over the
resources of the area; and (v) provides for integrated management and protection of
the ecosystem and their resources beyond political boundaries.
B. Geographic Location and Accessibility
27. The Marsh is located within the three provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato,
and Sultan Kudarat (see Annex 1 - Map 1). In the province of Maguindanao, it is
located in the following municipalities: Buluan, Datu Paglas, Datu Piang, Datu Odin
Sinsuat, Kabuntolan, Pagalungan, Pagagawan, Sultan sa Barongis, Talayan, S. K.
Pendatun and Talitay while in North Cotabato, in the following municipalities:
Aleosan, Kabacan, Libungan, Matalam, Midsayap, M’lang, Pigcawayan, Pikit and
Tulunan. In Sultan Kudarat, the only municipality included is Lambayong. The area is
readily accessible by land and water from the West through Cotabato City. Three
kilometers from the city are the boundaries of Ebpanan and Libungan Marshes.
South eastern boundaries of the Marsh can be accessed through the circumferential
road in S.K.Pendatun and S.S.Barongis. Through the eastern approach is a two-and-
a-half-hour drive from General Santos via Koronadal or alternatively a two-hour drive
from Davao City through Kidapawan, North Cotabato reaching the boundaries of
Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan.
C. Physical Geography
1. Topography
28. Ligawasan Marsh is basically a flood plain within the wetland ecosystem of
the vast and rich Cotabato River Basin (CRB). A large part of the Ligawasan Marsh
area falls on a 0-3% slope which is level to nearly level terrain. There are also
occasional patches with greater than three percent slope (see Annex 2 - Map 2).

29. Due to its level to nearly level slope, a large part of the Ligawasan Marsh area
falls on “no apparent erosion” category. The elevation of Ligawasan Marsh is from
10-30 meters above sea level.
2. Geology and Soils
30. Generally, the parent material of the soil in LM is derived from coral
limestone. The water is loaded with sediments (limestone material) carried through
the erosion process. Through the waterways draining into the marsh, soil residues
are deposited (siltation) on the flood plains (alluvial soils). The soils in the marsh are
characterized by hydrosols, clay loam, and clay soils. The hydrosols are found at the
western and eastern ends of the Marsh where severe wetness and poor drainage
prevail. Clay loam soil occurs in Timaga, Balut and Kabacan. The clay soils are
spread all over Faraon, Kudarangan, and Tamontaka (see Annex 3 - Map 3).
31. In the Ligawasan Marsh proper, the soil pH is within the standard neutral pH
value for soil. Organic matter content (2.5%) and CEC (29.88 meq/199g air dried soil)
are relatively low in LM proper while soils in Ebpanan and Libungan marshes are
higher. In addition, NP content is medium to high and K content is sufficient in all the
marshes. In general, nutrient status of the soils in the three marshes is sufficient and
within the normal quality of soils.
3. Climate and Precipitation
32. A closer examination of the rainfall distribution in the general vicinity of the
marsh shows its lower half which is approximately 176,053 ha and comprising part of
Kabuntalan, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Talayan, Datu Piang, Shariff Aguak, and Sultan sa
Baronguis areas as having a dry climate (Type 3 or dry zone) marked by one to three
months of dry season. The upper half, comprising the municipalities in the province
of Cotabato except Pagalungan and SKP of Maguindanao province belongs to Type
4 or moist climate covering about 215,716 ha. The ratio of runoff to precipitation is
lowest during the months of January to April while the heavy runoff occurs from the
months of July to October particularly in the northwestern part of CRB.
33. The total annual rainfall in CRB is between 2,120 to 2,501 mm with a
deviation from the mean total in the order of 21%. The relative humidity in the area is
high (86.4%). The mean annual temperature range is from a minimum of 24.7OC to a
maximum of 33.7OC.
4. Hydrology
34. The Mindanao River is the principal drainage way of CRB which traverses the
Ligawasan Marsh (see Annex 4 - Map 4). It is formed by the confluence of three
major tributaries: Pulangi River, Ala-a River, and Maganoy River. Pulangi River
derives from Bukidnon and joined by smaller Kabacan, Maridagao, and Malitubog
Rivers in the north and Libungan River merging in Kabuntalan. In the south is the
Ala-a River being supported by Kabulnan River before merging with the Maganoy
River down to the town of Datu Piang to empty into the Mindanao River. The river
continues down until it reaches Kabuntalan to the northwest where it splits into
another tributary river to the left, the Tamontaka River, before it exits to the right,
passing through the Quirino Bridge in Cotabato City. Buluan River at the
southeastern portion is the main outlet of Lake Buluan. It flows directly into
Ligawasan Marsh proper and traverses through to Cugcumen River, merging with

Paidu Pulangi River, which runs on into the Mindanao River passing through Datu
Piang to Kabuntalan where it splits at Barangay Tumaginting.
35. Other relatively small rivers flowing from the mountain in the eastern part of
LM proper are M’lang, Malasila, Alep and Kapingkong Rivers. They all drain directly
into LM proper. The other smaller rivers flowing into the three marshes are Brar and
Tambunan Rivers. The Kulangan cut-off channel at the Tunggol bridge drains directly
into LM proper bringing with it heavy siltation. Only two major rivers: Pulangi and
Buluan Rivers, traverse through LM proper.
36. The quantity and quality of water in the marsh complex is a direct function of
the state of CRB. The gradual siltation of large portions of the marsh complex could
be traced to the accelerated erosion of degraded watershed. As of 1995, there are
five legally-declared watershed reserves in CRB covering 217,807 ha, namely:
• Muleta-Manupali Watershed Forest Reserve (61,500 ha) in Lantapan,
Pangantukan, Bukidnon;
• Sebu Watershed Forest Reserve (4,900 ha) in Banga, Kiamba South
Cotabato;
• Ala-a River Watershed Forest Reserve (92,450 ha) in Uslan, Banga, Surallah,
Kiamba, South Cotabato;
• Libungan River Watershed Forest Reserve (52,820 ha) in Libungan, Almada,
Cotabato; and
• Kidapawan Watershed Reservation in Kidapawan, Cotabato.
5. Water Quality
37. The pH values of the water from the eight rivers ranges from 6.16 to 7.63
which is within the pH 6.5–8.5 normal or standard value in accordance with the
DENR AO No. 34. In terms of the Total Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms Most Probable
Number (MPN)/100ml, the results of the analysis of the water samples indicate
generally values greater than 1,600 MPN/100 ml which is much lower than the Class
C water category. The BOD of the water flowing into the Ligawasan Marsh ranges
from 0–0.76 ppm which is within the normal status of a good water quality. Total
Dissolved Solid values were generally high in the rivers in the Ligawasan Marsh
proper and in the Libungan Marsh
38. Sediments (sand, silt and clay) have direct and extreme physical impacts on
streams and rivers and eventually contribute to eutrophication. Sediments entering
waterways is through erosion processes. Along with the sediment loads carried out,
are the soil nutrients—an input (a major factor) in eutrophication process on the
growth of phytoplankton.
39. Sediment entering waterways in large amounts has an array of impacts.

Sand, silt, clay, and humus are quickly separated by the agitation of flowing water
and are carried at different rates. Clay and organic particles are carried in
suspension, making the water muddy (turbidity) and reducing light penetration and
photosynthesis. As this material settles, it coats everything and continues to block
photosynthesis. It also kills the animal organisms by clogging their gills and feeding
structures. Eggs of fish and other aquatic organisms are particularly vulnerable to
being smothered by sediment. Equally destructive is the bedload, the sand and silt,
which is not readily carried in suspension but is gradually washed along the bottom.

D. Biology
1. Wetland Habitat Classification for Ligawasan Marsh
40. The habitat classification scheme as proposed by the RAMSAR Convention is

adopted with modifications. This classification is not just based on the plant
component but also on major physical properties of the site, ecological successional
phases as well as the degree of human impact on the site.
2. Marsh Habitats
41. These are naturally occurring habitat types in wetlands. Several definitions of
types and subtypes have been presented elsewhere. For this study, this natural
habitat type is characterized by the presence of an assemblage of obligate and
facultative hydrophytes (see Annex 5 - Map 5).
42. Freshwater Swamp Forest Habitat. This formation is regularly inundated

with mineral-rich freshwaters from rivers and streams. Water levels fluctuate thus
allowing periodic drying of the soil surface. Whitmore (1984b) cited two areas of this
formation in the Philippines namely, the middle Agusan valley and west of
Pagalungan, Mindanao. This forest formation must have been extensive once as
evidenced by the extant disparate patches found in the study sites. The floristic
composition of this type in the Philippines also has never been studied (Fernando,
1998). The canopy reaches up to 20 meters tall characteristically with Terminalia
copelandii or Lanipao as an emergent tree species. The dominant canopy tree
species found in the Ligawasan Marsh is Barringtonia racemosa Merr. (locally
referred to as “tupak”). In other assemblages, Barringtonia acutangula ssp.
acutangula abound. Other woody species include Nauclea orientalis (Bangkal) and
Syzygium cf. bordenii Merr. (Malaruhat puti). Tall shrubs and small trees measuring
no more than 10 cm such as Premna odorata, P. serratifolia, Securinega virosa,
Clerodendrum sp. and Antidesma spp. occupy the lower stratum of the forest.
Prominently outstanding in this layer is the bangkal-like tree architecture of Mitragyna
diversifolia. Scandent shrubs such as Combretum sp., Stenochlaena palustris
(diliman) and viny plants (i.e. Tetrastigma harmandii ,Quisqualis indica ) grow on
the branches of the lower canopy. In more open areas along banks of running waters
are Dolichandrone spathacea, a medium-size tree characterized by long dark-colored
fruits and Pongamia pinnata, a leguminous tree. On drier soils, especially in land
formation referred as “talitay”, Lepisanthes fruticosa, Syzygium bordeni and
Antidesma spp. gain advantage and are abundant. The ground vegetation is
dominated by grasses and aroids. Palms, represented largely by Metroxylon sagu,
are usually found bordering waterways, which at times co-occur with the swamp
forest type. Small stands of sagu are occasionally found even in areas presently
cultivated for crops, indicating that the species must have been a dominant
component of this formation. Examples of this type are found in Payan, Ebpanan,
S.K.Pendatun, M’Lang, Tulunan and Kabacan. Along water banks subjected to
minimal disturbances, successional phases of this type are observed.
43. Herbaceous Swamp Habitat. This habitat forms transitional vegetation

composed mostly of herbaceous life form. It characteristically consists of different
species categorized as: rooted (grasses, sedges, graminoids and others), emergent
(Nymphaea odorata, water lily, Nelumbo nucifera, lotus, Ceratopteris thalictroides,
Typha angustifolia, cattails and Nymphoides indica) and floaters (Eichhornia
crassipes, water hyacinth and its close relative Monochoria vaginalis, Pistia
stratioides and Lemna pauciflora,). Floaters usually aggregate along considerable

stretches of the banks. The major grasses that usually form extensive clumps include
Leersia hexandra, Arundo donax, Phragmites sp., Panicum spp., Echinochloa crus-
galli, Rhynchyletrum repens and Brachiaria mutica. Scirpus grossus is the major
sedge species in the marsh proper. Other sedge species include Fimbristylis
dichotoma, Cyperus iria, Fuirena umbellata, Cyperus brevifolius and Cyperus
imbricatus. Most of these species occur in large patches. Vines such as Ipomoea
spp, Merremia sp., other members of the family Convolvulaceae and several
legumes also grow well in this habitat. This type is observed in portions of Ebpanan,
Libungan, S.K.Pendatun, Pagalungan and the Ligawasan Marsh proper in general.
44. Shrub Swamp Habitat. This specialized habitat is typically a transitional

stage in the ecological succession of swamps. Large areas exist on land mass
formed through siltation subsequently colonized by shrubby plant species, such as
Sesbania cannabina. A few individuals of small trees such as those found in the
swamp forest occasionally occur. Tetrastigma, Ipomoea and leguminous vines twine
around these woody plants. Extensive areas of shrub swamp habitat are also
typically found at the confluence of major river systems and their tributaries.
Although herbaceous plants readily colonize land masses that are formed from soil
deposition, they may eventually be replaced by shrubs. This type is well-developed in
Sultan Sa Barongis.
3. Artificial Habitats
45. Artificial habitats are those areas subjected to and maintained as part of
human activities (i.e. agriculture, built-up areas etc.).
46. Ricefield Habitat. The two subtypes of ricefield habitats found in the
Ligawasan Marsh include: (a) ricefields with bunds located adjacent to herbaceous
swamp and freshwater forest swamp habitats, and (b) ricefields without bunds in the
interior of the marsh, which are planted to lowland rice varieties as flood water
recedes. The associated weeds include Sphenoclea zeylanica, Commelina
benghalensis, Murdannia nodiflora and Ludwigia spp. among others.
47. Dryland Agriculture Habitat. This habitat type refers to areas that have
been exposed after floodwaters receded thus freeing vast tracts of land for three
dominant food crops: maize (Zea mays), upland rice (Oryza sativa), and cassava
(Manihot esculenta). Additional economically important plants, such as sesame and
summer vegetables are interplanted along with the main crops. The original
successional vegetation is mainly characterized by Sesbania cannabina. Large areas
of this type are removed (i.e. slash and burn) especially at the start of the dry season,
contributing significantly to soil erosion. Farm boundaries are planted to bangkal
(Nauclea orientalis), cooking banana (Musa sapientum), and bamboo (Bambusa
spp).
4. Open Water Habitats
48. Still Open Water Habitat. In this habitat type, scattered floaters such as
Pistia stratioides and Eichhornia crassipes are found. Local human communities use
this area for fishing and transportation. Along the periphery of the open water habitat
are land areas temporarily converted to other uses by the fisherfolk. There are also
some small land masses (islands) formed by the accumulation of dead organic
matter (necromass), which are subject to colonization by weedy plants. The
dynamics (i.e. ecological succession) of these small islands depend on proximity to
river channels, availability of plant propagules, rate of siltation, size and depth of
necromass, and hydrological processes among others. The colonization of these

areas by plant propagules is influenced by proximity to land masses and effective

dispersal mechanism.
49. Running Open Water Habitat. Running open water habitat are the bodies of
water that persist during summer to connect different deep portions of the marsh
downstream. This habitat also includes rivers and tributaries that are not necessarily
inundated by floodwaters. The movement of this body of water is unidirectional. It
serves as passage of the people, often aboard motorized banca. Herbs, few small
trees, rice and vegetable planted by nearby communities are found along the banks.
5. Floristic Composition
50. Based on the latest survey, there are 201 plant species reportedly present in
the marsh and in its immediate vicinity belonging to 159 genera in 68 plant families. A
listing of these species is found in Annex 6. In the same table, their common names
and corresponding Maguindanaoan names (based on interviews) as well as species
endemism are indicated. Most of these species are found in other marsh areas as
well as in waterlogged agricultural fields in the country. Typical composition of
marshes includes sedges, grasses, legumes and aquatic hydrophytes such as water
lily, water hyacinth, water cabbage and cattails. The forested areas are dominated by
bangkal (Nauclea orientalis) and putat (Barringtonia racemosa).
5.1 Conservation Status of Species
51. Using the 2001 IUCN Red Data enumeration for plants, there are no species
listed in any conservation status category described in the internationally accepted
ratings. There are no endangered, threatened, rare or vulnerable species in the area.
This is true at least for those specimens that have been identified to the species
level.
52. Comparing the present species list with the article of Tan, Rojo and Fernando
in the journal Yushania on the conservation status of Philippine plant species, there
are no species that are of immediate conservation concern. However, based on field
experience, the Terminalia copelandii, an endemic, although once an abundant
species in the remaining swamp forests of the country, is now subjected to pressures
leading to probable local extinction. A reassessment of the status of this species in
the Red data list therefore is imperative.
5.2 Endemism
53. There is a relatively low endemism of plants in the study site. Twelve species,
out of the 201 (6%) listed, are endemic to the Philippines. There are neither species
nor genera that are local endemics (i.e., confined to the Ligawasan Area). Most of the
12 species are upland species that were included in the sample to represent
associated upland vegetation. Securinega virosa, Lepisanthes fruticosa, Syzygium cf.
bordenii, and Terminalia copelandii are found in the swamp forest. The two newly
collected tree and lianous specimens of Combretum, the shrubby Clerodendrum and
parasitic Scurrula have to be identified to the species level to assess their
conservation status and endemism. The endemic species are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex

e
Arecaceae Areca caliso Kalido Kalido
e
Arecaceae Caryota cumingii Pula Pugahan
e
Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao Makao Dao
e
Arecaceae Daemonorops mollis Tanigib Ditaan
e
Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd) Baill.
e
Rubiaceae Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Rids l
e
Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis malapandan Malapandan
e
Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa
e
Myrtaceae Syzygium cf. bordenii Lumban malaruhat puti
e
Urticaceae Gonostegia hirta
e
Anacardiaceae Mangifera philippinensis Paho Paho
e
Combretaceae Terminalia copelandii Lipao Lanipao
54. Despite the relatively wide distribution of plant species found in the site (non-
endemics) and low number of species that are in the Red Data list, the unique
assemblage in a wide expanse of area makes the Ligawasan Complex botanically
and ecologically important. The various habitats, largely dependent on the dominant
plant life form and major physio-chemical factors, offer complex sets of resources
and conditions that determine distribution and abundance of fauna and
microorganisms.
6. Fauna of the Ligawasan Marsh
55. Annex 7 shows the list of 206 terrestrial vertebrate species, under the classes
Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia and Amphibia, which were recorded from 16 locations or
study sites.
6.1 Birds
56. Birds have a total of 170 species from 47 families. Thirty seven (37) are
migratory species (Annex 8). The number of endemic birds recorded was 39 species
(Annex 9), a great majority of which are forest dependent species recorded from
patches of swamp forests (e.g. Spizaetus philippensis, one of only three endemic
raptors in the Philippines; G allicolumba criniger, the endangered Mindanao Bleeding
Heart; the endemic Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guiabero and Loriculus philippensis,
Colasisi; the vulnerable endemic forest kingfishers Alcedo argentata, Ceyx
melanurus and Ceyx erithacus; the Sunbirds, Spider Hunters, Flowerpeckers, Leaf-
warblers, Babblers, Flycatchers, Whistlers and Tailorbirds like Aethopyga
primigenius, Aethopyga pulcherrima, Arachnothera clarae, Dicaeum nigrilore,
Dicaeum anthonyi, Dicaeum aeruginosum,. Phylloscopus olivaceus, Macronous
striaticeps, Ortho tom us nigriceps, Ficedula basilanica, Pachycephala philippensis,
etc.) The marsh-dependent Tachybaptus ruficollis cotabato an endemic race of
Grebe and Anas luzonica, the only endemic Philippine Duck are the only non-forest
dependent endemic bird species in Ligawasan. The Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra
gallinacea a marsh bird which has been recorded only in Ligawasan Marsh in the
Philippines was also recorded during the survey. Table 3 lists some endemic species
with their habitat preferences. The significant number of endemic species which are
forest-dependent highlights the importance of the remaining swamp forest habitats
for the biodiversity of Ligawasan Marsh.

Upper Row left to right: Barringtonia acutangula, Antidesma sp. (fruits), Pongamia
pinnata
Lower row: Barringtonia racemosa (fruits), Barringtonia racemosa (flowers) and
Antidesma sp (flowers)

Clockwise from top left: Polygonum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides,

Nelumbo, Nymphoides, Nymhaea

Upper : Open fields with several species of low-lying grasses and forbs
Middle : Open area lined with trees establishing property boundaries
Lower : A flock of migratory birds

Clockwise from top left : Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea, immature),

Nyticorax nyticorax, Ardea purpurea mature, White-browed Crake (Porzania
cineria), Darter (Anningha melanogaster), Purple swamphen (Porphyrio
porphyrio)

Most of the resident bird species are common in the open swamp habitats or marshy
grasslands (e.g. Ardea purpurea and Ardeola speciosa) or even in the cultivated rice
fields (e.g. Bubulcus ibis, Butorides striatus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta intermedia and
Egretta alba). These species have both resident and migrant populations. Table 4
shows the migratory species and their associated habitats.
57. A total of 13 threatened bird species were recorded for the Ligawasan Marsh
e.g. Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron (Vulnerable), the endemics like Anas
luzonica (Vulnerable), Spizaetus philippensis (Vulnerable), the Gallicolumba criniger
(Endangered), Alcedo argentata (Vulnerable), Ceyx melanurus (Vulnerable),
Ficedula basilanica (Vulnerable), etc.
6.2 Mammals
58. There are 14 species of mammals identified with three endemic species, i.e.,
Ptenochirus minor Lesser Musky Fruit Bat, Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat and
Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig (Annex 10). Nine species are volant species
comprising the fruit bats (Megachiropterans) e.g. P. jagori, P. minor, Cynopterus
brachyotis, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Macroglossus minim us, Eonyceris spalaea,
and the insectivorous bats (Microchiropterans) e.g. Hipposideros diadema and
Myotis sp..
6.3 Reptiles
59. There are 13 species of reptiles accounted, with one threatened endemic, i.e.
the Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis. The Ligawasan Marsh is
considered as one of the last strongholds of this endemic crocodile in the country,
where the more widespread and larger species Crocodylus porosus is also known to
occur.
6.4 Amphibians
60. Nine species of Amphibians including one endemic species Kaloula

conjuncta, were recorded from Ligawasan. The marsh is also considered also as one
of the most important habitats for the Philippine amphibians. When the peace and
order situation of the area would allow it, the survey on amphibians should be a
priority activity.

Table 3 List of Some Endemic, Near Threatened and Vulnerable Species in 16

Survey Sites.
Conservation
Species Name Common Name Local Name Endemism Habitat
Status
Aethopyga primigenius Grey-hooded Near Swamp
Sunbird K’nti (K-nti) Near threatened Endemic Forest
Aethopyga pulcherrima Metallic-winged Non Threatened Swamp
Sunbird Kenti Species (NTS) Endemic Forest
Swamp
Aethopyga shelleyi Lovely Sunbird K’nti (K-nti) NTS Endemic Forest
Swamp
Alcedo argentata Silvery Kingfisher Kasing-sing NTS Endemic Forest
Amaurornis olivaceus Plain Bush-hen Near Swampl
Tugling NTS Endemic Forest
Anas luzonica Philippine Duck Wawaling Vulnerable Endemic Marsh
Arachnothera clarae Naked-faced Swamp
Spiderhunter Sulit NTS Endemic Forest
Gallicolumba criniger Mindanao
Bleeding Heart Punalada Endangered Endemic Forest
Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Limoken
Brown Dove or Tegol NTS Endemic Forest
Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Limoken
Fruit Dove or Tegol NTS Endemic Forest
Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Guaiabero Swamp
Kalopindo NTS Endemic Forest
Loriculus philippensis Phil Hanging Swamp
Parakeet Colasisi NTS Endemic Forest
Centropus melanops Black-faced Shrub
Coucal Sagusok NTS Endemic /Forest
Shrub
Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Sagusok NTS Endemic IForest
Collocalia troglodytes
Pygmy swiftlet Kalugay NTS Endemic Open area
Little Slaty
Ficedula basilanica Flycatcher N/A Vulnerable Endemic Forest
Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Swamp
Flowerpecker Btig (B-tig) NTS Endemic Forest
Flame-crowned Swamp
Dicaeum anthonyi Flowerpecker N/A Near threatened Endemic Forest
Red-keeled Swamp
Dicaeum australe Flowerpecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest
Bi-colored Swamp
Dicaeum bicolor Flowerpecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest
Dicaeum hypoleucum Buzzing
Flowerpecker Upa-na-bai NTS Endemic Forest
Olive-capped
Dicaeum nigrilore Flowepecker N/A NTS Endemic Forest
Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Swamp
Flowerpecker Kmes-sa-bai NTS Endemic. Forest

Table 4. List of Migratory Species of Birds Recorded in Ligawasan Marsh After

three Field Surveys in May-June, September and November-December 2004.
SCIENTIFIC COMMON NAME LOCAL CONSERVATION HABITAT
NAME NAME STATUS
Podiceps ruficollis Black—necked Grebe Balisuk NTS Swamp
Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron B’gok (B-gok) NTS Swamp
Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Egretta garzetta Little Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Egretta alba Great Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Butorides striatus Little Heron Bigua NTS Swamp
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Mamawa-sa- NTS
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Swamp, forest
kuden
Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron Bigua NTS Swamp, forest
Tayabpis-sa- NTS
Ixobrychus eurhytmus Schrenk's Bittern Swamp
bagombong
Anas crecca Great Winged Teal Itik NTS Swamp
Pandion haliaetus Osprey Banog Open field
swamp forest
Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier Kuligi NTS Open field
Swamp forest
Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard Banog NTS Open field
Swamp forest
Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen T’lek (T-lek) NTS Swamp
Charadrius dubius Little-ringed Plover Tla-tla NTS Swamp
Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet N/A NTS Swamp
Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt N/A NTS Swamp
Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank N/A NTS Swamp
Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper N/A NTS Swamp
Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint N/A NTS Swamp
Sterna hirundo Common Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp
Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp
Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp
Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest
Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest
Monticola solitarius Bluerock Thrush Kasiang-siang NTS Forest or open field
Locustella fasciolata Gray's Grasshopper Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland
Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland
Locustella ochotensis Middendorf's Grasshopper Open Grassland
Warbler Tuliok NTS Grassland
Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked Bonga NTS Forest
Flycatcher
Motacilia cinerea Grey Wagtail N/A NTS Open field
Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail N/A NTS Open field
Anthus hodgsoni Olive Tree Pipit Bayako NTS Open field
Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Kendas NTS Forest/ grassland

7. Fish and Aquatic Biodiversity
7.1 Fishes
61. Of the 30 species collected from the three sites, 20 or 65% of them are native
and 11 or 35% are introduced. Libungan Marsh has the most number of species, of
the 27 species noted, five species are marine forms known to be able to enter a few
kilometers upstream of the river mouth. Of the 22 collected and noted from Ebpanan
Marsh, three are predominantly marine forms. Only 18 species were collected from
Ligawasan Marsh, all of which are known to live in freshwater habitats only.
62. Libungan Marsh and Ebpanan Marsh are on the downstream area of
Cotobato River. High tides and low inland water levels are very good conditions by
which saltwater could enter several kilometers upstream. During such occasions,
marine and estuarine euryhaline fish species (trevallys, glassfishes, etc) and other
biota may be able to reach far inland. As a consequence, Ebpanan and Libungan
Marsh, as occasional ecotones, exhibit edge effects such as having higher species
counts than Ligawasan Marsh. On the other hand, there were species, like Puntius
binotatus and Clarias nieuhoffi in Ligawasan Marsh that were so far not collected nor
noted from the two other marshes. Presumably, they could not tolerate the
occasional intrusion of saltwater. Herre (1924) reported seven species of the genus
Puntius. It is believed that only two species have remained extant among which is the
Puntius binotatus. It is present in Agusan River and its tributaries as well as in
Agusan Marsh. As it is native to Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Indonesia and the
Philippines, it may well be fairly distributed in the whole of Mindanao.
7.2 Mollusks and Crustaceans Biodiversity
63. Fourteen (14) species of mollusks have been noted in the marsh (see Table
5). The thiarids are the most diverse, as expected in most tropical freshwater
habitats. There are no notable species. All the mollusks found are widely distributed
in the Philippines.
64. Table 5 shows a list of the three native species of crustaceans gathered from
Ligawasan Marsh. It is highly probable that these species also exist in the two other
marshes.
Table 5. List of Species of Mollusks and Crustaceans including their Local and
Common Names, Origin and Distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex
Local Common
Family Species name Name Origin LlBUNGAN EBPANAN LlGAWASAN
A. MOLLUSCS
VIVIPARIIDAE Vivipara costata Suso Native present present present
Pomacea Golden Apple
AMPULLARIIDAE Canaliculata Kuhol Snail Introduced present present present
Neritina
NERITINIDAE coromandeliana native present present absent
Septaria
parcel/ana native present present present
L YMNAEIDAE Radix auadrasi native present present present
melanoides
THIARIIDAE Perrimosa native present present present
Thiara scabra native present present present
Stenomelania
Juncea native present present present

Tarebia granifera native present present present

Indoplanorbis
PLANORBIDAE Exustus native present present present
Physastra
Hungerfordiana native present present present
Corbicula
CYRENIDAE Manillensis native present present present
Solentellina
TELLINIDAE Elonaata present present present
Cristaria Dlicata absent absent present
B.CRUSTACEANS
Caridina
Brachvdactvla
Macrobrachium
mammilodactvlus
Macrobrachium
Scabriculum
7.3 Plankton Diversity
65. The marshes are relatively depauperate. Only about a dozen plankton genera
were collected and identified (Table 6). Only about four species of phytoplankton
were collected and identified from Ebpanan marsh and the adjacent Cotobato River.
As Libungan Marsh is just nearby and would be continuous with Ebpanan during the
floods, it is assumed that Libungan would also have similar species of plankton as
Ebpanan. Not only are the plankton species depauperate, they are also so rare that
the average density is about 20 individuals per liter of water.
Table 6. List of Species of Plankton and Distribution in the Ligawasan Marsh

Complex --
DIVISION GENUS EBPANAN LlGAWASAN

Phytoplankton
Chlorophyta
Spirogyra RARE RARE
Cyanophyta
Microcystis RARE MANY Rare to abundant depending on site
Lynbva RARE
Oscillatoria RARE
Chrvsophvta
Navicula RARE FEW
Fragilaria FEW
Cymbella RARE FEW
Amohora FEW
Aulacoseira FEW
Svnedra FEW
Zooplankton
Brachionus
RARE RARE
Copepod RARE RARE

8. Productivity of the Marshes
66. With the paucity of phytoplankton, it is assumed that primary and secondary
(zooplankton) productivity is generally low, though probably increasing a little in the
more lentic areas of the marsh during the dry season. Lotic systems such as the
Cotobato River and the portions of the marshes where the main river channel flows
are expected to contain very few plankton species both in diversity and abundance
values. With a low primary and zooplankton productivity, this becomes a deterring
factor for the nourishment of the fishes. Given the available data, it appears that fish
productivity is dependent on the energy pathways: a) living submerged plant as a
base resource, b) preying on aquatic invertebrates, and c) detrivory.
67. Fish aquaculture appears, for now, not to be a good alternative livelihood
option. Maintaining traditional methods will probably have a lesser negative impact
than introducing high-energy subsidy aquaculture on the aquatic environment.
E. Socio-Economic Profile
1. Demography
68. As of the May 2000 census of the National Statistics Office, the total
population in all the 21 Municipalities and one city covering Ligawasan Marsh is
around 1,094,170. Table 7 shows relevant population statistics (as of May 2000) per
municipality.
Table 7. Population of Municipalities within Ligawasan Marsh as of May 2000

census of the National Statistics Office
PROVINCE/ MUNICIPALITY POPULATION
As of May 2000
A. Maguindanao
1. Kabuntalan 23,137
2. D.O. Sinsuat 71,569
3. Talayan 33,129
4. Talitay 17,026
5. Datu Piang 67,303
6. S.K. Pendatun 28,374
7. S.S. Barongis 34,709
8. Datu Paglas 20,014
9. Pagalungan 25,908
10. Pagagawan 27,010
11. Buluan 51,098
12. Cotabato City 150,450
Sub-Total 549,727
B. North Cotabato
13. Pigkawayan 51,008
14. Midsayap 105,760
15. Aleosan 26,164
16. Pikit 68,455
17. Kabacan 61,818
18. Matalam 60,135
19. M'lang 78,170
20. Tulunan 41,741
Sub-Total 493,251
C. Sultan Kudarat
21. Lambayong 51,192
GRAND TOTAL 1,094,170

69. Out of the 7,230 interviewed, about 27.2% of the households have been living
in the marshland before 1960 and 25.3% in the period of 1961 to 1970. One may
conclude, therefore, that majority (52.5%) of the households interviewed has been
living in the marshland during the last 30 to 40 years. The rest of the households
settled in the marshland from 1971-1980 (24.2%) while almost 15% came to the
Ligawasan Marsh only in the 1990s or even more recently. These findings tend to
suggest that there was a significant movement of people towards the Ligawasan
Marsh area during the last 30 years, possibly in search of land to cultivate.
70. Age of Household-Respondents (Appendix, Table 1). Results of the survey

show that majority of the household-respondents fall within the 26 to 30 years old
and 46 to 50 years old age bracket. Respondents falling under 26 to 30, 31 to 35, 36
to 40, 41 to 45, and 46 to 50 age categories made up 13.8%, 17.1%, 15.0%, 13.3%,
and 10.9% of the sample, respectively, for a total of 59.9%. One can, therefore,
conclude that areas covered by the survey have a relatively young population. One
reason, for this according to key informants, is the tendency among Muslims to marry
at a young age.
71. Household Size (Appendix, Table 2). Of the 3,797 households surveyed,
1,173 or 30.9% had a household size of three to four members while nine hundred
eighty four (984) respondents had a household size of five to six members. It can be
inferred from this data that majority of the households surveyed (56.8%) have a
household size of three to six. Less than 10% of the households had a household
size of nine to ten and above. These findings tend to conform to studies which show
the contraction of household size in the Philippines due to economic hardship. This
trend also applies to the areas surveyed considering the economic hardship
prevailing in these areas and not to mention the relatively young population that
comprise the Ligawasan Marsh communities.
72. Pagalungan has the highest number of households (37.7%) with a household
size of three to four followed by the Kabacan with 36.9%. M’lang and Kabacan had
the highest number of respondents with a household size of five to six with 31.5%
and 28.6%, respectively. S. K. Pendatun accounted for the highest number of
respondents with a household size seven to eight with 28.1%.
73. Religious Affiliation (Appendix, Table 3). Eight religious affiliations were
represented by the respondents, namely, Islam, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Baptist,
Seventh Day Adventist, Aglipay, Iglesia ni Kristo, and Methodist. Islam was the
predominant religion of the respondents especially in the Municipalities of Paglat,
Sultan sa Barongis, and Datu Montawal, where 100% of the household heads
interviewed were followers of Islam. Roman Catholics were noted in the
Municipalities of Tulunan, M’lang, and Kabacan who comprised 28.4%, 13.5%, and
4.8% of the sample, respectively. The presence of Roman Catholics and other
Christians in the survey area is basically due to migration earlier of Ilocanos,
Ilonggos, Cebuanos, and other ethnic groups to the Provinces of Maguindanao and
North Cotabato.
74. Educational Attainment (Appendix, Table 4). The study noted the low level
of education of household-respondents across municipalities. On the average, less
than two percent of the respondents had a college degree, less than four percent
reached college level, less than seven percent finished and reached high school, less
than six percent finished elementary, and less than 35% reached elementary level. It
also appears that almost one-third of the household heads interviewed have no
formal schooling. About 10% of the respondents took up Arabic studies.

75. Low educational attainment of the respondents is not a surprise considering

the physical location of Ligawasan Marsh communities. Schools are usually found in
the town proper and urban centers which are sometimes several kilometers away
from the marsh. Access between the Ligawasan Marsh communities and the town
proper becomes a problem during the rainy season due to floods. Moreover, poverty
in the Ligawasan Marsh area exerts a lot of pressure to children to drop out of school
so that they help earn additional income for the family.
Of the nine municipalities, S.K. Pendatun had the highest number of respondents
who were college graduates with 15, followed by Sultan sa Barongis with 12, Pikit
with ten while Paglat and Datu Montawal had only one each. Pikit had the highest
number of respondents who finished high school with 67 and reached college with 35
and while Datu Montawal had the lowest number of respondents who finished high
school with only three.
76. Ethnic Origin (Appendix, Table 5). Five (5) ethnic groups were noted among
the respondents namely, Maguindanaoan, Ilonggo, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Igorot. On
the average, over 90% of the respondents were Maguindanaoan, over one-fifth were
Ilonggo, less than two percent were Cebuano, less than 10% were Ilocano, while
Igorot made up a very small minority.
77. In each of the survey area, respondents of Maguindanaoan descent

comprised a dominant majority. Tulunan has the smallest majority of respondents
with Maguindanaoan descent at 62.1% while in Pagalunagn, all the respondents
were Maguindanaoans. Respondents with Ilonggo descent were found in Tulunan
and Malang while those with Cebuano descent were found in the Tulunan, Datu
Montawal, and Pikit.
2. Land Use
Land use of the municipalities within the Marsh
78. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System, vegetation cover
mapping of Ligawasan Marsh showed, the following landcover/land uses: water
bodies, forest, agriculture, brushland/shrubland, open/grassland, and built-up areas.
(Table 8)
Table 8. Comparative Estimates of Landcover/Landuse during Dry & Wet season

Seasonal Change
(hectare)
Landcover/landuse dry season % of Total Wet Season % of Total
Increase Increase
dry season wet season
Wetlands 30,971 6 38,286 8 - 7,315
Mangrove 1,100 1,100
Flowing 1,331 2,141
Standing 25,340 35,045
Forest 7,481 2 7,616 2 - 135
closed canopy 826 826
Open canopy 6,655 6,790
Agriculture 151,999 31 240,865 49 - 88,866
Open/grassland 222,103 46 11,479 2 210,624
Brushland/shrubland 72,334 15 186,209 38 - 113,875
Built up areas 2,641 1 3,074 1 432.7
TOTAL 487529 487529

79. Water bodies include rivers, creeks, swamp area, marshes, mangrove area
(i.e. along the bay area). Two general categories for wet areas were used, namely,
standing water (e.g. lakes and ponds) and flowing water (e.g. rivers and creeks). The
dry season image showed shallow areas of the marsh which when viewed during the
wet season were fully under water (see Annex 11 - Map 6). Satellite image for the
wet season showed more water bodies compared to the dry season, an increase of
about 7,315 ha.
80. The satellite imagery also showed the presence of about 826 ha of closed
canopy forest. Patches of open canopy forest, however, can be seen. These are
located in-between the two main rivers draining to the bay. Patches of open canopy
forest are also apparent in small occurrences in the Ligawasan Marsh area. Closed
canopy forest exhibits 50%-100% canopy cover while open canopy forest exhibits up
to 50% canopy cover. It should be noted that open canopy cover includes a mixture
of shrubs, grasses, and remnant mature trees and coconut plantation.
81. Land subjected to agriculture is mostly to the north of Libungan Marsh and to
the north, east and south of Ligawasan Proper while few patches occur south of
Ebpanan Marsh. Based on field visits to the area, this is composed of mixed
agricrops of corn, rice, green leafy vegetables, and grasses. Canopy cover is low
(less than 10%) with no developed vegetation communities. Areas are dry and bare
due to crops harvested.
82. It is interesting to note that the declared Bird Sanctuary has remained
relatively intact over the years. However, no apparent advanced vegetational
development can be found in the area.
83. Brushland/shrublands show canopy cover between 10% and 50%. Canopies
are developing and partially open and composed of a mixture of mostly dense
grasses and trees.
84. Open grasslands are bare soil and grasses (mostly dry grasses) including
eroded areas. About 45 % of the area registered as open/grassland during the dry
season while only two percent registered as such during the wet season.
85. The built-up area is a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial areas.
Mainly roads, building structures, galvanized iron houses such as in the Cotabato
City area. One percent of the total study site is built-up.
86. Classification of satellite image for Ligawasan Marsh present interesting

observations and is summarized as follows:
• During the dry season, there are fewer wetlands than during the wet
season (a difference of about 7,300 ha). This is expected owing to more
moisture during the wet season.
• The marsh areas are more spread out and in fragments. The decrease in
size is apparent during the dry season where traces of the ‘natural’
boundaries of the marshland can be observed.
• Agriculture is higher during the wet season than during the dry season.
• Open/grassland areas tend to increase considerably during the dry
season.
• Brushlands/shrublands increased by 149% during the wet season. This
may be due to the spectral response of green vegetation.

2.1 Land Use/ Land Cover Trend
87. A classified satellite image from 1988 was compared with the classified
satellite image from 2001 (PASA Study) covering an approximate area of 202,000 ha
of Ligawasan Marsh (Annex 12-Map 7).
Table 9. Land Use/ Land Cover Trend in Percent (1988 – 2001)

Open Closed
Land use/cover 2001 Mainly Brush/ Wet
Built-up Canopy Canopy
Agri Shrub Lands
Land use/cover 1988 Forest Forest
Built-up 71 23 5 1 - -
Mainly Agriculture 1 63 29 6 - 1
Mainly Agriculture w/ Brush - 100 - - - -
Lake 78 1 21 - - -
Siltation Pattern in Lake - - - 100 - -
Mangrove Vegetation - - - 100 - -
Marshy Area and Swamp - 30 27 38 5 -
Fishponds derived from
Mangrove - 1 - 99 - -
Open Canopy Forest - - - - 100 -
Other Plantations - 92 5 3 - -
Grassland - 4 96 - - -
88. In 1988, there were approximately 877 ha of built-up areas. Table 9 shows,
71% or more than 620 ha also registered as built-up in the 2001 satellite image. Most
of the remaining lands were converted into agriculture (23%) with some apparently
being abandoned and registered as brushland/shrubland (5%). However, looking at
the 2001 column on built-up, 78% of the areas that were classified as lake in 1988
have now been captured by the 2001 satellite image as built-up area. This represents
more than 3,300 ha of the river boundaries and adjacent sites that have now been
converted into settlement areas.
89. Other major land use/land cover categories have corresponded well between
1988 and 2001, specifically agriculture, wetlands, and especially the open canopy
forest. However, out of the almost 140,000 ha estimated as mainly agricultural in
1988, around 760 hectares registered as closed canopy forest in 2001. The most
recent field visit to the area indicates that these are actually herbaceous swamp
forests. Under the same estimate, more than 41,000 ha registered as
brushland/shrubland, more than 8,000 ha registered as wetlands while almost 900 ha
registered as built-up. What was reportedly the area with an open canopy in 1988
apparently has remained the same. In all, the built-up areas multiplied more than five
times (about 5,000 ha) during the period 1988 to 2001. It is also interesting to note
that in 1988, the marshy area and swamp was estimated at 42,500 ha. In 2001, the
area decreased by about 16,900 ha to around 25,600 ha. These could be attributed
to increased anthropogenic activities in the area.
3. Proposed Protected Area [see Annex 13 - Map 8]
90. The proposed criteria in the delineation of the Ligawasan Marsh protected
area is listed below:
1. 30m elevation (based on the historical map of the area, this

corresponds to the upper limit of the marsh)

2. administrative boundary specifically the barangays facing the marsh

(for administration purposes)
3. circumferential road (development is usually associated with
accessibility in terms of facilitating interventions; physical boundary is
a useful delineation)
4. presence of varied habitats
5. the bird sanctuary
6. river system (it is a convenient natural boundary)
91. The proposed protected area has an estimated area of 215,489 ha (in PASA,
the proposal was an area covering about 281,567 ha). Annex 14 lists the technical
description in longitude and latitude. This description is initial in nature and should be
simplified and updated based on ground features (i.e. natural boundaries and
landmarks).
4. Income and Livelihood
92. Results of the survey showed that farming, livestock/poultry production, and
fishing are the three major sources of livelihood of the people in the marshland.
Overall, 80.4% of the households rely on farming for subsistence while 46.2% and
44.5% were engaged in fishing and livestock/poultry raising. It can also be inferred
from the results of the survey that the households had multiple sources of income.
That is, aside from farming, they are also involved in other livelihood activities, such
as fishing, livestock/poultry raising, wildlife gathering, handicraft-making, and the like.
93. It must be noted that a big portion of the marshland is submerged under water
for almost six months, from the later part of June to the early part of December.
Having multiple sources of income is, therefore, one coping mechanism of the people
in order to survive during this period when farming is not possible. This also explains
why fishing registered the highest number of respondents, next to farming, as this is
the most feasible livelihood activity when most of the marshland communities are
submerged under water.
94. Rice, corn, cassava, and vegetables are the major food crops planted by the
household-respondents. The predominance of rice and corn cultivation in the area is
confirmed by the number of respondents who are involved in this economic activity.
Some 95.09% of the respondents were found to be rice farmers while 56.06% of
them are corn farmers.
95. Rice is planted, either in ricefields adjacent to herbaceous swamp and

freshwater forest swamp or in ricefields found in the interior of the marsh. It is usually
planted in these areas as flood water recedes. Planting of rice may start as early as
November or as late as June depending on how fast the flood water recedes.
Harvesting may start as early as February if planted in November or as late as
October if planted in June. Most farmers, however, plant rice during the January-
February period when flood water has already subsided. The total area of land
planted to rice by the household-respondents is estimated at 3,956 ha with a total
production of 191,540 sacks of palay.
96. Corn, cassava, and vegetables are planted in areas that have been exposed
after flood water had receded. Planting of corn may start as early as October but
most farmers start planting during the months of March and April. Estimated total
area planted with corn by the respondents is about 3,145 ha with a total estimated
production of 262,498 sacks Harvesting takes place as early as February if planted in

November or as late as June or July if planted between March and April, which is just
in time before the start of the rainy season.
97. Cassava and vegetables are planted in areas that are suited to corn and
other upland crops. It is planted as early as November in some areas where flood
water had already receded or as late as June in elevated portion of the marsh.
Harvesting is done in four to five months depending on the need for cash and/or
climatic consideration. On the other hand, vegetables like sitao, pechay, okra, and
others are planted as early December or as late as June. Vegetable production is
mostly for home consumption. Other crops grown by the households in the survey
area are coconut, banana, papaya, mango, and other perennial fruit trees. Planting of
these fruit trees are limited to backyard type either in small patches or as boundary
marker or fencing.
98. Fishing appears to be the second major livelihood activity of the households
in the survey area. Overall, almost half of the households (46.2%) depend on this
livelihood activity for subsistence especially during the period when the marshland is
flooded. Fishing is done either in open water of the marsh or along tributaries that
empty into the marsh.
99. Fishing methods employed by the household-respondents include hook and

line, pintik, fish net, fish cage, fish corral, talik, salakab, and sukob (Appendix, Table
6). Majority of the respondents (55.0%) used fish net. Some respondents, however,
noted the use of electrofishing and poison that indiscriminately kill both small and big
fishes.
100. Gathering wildlife from the marsh appears to be a supplementary livelihood

activity of most households. However, overall, only a very small number of
households (2.7%) were found to engage in this activity perhaps due to uncertainty in
the volume of harvest, difficulty in locating wildlife species, and long period of time
required before catching any wildlife. Some respondents even regarded wildlife
gathering not as a livelihood activity but more of a past time since they sometimes
end up with no catch or no harvest at all after a day of wandering in the marsh.
101. Livestock/Poultry Raising. This livelihood activity provides supplemental

income among households who are engaged in farming. It is the third major
livelihood activity in terms of the number of households involved.
102. Animals raised by the households include chicken, duck, cattle, carabao,
goat, turkey, goose, horse, dove, and pig. More households were found to be raising
chicken (28.6%), followed by those raising duck (20.1%), carabao (16.1%), goat
(12.8%), and cattle (4.2%). Incidentally, chicken had the biggest population followed
by duck, goat, carabao, and cattle with an estimated number of heads of 14,875;
5,508; 1,218; 759; and 186, respectively (Appendix, Table 7). The study noted the
raising of pig in the towns of Tulunan, M’lang, Kabacan, and Pikit, presumably by
Christian household-respondents.
103. The common method employed in raising livestock and poultry includes
feedlot, teethering, cut and carry, grazing, and others (Appendix, Table 8). More
households were found to employ feedlot method in raising livestock. The findings
further suggest that households raising livestocks tend to adopt a combination of any
of the aforementioned methods, like teethering and cut and carry. The latter is
usually employed when conditions do not allow the teethering of animal in the open,
especially during rainy days or when the marshland is submerged under water.

104. Handicraft-making. A total of 230 households are engaged in handicraft-

making across nine municipalities, which comprise only 6.1% of the total
respondents. The number is relatively small since it is not considered by the
households as a major livelihood activity but more as a supplement to farming
activity. The decision of the household whether or not to engage in handicraft making
is apparently influenced by their skill in handicraft-making and the availability of raw
materials. It was further learned during the survey that these households would
normally venture into handicraft-making if there is an explicit demand or if there is
already a prospective market for a particular handicraft item. Women are the ones
involved in handicraft-making.
105. Of the nine municipalities, Kabacan registered the highest number of

households (15.5%) who reported their engagement in handicraft-making (Appendix,
Table 9). This is probably due to the municipality’s proximity to market centers and
availability of raw materials for handicraft-making particularly nipa and pandan. The
survey also noted 13 types of handicraft-making activities, namely: kalakat making,
mat weaving, coconut leaves, nipa hat making, wall making, fish equipment, talik
making, roof making, hat making, cogon making, dressmaking, wood bundling, and
bagombong making. It appears that more households are into mat weaving followed
by nipa hat making and kalakat making.
106. Other Sources of Income. The survey confirms the perceptions that not all
households living in the Ligawasan Marsh area depend on farming, fishing, wildlife
collection, livestock/poultry raising, and handicraft-making for a living. This is
indicated by 1,190 respondents or 31.3% of the sample who reported their
involvement in other sources of incomes, such as working as a carpenter, rice mill
operator, laborer, businessman, vendor, sari-sari store owner, government
employee, teacher, driver, and the like (Appendix, Table 10). Only 438 out of the
1,190 respondents, however, reported their specific livelihood activity under this
category. Being a laborer ranked first followed by those involved in trade and retail
(i.e. sari-sari store, vendor, buy-and-sell, and business), and drivers, in that order.
107. Estimated Household Income (Appendix, Table 11). Farming and fishing
are the main sources of income of households living within or along the marshland.
Their livelihood activities are affected, however, by periodic flooding during the rainy
season, resulting to low income. Results of the survey tend to attest to this as shown
by a majority of the households (58.1%) whose annual income is P 60,000 and
below, which is way below the poverty threshold level set by the NEDA. In fact, only
14.3% of the households had an estimated annual income of P 41,000 to P 60,000
while 22.4% had an estimated income of P 21,000 to P 40,000. Over one-fifth
(21.5%) of the households earned an annual income below P 20,000, which makes
them the poorest among the respondents of the survey.
108. The study also noted the presence of households who earned an estimated
annual income of P 100,000 and above. They made up 16.5% of the household-
respondents. Their annual income, however, is still way below the poverty threshold
level that would afford them better living condition.
109. Paglat had the highest number of households, at 45.1%, whose annual
estimated income is below P 20,000 followed by M’lang with 29.9% and Pagalungan
with 28.3%. On the other hand, Pikit had the highest number of households, at
29.4%, with an estimated annual income of above P 100,000 followed by
Pagalungan with 19.4% and Datu Montawal with 18.6%.

F. Assessment of Management and Interventions
110. The management of the proposed PA would also include the Ebpanan and
Libungan Marshes (zones 3, 4, and 5) and the adjacent off-site upland watersheds
since the habitat and wildlife found in these minor marshes are also threatened by
the people living there and because the watersheds continue to stand as a big threat
to the long term sustainability of the whole marsh.
111. Ligawasan Marsh as well as the Ebpanan and Libungan Marshes have
provided the Maguindanaon inhabitants of the marsh and the nearby communities,
the common place (similar to money bank) to serve as livelihood project where they
get the resources (fish, birds, plants, etc) freely at their own will and pleasure. The
traditional leaders (Datu or any prominent citizen) are in control of the total peace
and stability in the marsh. The traditional leaders served as the grand guardian of
the marsh. The integrity of Ligawasan Marsh has been preserved and stands as a
unique cultural heritage . . . the home of the Bangsamoro.
112. It is a wetland ecosystem and considered among the Philippine Biodiversity

Conservation Priorities. Based on the Protected Area Suitability Assessment of
DENR, it is recommended as a Natural Biotic Area under NIPAS.
113. The following are management/interventions that have been done and
proposed to be undertaken by various agencies. Management/Intervention can be
traced as presented in the following review:
• 1983 – 1986 : SPDA Projects
• 1986 – 1999 : Ministry Human Settlement (KKK) Projects
• 1986 –1999: PC – LGSP-assisted capability building on local
governance, advocacy, strategic planning, research and profiling,
educational tour and scholarship program. The output included the
following:
Organized Technical Working Group (TWG)
composed of multi-sectoral representatives.
Organized Bantay Pawas in S. K. Pendatun
Organized gender and environment advocates
Increased revenue generation, etc.
• 2001 Ligawasan Marsh Development Master Plan (NEDA Project)
• 2000 – 2002: UNDP –RNE-GEP Small Grant Assisted Community
Resource Management
• 2001 – 2002 : World Bank Assisted Project for Protected Area
Suitability Assessment (PASA) of Ligawasan Marsh
• 2001 : Community Based Resource Management for Ligawasan
Marsh and Lake Buluan
• 2001: AusAID approved training for 25 participants for
Environmental Protection, Management and Conservation of
Ligawasan Marsh
• 2002 – Present : Ligawasan Marsh Integrated Conservation and
Resource Management Project (UNDP)
• 2002 – Present: Advocacy for the Conservation and Management of
Ligawasan Marsh Towards Sustainable Development Project
(FPE/Ford Motor Company Conservation and Environmental
Grants).

Current Interventions per Municipality
114. During the last 10 years, the three provinces where the Ligawasan Marsh is
located had been the focus of development assistance both from local and
international sources. The following section will give an idea on what has been done
in the municipality vis-à-vis the Ligawasan Marsh over the past 10 years and what
still needs to be done.
115. Based on reviewed documents, it is apparent that there is a limited effort

aimed at protecting and conserving the biodiversity of the Ligawasan Marsh. Results
of the PASA will show that reforestation projects were undertaken in the
municipalities of Datu Piang, S. K. Pendatun, Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan
involving 60 ha, one ha, 20 ha, 3.5 ha, and 312 ha, respectively. Other related
interventions that were noted were road construction in Datu Piang, cooperative
development in Datu Piang, flood control in Pagalungan, multipurpose building
construction in Sultan sa Barongis and Pikit, toilet construction and water sanitation
in Sultan sa Barongis, housing project in Sultan sa Barongis and Pikit, fish landing
construction and mosque construction in Pikit, and agriculture and livelihood support
project. The Municipality of Pagagawan had no on-going development projects at the
time PASA was conducted (see Table 10 below).
116. LGUs Proposals for Intervention:

• The summary of Development Projects and Environmental issues
and Interventions (initiated or needed) is presented in Annex 15
Table 10. Inventory of Related Programs and Projects of the 10 Ligawasan

Marsh Municipalities.
Municipality Related Programs and Projects
Datu Piang Construction of a congressional building in Barangay Sambolawan by
ZOPPAD-CIDSS
3-year barangay road project by DPWH
7-year reforestation project involving 60 hectares
10-year private sector-led cooperative project in Barangay Damabalas
Pagagawan No on-going development project
Pagalungan Flood control project and construction of irrigation facilities
S. K. Pendatun 1-hectare Integrated Social Forestry project assisted by CIDA
There were other projects in health, agriculture, and education
implemented in the area about 2 or 3 years ago
Sultan sa Barongis 1-hectare housing project implemented by DSWD
Construction of a multipurpose building project
3-hectare toilet construction project in 3 sitios by Accion Contra
Hambre
Water sanitation (water pump) project in a sitio by Accion Contra
Hambre
Kabacan 20-hectare community forest project
M’lang 3.5 hectare community forest project
Pikit 4.5-hectare housing project in barangay Bulod and Bagoenged
undertaken by DSWD
Fish landing and multipurpose hall covering an area of 2,400 sqm and

800 sqm, respectively, in Barangay Bagoenged implemented by DSWD

Mosque construction in barangays Bulod and Bagoenged through a
foreign donor
Corn seed supply for 10 hectares jointly undertaken by the LGU and
the DA
Kabir chicken project with provincial LGU as implementing agency
Tulunan 312-hectare reforestation project
6-year African oil palm contract growing in 150 hectares in Barangay
Dungos
2-year sugarcane growing in 3 hectares in Barangay Popoyon
Paglat No available data

CHAPTER 3
EVALUATION
A. Asset Value
1. Global and National Value
117. Ligawasan Marsh is a globally important bird area. Studies have shown that
at least 170 bird species belonging to 47 families have been recorded to frequent or
are considered resident of the area. Of this, 39 species are endemic, 13 are
threatened and at least, 37 are considered to be migratory species, such as:
Podiceps ruficollis Black-necked Grebe; Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron;
Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret; Egretta garzetta Little Egret; Egretta alba
Great Egret; Anas crecca Great-winged Teal; Pandion haliaetus Osprey;
Recurvirostra avosetta, the rare Avocet; the common Plovers, Stilts, Redshanks,
Godwits, Sandpipers and Terns like Charadrius dubius, Charadrius peron, Rostratula
benghalensis, Himantopus himantopus, Tringa erythropus, Limosa limosa Sterna
berg, Sterna hirundo, etc.). Ten of these species have resident populations in the
Philippines such as: Burides s triatus Little Heron, Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret,
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous
Night Heron, Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher, Circus melanoleucos Pied
Harrier, Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit, etc.
118. The migratory species recorded in Ligawasan Marsh and vicinities can be
classified into three: (1) species that are forest dependent (e.g. Gallicolumba criniger,
Alcedo argentata, Ceyx melanurus, Dendrocopus maculates, Pernis ptilorhynchus,
Halcyon coromanda, Muscicapa griseisticta etc.); (2) species that favor the open field
or swamp (Podiceps ruficollis, Egretta garzetta, Butorides, Anas crecca); and (3) the
species that utilize the forest but feed in the adjacent open field or swamp (e.g.
Pandion haliaeetus, Circus melanoleucos, Nycticorax nycticorax).
119. A total of 13 threatened bird species has been recorded for the Ligawasan
Marsh e.g. Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron (Vulnerable); and the
endemics like Anas luzonica (Vulnerable), Spizaetus philippensis (Vulnerable), the
Gallicolumba criniger (Endangered), Alcedo argentata (Vulnerable), Ceyx melanurus
(Vulnerable), Ficedula basilanica (Vulnerable), etc.
120. The Ligawasan Marsh can also be considered as one of the last strongholds
of the Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis, which is threatened and endemic
specie found only in the Philippines. The marsh is also known to host the more
widespread and larger species Crocodylus porosus.
121. Despite the relatively wide distribution of plant species found in the site (non-
endemics) and low number of species that are in the Red Data list, the unique
assemblage in a wide expanse of area makes the Ligawasan Complex botanically
and ecologically important. The various habitats, largely dependent on the dominant
plant life form and major physio-chemical factors, offer complex sets or resources
and conditions that determine distribution and abundance of fauna and
microorganisms.

2 Local Value
122. Ligawasan Marsh and its surrounding areas are rich agricultural and fishing
grounds. Household respondents indicated multiple livelihood activities such that
82% are engaged on subsistence farming, 46% on fishing, 44% on livestock and
poultry raising, 2.7% on wildlife gathering and 6.7% handicraft making. Based on
2004 prices it is estimated that rice and corn production generated two hundred five
million eight hundred eighty eight thousand pesos (P 205,888,000.00) and fishing
contributed at least ten million one hundred ninety eight thousand four hundred
fifteen pesos (P 10,198,415.00). This does not include the value of fish directly
consumed by marginal fishermen.
123. Aside from being a source of major livelihood Ligawasan marsh serves as: (i)
a source of water supply; (ii) act as storage of excess amount of water; (iii) prevents
intrusion of saline water; (iv) it provides protection from natural forces; (v) it retains
sediment and nutrient; (vi) it removes toxicant; (vii) it is a source of on-site and off-
site natural products; (viii) it can provide source of energy; (ix) it is used for water
transport; (x) it stores valuable genetic materials such as genes from wild species;
(xi) it is a significant habitat for important plant and animal species; (xii) it provides
recreation and tourism benefits; (xii) it is a significant component of the landscape
and associated aesthetic values; (xiii) it has significant socio-cultural significance,
(xiv) it serves as significant sites for research; and (xv) it contributes to the
maintenance of existing processes and natural systems.
B. Threats and Proposed Actions (See Annex 16 – Threat Analysis Matrix)
1. Marsh Land Conversion
124. A comparative analysis of the 1988 and 2001 (Annex 17-Map 9) classified
landsat satellite imagery covering an approximate area of 202,000 ha of Ligawasan
Marsh, revealed that builtup areas multiplied more than five times during the period
1988 to 2001. This represents more than 5,000 ha of the river boundaries and
adjacent sites that are now settled by communities. It is also interesting to note that
in 1988, the marshy area and swamp was estimated at 42,500 ha. In 2001, the area
decreased by about 16,900 ha to about 25,600 ha.
125. It is apparent that Ligawasan Marsh is slowly drying up due to the increased
anthropogenic activities (i.e. sedimentation/siltation resulting from off-site industrial
activities; and land use conversion within the Marsh). Land use conversion may be
attributed to natural and human-made phenomena. The natural phenomenon occurs
when small islands slowly and progressively rise above the water level. This is locally
known as talitay. The other phenomenon is characterized by clearing (i.e. slash-and-
burn) of natural vegetation (e.g. Sesbania) to make way for dry agriculture. Proposed
actions include conducting research under Prescription I (Off-Site and On-Site
Research subcomponent) to: (a) estimate the rate of sedimentation contributed by
the denuded off-site upland watersheds and the on-site man-made cut-off channel
described below, and the contribution of sedimentation to rapid build-up of new land,
and (b) recommend practical solutions to alleviate the problem.
2. Illegal Cutting of Swamp Forests
126. Majority of the areas fronting the marsh are not yet served by electricity.
People in the area see the swamp forests as source of materials for house
construction, source of poles to sell to augment their meager income, and source of

firewood for cooking. Destruction of forest habitat would also adversely affect two
thirds of the bird population in Ligawasan since they are swamp-forest dependent.
Proposed actions include providing: (i) support to protection of natural resources
through habitat restoration activities, including planting of fast-growing trees for
firewood, and rehabilitation of wetland forest areas (see Prescription I); (ii) providing
assistance through environment-friendly livelihood activities so the inhabitants will not
resort to cutting of forests (Prescription III) and (iii) promoting environmental
education and awareness program to raise awareness and appreciation of the value
of the Ligawasan marsh natural resources (Prescription II).
3. Population Increase
127. As of the 2000 Census, the total population of the municipalities affected by
the Ligawasan is 1,094,170 with an average growth rate of 3.37%. The unabated
growth would put more pressure for land conversion to agriculture, housing and
subsistence extraction of natural resources. Proposed action include establishment
of a viable, community-based management zones for each municipality to identify
multiple use zone for settlement and agricultural areas (Prescription I).
4. Water Pollution and Human Waste Disposal
128. The communities around the marsh do not have a sewerage system that will
treat waste water and human waste generated by households and commercial
establishments. As a result, waste water and human waste find their way to the water
bodies of the marsh. Proposed action includes provision of social infrastructure by
distributing individual toilet bowls and constructing communal toilets, led by the
community (Prescription IV).
5. Solid Waste Disposal
129. None of the municipalities surrounding the marsh has any system for
addressing proper disposal of solid waste. Many are still resorting to open dumpsites
for those areas accessible by road networks, but there is none for those residents
residing in the marsh. As such solid waste are either directly thrown in the marsh or
burned. Proposed action includes promoting environmental education and
awareness program to raise awareness of the effect of improper disposal of solid
waste on the environment and promoting practical and simple solutions to the
problem, e.g. digging garbage pit on the high ground in the vicinity (Prescription II).
6. Illegal fishing
130. Illegal fishing activities also pose a threat to Ligawasan Marsh as they
indiscriminately kill or eliminate aquatic fauna regardless of size and species. Some
of the destructive fishing methods that have been used in the area are use of fine
mesh fishing nets, use of battery-operated electrodes for fishing, and use of poison.
Illegal fishing, therefore, affects the biodiversity of the aquatic habitat and endangers
the existence of some fauna species. Proposed actions include implementing an
environmental education and awareness program to raise awareness to stop use of
illegal fishing techniques and establishing a community-based management zone for
each municipality to identify communal fishing zones (Prescription I).

7. Pesticides and Fertilizers Use and Commercial Plantations
131. Improper use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers poses a threat to the
fauna of Ligawasan marsh. Also, respondents in the socioeconomic surveys hinted of
fish kills caused by chemical aerial spraying, which are carried out by three nearby
commercial banana plantations, which have allegedly contributed to the pollution of
the marsh. However, the lack of scientific data to show the types and levels of
chemicals present in the waters of main rivers passing through these plantations
prevents the consultants from proposing detailed measures to be taken. Proposed
action includes carrying out research under Prescription I to provide scientific data
needed in formulating specific program to address the threat, if any (Prescription I).
8. Lack of Access to Schools
132. The socioeconomic survey identified the low level of education among the
respondents. The low education level could also explain the lack of opportunities for
employment in the Ligawasan Marsh. About 33% of the respondents have no formal
schooling. About 48% of the respondents have obtained elementary and secondary
education as follows: less than seven percent finished secondary school, less than
six percent finished elementary, while less than 35% reached elementary but did not
complete the schooling. On the average less than two percent of the respondents
had a college degree while less than four percent reached college level but did not
complete the schooling. Due to high rate of poverty among many families living in the
marsh, many children drop out of school (the out-of-school-youth) to help the family
earn additional income. Proposed action includes implementing a special literacy
program for out-of-school youths under Prescription VII.
9. Lack of alternative livelihood
133. It became apparent to the team of consultants that lack of alternative

livelihood in Ligawasan marsh is a major threat to the sustainability of conserving the
natural resources of the marsh. Due to a lack of opportunities for employment and
dependence on subsistence farming and fishing activities, the incomes of many
inhabitants of the marsh are very low. Results of the socioeconomic survey indicate
that a majority (58.1 %) of the households have an annual income of P60,000 and
less, which is way below the poverty threshold level set by NEDA. Of the total, 14.3
% of the households had an estimated annual income ranging from P41,000 to
P60,000 while 22.4% had an estimates income ranging from P21,000 to P40,000.
Over one-fifth (21.5%) of the households earned an annual income below P20,000,
which makes them the poorest among the respondents. Proposed action includes
providing livelihood support to stakeholders under Prescription III.
10. Siltation caused by the Cut-off Channel in Kulanguwan
134. The man-made cut-off channel, which was constructed by Department of

Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in the 1970s using its own funds, is now posing
a serious threat to the Ligawasan Marsh because of heavy siltation and flooding to
farm lands and residential areas. The cut-off channel is located in Barangay Tunggal
in Datu Montawal, formerly Pagagawan. It was constructed to divert water from
Pulangi River to the Kulanguwan creek (which is now a small river) as part of the
program by the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the DPWH to convert part of the
marsh into agricultural lands. By constructing the cut-off channel, it was further
envisaged that Pikit and Pagalungan will be protected from perennial flooding.
However, the benefits did not materialize, instead it created more problems. In

Kabacan, three barangays (Magatos, Cuyapon, and Kalagasan) are always flooded.
About 70 hectares of farmlands have now been rendered unproductive. Likewise,
damage to crops and lands is now being felt in S. K. Pendatun and S. S. Barongis
and exerting economic hardships in the area. Proposed action includes providing
funds to support research under Prescription I (Off-Site and Off-Site Research) to
determine the rate of siltation and identify measures to alleviate the problems caused
by the channel.
11. Natural Gas and Oil Deposits
135. Officials from the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) and Department
of Energy (DOE) officials have informed the consultants that results of three drilling
tests in three barangays in Sultan-sa-Barongis revealed that the area has good
economic potential for extraction of natural gas and oil in the area. However, no
further development to exploit the natural deposits ensued due to the expiration in
2003 of the contract of one licensee. However, there is one new application for the
development of the natural gas and oil deposits that is waiting for approval.
Considering the fiscal deficit of the Government, it is probable that exploitation of the
natural deposits will be pursued, so that appropriate measures could be developed in
the future to safeguard and protect the environment. One recommendation is to use
a part of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funding for the adoption of a clean
technology for extracting the natural gas and oil by installing safeguards for its
installation and operation.
12. Smallholder Palm Oil Plantation
136. The area in Ligawasan marsh planted to palm oil is increasing. Three
municipalities in Ligawasan have a combined total of about 943 hectares of palm oil
planted, consisting of 500 ha in S. K. Pendatun, 50 ha in Mlang, and 393 ha in
Tulunan. The nearest market where farmers sell their fruit bunches are located in
Sultan Kudarat (KINRAM in Isulan), and Agusan del Sur (Guthrie and Pilipinas Oil
Plantation). The positive push for increasing the area planted to palm oil is a new
profitable business opportunity for large companies to sell to farmers on credit palm
oil seedlings at high cost. The negative side of palm oil farming is the need to apply
high rates of fertilizers which will be a potential threat to Ligawasan Marsh fauna.
Proposed action includes establishing a community-based management zone for the
three municipalities to identify multiple use zones where the palm oil farms will be
concentrated in.
13. Commercial and Smallholder Mining Activities
137. The tailings from mining activities in many off-site locations in Tampakan,
South Cotabato appear to be a long-term threat to the inhabitants and to the fauna
and flora of Ligawasan marsh. Although the mines are located far from the marsh,
tailings from the mines may mix with river water which finds their way to the marsh,
and may be polluting more areas when the tailings pass through major rivers and
tributaries.
138. The players involved in mining operations include one commercial firm and
many small individual miners. The company is called Sagittarius Mining Company,
which was formerly the Western Mining Company. It started operations in 1996 and
has a total mining area of about 91,000 hectares. It is known that mine tailings flow
through the Alep River, to the Bunawan River, and finally to the Ligawasan Marsh.
Proposed action includes conducting research to establish whether mercury is

findings its way to the Ligawasan marsh by taking measurements on the Alep and
Bunawan Rivers and in Ligawasan marsh (Prescription I).
139. A threat analysis matrix summarizes the on-site and off-site threats, root
causes and/or management issues, environmental impacts, and proposed
interventions (Annex 16).
C. Conflicts and Proposed Actions
1. Problems on Peace and Order
140. Hostilities between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) over the last 30 years have also contributed to the
degradation of the marsh. Since the marsh is the home of the MILF, many battles
have been staged thereby the military, the most recent of which was in 2000. The
many battles have physically altered the Ligawasan, which have disturbed the marsh
ecosystem that provide important habitat for various flora and fauna. Proposed action
includes the participation of representatives of the AFP and MILF in special meetings
of the Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee (under Prescription II) (a substitute to
the PAMB which could not be formed since the LM is not yet proclaimed as a
protected area). The objective is to promote dialogue between the two parties to
forestall any incident that would result to hostilities that would damage the natural
resources of the marsh.
2. Political Boundaries and Alienable and Disposal (A&D) Lands
141. Due to the recent splitting of several new municipalities from the original one,
conflicts in boundaries between municipalities have arisen. Examples include the
separation of Paglat from S. K. Pendatun, Datu Montawal from Pagalungan, and the
ongoing separation of Kabalukan from Datu Piang.
142. The municipality of Pikit has been pursuing its interest to convert and alienate
about 5,000 hectares of land from being a former bird sanctuary into agricultural land.
Pikit LGU officials have informed the consultants that the proposal had reached the
second reading in the House of Representatives about six years ago in 1999.
However, no progress ensued on this matter after the term of the Congressman
sponsoring the bill expired. The incumbent Congressman, however, is following up
on the issue at the moment. Proposed action includes establishing a community-
based management zone for each municipality to identify the specific locations of
these A & D lands in Pikit and elsewhere.
143. Five management zones, inside the proposed protected area, have been
identified by the consultant team. The five management zones include: (i) multiple
use, (ii) recreational/ tourism, (iii) communal fishing, (iv) strict protection, and (v)
sustainable use). However, the proposed management zones need to be discussed
and finalized at appropriate consultations with the communities, and boundaries
delineating these zones in different barangays and municipalities should be agreed
upon.
3. Socioeconomic Development
144. In terms of the level of socioeconomic development, the inhabitants and the
communities located in the marsh are less developed compared to those outside the

marsh. Low income of the households is manifested by their poor living conditions
characterized by inadequate access to basic social services and amenities.
145. Majority (66.0%) of the households that have been interviewed lives in
houses made of temporary materials, like nipa for roofing, bamboo slats for floor, and
coconut leaves or nipa fronds for walls. 85.3% of the inhabitants have no access to
electricity. 67% reported that they use kerosene to light their houses and 11% use
candles. This will probably explain why most of the respondents do not have
household appliances.
146. A majority (79.4%) of the households were found using wood or charcoal for
cooking, which has a serious implication on the sustainability of the wetland forest of
Ligawasan and which could explain the declining forest cover of the marsh. Although
most of the respondents have their own toilets facilities, waste disposal remains to be
a serious concern since the communities are submerged under flood water for almost
half of the year. Many of the households have limited household possessions.
However, some of the inhabitants (44.6%) own a radio set, which indicates that radio
will play an important role in the dissemination of information during the
implementation of the proposed investment project in the future. Proposed action
includes support for livelihood activities described in Prescription III.
D. Constraints and Proposed Actions
1. Institutional Responsibility
147. At present, the communities, municipal, regional and provincial government

institutions and agencies, which are expected to provide support to the conservation
and protection of Ligawasan Marsh are considered weak. The weakness stems from
a combination of factors. For communities, most of the marsh people are poorly
organized, including a lack of leadership to provide direction and guidance in the
sustainable utilization of the natural resource, no access to employment
opportunities, and lacks a viable people’s organization to belong to.
148. For institutions and agencies which are mandated to provide services and
assistance in protecting the environment, they suffer from uncoordinated policies and
programs, staffing and budget constraints, limited skills to properly carry our
successful conservation and protection projects, and too much pressure from a
heavy workload. There are no strategies and action plans for the environment
contained in the development plans of most barangays and municipalities.
149. They also suffer from weak enforcement of local ordinances due to lack of
capability and limited staff. The LGUs need guidance and support to enforce
approved policies and rules and regulations as well as the implementing procedures
and guidelines of protecting the biodiversity of the marsh. They also need skills for
straight-forward arrest procedures to minimize risks in life and limbs and also avoid
unnecessary court litigations. New ordinances should include a negative list of what
activities are not allowed in the protected area to help simplify the enforcement of
these ordinances. Proposed actions include strengthening of law enforcers in the
marsh and formulating of local ordinances (Prescription I) and empowering the
community and training of LGUs, GAs and NGOs (Prescription III).

2. Organizational Structure and Capacity Building
150. There is no existing single body or organization in the Ligawasan Marsh

responsible for directing the conservation and protection of Ligawasan. During the
implementation of the proposed investment project covering a part of the protected
area involving ten municipalities from two provinces, a new organization structure
would be established by forming a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee, since no
PAMB can be formed before the Ligawasan Marsh can be proclaimed as a PA. The
Committee would consist of the representatives of the governors of two provinces
and mayors of ten municipalities participating in the project. Due to availability of
infrastructure such as hotel facilities, super markets, and improve peace and order
situation, it is recommended that the Committee be located in PAWD Protected
Areas and Wildlife Division (PAWD)-Region XII.
151. However, support to the operations of the Committee would be provided by

two regional offices, the PAWD-ARMM and the PAWD-Region XII. Each regional
office would directly support the conservation activities of six municipalities which are
administratively under their supervision. For example, all the six municipalities under
ARMM, namely Datu Piang, S. S. Barongis, S.K. Pendatun, Paglat, Datu Montawal
and Pagalungan would be supervised by PAWD-ARMM. The remaining
municipalities under Region XII, namely Pikit, Kabacan, M’lang and Tulunan would
be supervised by PAWD-Region XII. Proposed action includes establishing an LM
steering Committee to direct and lead the protection of the Marsh (Prescription II).
3. Infrastructure and Equipment
152. The lack of social infrastructure and equipment has been identified by the
respondents in the socioeconomic surveys to be one of the major problems facing
the inhabitants of the marsh. Examples of social infrastructure, affecting the
education and health sectors, that was included under the management prescriptions
in this report, include provision of a special literacy program, individual or communal
toilet facilities, and jetmatic hand pump and potable drinking water system. Proposed
action includes provision of social infrastructure to stakeholders (Prescription IV).
E. Vision
“We envision Ligawasan Marsh as a prime model of natural biotic

wetland managed by an empowered community to protect and
preserve ecological balance, cultural diversity and economic stability
for sustainable peace and development.”
F. Goals and Objectives
1. Goal
153. Based on the abovementioned vision statement, the overall goal is to
conserve and manage in a sustainable manner the wetland biodiversity of the
Ligawasan Marsh, cognizant of the current anthropological, economic and ecological
problems.
2. Specific Objectives
• To facilitate the process for the proclamation of the Ligawasan Marsh As a
protected area under the NIPAS Law (R.A. 7586)

• To empower the community and all the stakeholders in the conservation and
management of the valuable wetland with its unique and diverse wildlife as
well as benefits accrued from its functions
• To provide alternative environmentally-friendly livelihood activities to
stakeholders to reduce the pressure on the unregulated and unsustainable
utilization of the Marsh’s wetland natural resources
154. The purpose of this Management Plan is to conserve the biodiversity of the
marsh on a sustainable basis and to reduce poverty of the people living in the marsh.
This may be achieved through these broad categories.
(a) biodiversity conservation and management;

(b) community and institutional capacity-building;
(c) livelihood activity promotion/enhancement; and
(d) social and rural infrastructure provision.
155. The “biodiversity conservation and management” component includes habitat

rehabilitation through assisted natural regeneration, wetland forest rehabilitation,
buffer zone development, riverbank stabilization, upland reforestation, and
establishment of wildlife and bird sanctuaries. These are expected to directly
enhance and protect the biodiversity of the Marsh. These activities were identified by
the primary and secondary stakeholders.
156. The “community and institutional capacity-building” includes (a) establishing

a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee to direct and coordinate the conservation
and development efforts in the marsh; (b) strengthening the capacity of people’s
organizations, LGUs, communities, and non-government organizations (NGOs) in
planning and implementing biodiversity conservation and management programs,
and (c) conducting information, education and communication (IEC) advocacy for
implementation of the project within and around the marsh.
157. The “livelihood support” component shall provide asssitance to the main
livelihood activities in the marsh, including duck-egg raising, goat-raising, cattle
fattening, mat and kalakat-weaving, pandan hat and food cover-making. These
livelihood activities were also identified by the stakeholders. Growth centers focused
on fish landings or food crops markets will be established to link clusters of
communities to markets located in urban centers. Cooperative stores owned and
operated by the community, will be supported to address the marketing and
procurement concerns of the settlers. Viable market channel and network, including
support for village markets to encourage sales of locally-grown food products and
small animals, will be developed.
158. The “infrastructure support” component shall have two major categories,
namely: (a) rural infrastructure, such as farm-to-market roads, development of mini-
growth center facilities [e.g. fish landing, cooperative stores, and village markets],
and (b) social infrastructure like water supply and sanitation. These activities were
also identified by the stakeholders.

Chapter 4
MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS
A. Prescription I: Ecosystem Management and Protection
Goal: To protect and maintain the ecosystem (wetland biodiversity) of

the Ligawasan Marsh by undertaking habitat restoration,
delineating appropriate management zones for sustainable use
of resources, law enforcement, and research for the benefit of
local inhabitants and future generation to come.
159. The Ligawasan Marsh is the largest wetlands in the Philippines, comprising
three marshes, namely Ligawasan proper, Libungan and Ebpanan. It occupies
288,000 hectares (ha). The Marsh has been identified as a distinct and unique region
among the 15 bio-geographic regions of the Philippines due to the presence of
significant varieties of flora and fauna.
160. However, the ecosystem (biodiversity and natural resources) of Ligawasan is

rapidly deteriorating. The primary problem lies in the lack of an overall national policy
for wetlands in the Philippines (DENR, 1993). Although major laws have been
enacted in the 1990s, which included the NIPAS Act, the Local Government Code,
the IPRA, the protection of the ecosystem of the Ligawasan remains difficult. These
laws focus on the decentralization and recognition of the rights of the local
communities and or indigenous peoples to manage the resources or actively
participate in the decision-making process.
1. Habitat Restoration
161. Results of consultations with stakeholders at barangay and municipal levels in

October 2004 confirmed that the stakeholders are aware of the environmental issues
and concerns causing habitat destruction, and that they are interested not only in
restoring but also of enhancing and expanding the habitat areas. The stakeholders
have proposed seven natural resources management interventions, which the
consultants are endorsing: (i) assisted natural regeneration (in Kabacan, M’lang, and
Tulunan), (ii) swamp forest restoration (in Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan), (iii) buffer
zone reforestation (the herbaceous swamp habitat in Kabacan, M’lang, and Tulunan),
(iii) riverbank protection and stabilization (in Datu Piang), (iv) upland reforestation (in
Datu Piang), (v) public wildlife sanctuary for tourism and educational purposes (in
Barangay Baras, Tacurong City, Bgy. Cuyapon, Kabacan, Bgy. Dunguan, Kabacan,
Bgy. Kalbugan, Pagalungan, and Bgy. Badak, S.K. Pendatun), (vi) smallholder mixed
tree planting (in ten municipalities involving sustainable use zone for firewood and
poles planted by beneficiaries), (vii) no-take fish sanctuary zones (20%-30% of
fishing area of each municipality), and (viii) recreational and mixed-use zones (the
latter to delineate agricultural lands with past presidential proclamation from the
protected area;

1. Objective I Finalize a program of interventions for habitat restoration.
Actions:
Consult key stakeholders to reconfirm interest to participate;
Delineate responsibility for various field operations involving habitat
restoration;
Identify income-generating activities for individual or community participation;
Select the sites for different interventions;
Draw maps to mark locations of these sites;
Prepare work plans and budget for various interventions in each barangay
and municipality ; and
Submit program to the Project Management Unit (PMU) of each municipality
for approval.
2. Objective II Develop specific Interventions to Conserve Natural Resources
Actions:
PMU review and approve the work plan and budget for each barangay;
Develop training program and provide training to participants;
For tree planting interventions, the community establish the seedling
nurseries, plant seedlings, and provide maintenance care;
For bird sanctuary, identify appropriate financial support in terms of modest
infrastructure for bird watching by students and the people, prepare
brochures, and develop a program to encourage educational tours by
elementary, secondary and college levels;
For fishery resources, establish a system for monitoring the volume of fish
and other products extracted from the PA; and
Promulgate and implement resolutions and barangay ordinances to conserve
and protect the restored habitats.
2. Management Zoning System
3. Objective III: Implement a Management Zoning System

162. Based on the results of the Wetland Biodiversity Study, five management
zones have been identified. These include: (i) multiple use, (ii) recreational/ tourism,
(iii) communal fishing, (iv) strict protection, and (v) sustainable use (see Table 13
below). However, more consultations with concerned barangays will be needed
during implementation of the Project to finalize the boundary delineating these areas.
The specific actions include:
Conduct consultations with the community to identify and confirm the different
management zones in each municipality
Ask stakeholders to demarcate these zones in their specific areas in the
municipalities using the maps from the aerial survey
Identify critical areas inside these zones for urgent attention and action
163. Critical zones or hot spots include areas in varying stages of

destruction/misuse and those prone to further destructive activities.

Table 11. Five Proposed Management Zones, Criteria, and Allowable

and Non-Allowable Activities
ALLOWABLE NON-ALLOWABLE
ZONE CRITERIA ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
Multiple-Use Settlement and Existing settlement Expansion or opening of new

agricultural and agricultural settlement or agricultural areas,
areas (barangay practices except those supported by new
proper) ordinances
Recreational/Tourism Bird sanctuaries Fencing, Noise making
construction of
bird watching Ban catching of birds and eggs
facilities Ban use of noisy, high-powered
boats
Communal Fishing Open Sustainable fish Electrode fishing
waterways and catch
large bodies of Fine-mesh fishing net
water Dynamite fishing
Strict Protection Swamp forest Scientific Cutting of forest
Research
Fish sanctuary Fishing inside fish sanctuaries
zones
Hunting of wild birds
Collection of eggs of birds and
other reptiles
Buffer zone Sustainable Unsustainable extraction
Sustainable Use extraction of nipa
Riverbank and libi Unsustainable extraction of
protection and Sustainable bamboo and other species
stabilization extraction of
bamboo and other Harvesting of trees
Upland non- timber
reforestation species
Smallholder None
mixed tree
planting
Sustainable Construction of new fishponds
extraction of
Mangrove area firewood, poles,
and animal feed
3. Two-Step Process towards Declaring LM as a PA
164. The next steps leading to its proclamation as a protected area will be done in
the next 10 to 12 years, by implementing a two-phase project. The implementation of
the first investment project (2006-2010), will target completing a Presidential
Proclamation by Year 2008, while the second investment project (2011-2015) will
target completing the process through approval of a Law through the Philippine
Congress, officially proclaiming the Ligawasan as a protected area.
4. Objective IV. Lay the ground works for the establishment the Ligawasan as
a Protected Area and thus qualifies for a Presidential Proclamation.
Actions:
Finalize the documentation of occupants of the marsh
Validate the General Management Plan and

Have PAWB draft the proclamation for Ligawasan to be a protected

and then seek presidential approval
5. Objective V Complete preparatory work to get Congressional approval of

declaring Ligawasan as a Protected Area.
Action:
Organize groups to lobby Congress for enactment of a law declaring
Ligawasan Marsh as a Protected Area.
Table 12. Thirteen Steps to Get Legislative Approval for Declaring the
Ligawasan as a Protected Area under NIPAS and Status of Preparation
Step Activity Completed Action
1 Compile required maps and technical descriptions of P. A. Completed
2 Initial screening of each area regarding suitability as P. A. Completed
3 Public notification on existence of proposed P. A. Completed
4 Initial consult with affected public Completed
Census of protected area occupants Partially

5
Completed
6 Profiling of unique geological features, flora and fauna Completed
7 Prepare initial land use Partially completed
8 Conduct public hearing for inclusion of the area in NIPAS To be done
9 Submit report and recommendation to DENR Secretary To be done
10 Recommendation of DENR Secretary for inclusion of P. A. in NIPAS To be done
11 Prepare and seek approval of Presidential Proclamation To be done
12 Enact laws making P. A. as part of NIPAS To be done
13 Demarcate on the ground the P. A. boundary as required by law To be done
4. Law Enforcement
6. Objective VI Strengthen local law enforcers in Ligawasan Marsh
Actions:
Form a cadre of volunteer members of the community belonging to people’s
organizations (POs) to serve as Bantay Pawas
Enforce approved policies and rules and regulations in each municipality to
protect and conserve the natural resources through Bantay Pawas
Provide intensive training to members of the PMU, together with the Municipal
Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO), and all the Bantay
Pawas volunteers, on (i) the do’s and don’ts of conserving and protecting
wetland biodiversity, and (ii) straight-forward arrest procedures to minimize
risks---in life and limbs---and also to avoid unnecessary court litigations.
Conduct training by utilizing the municipal police; and
Forge a Memorandum of Agreement involving various agencies responsible
for enforcing the law for sustainability of the program

7. Objective VII Formulate local ordinances delineating the responsibilities of

various stakeholders
Actions:
Promulgate new local ordinances to clearly delineate the responsibilities for
enforcement, by closely involving in the process the local traditional leaders
(traditional, elected, and religious)
New ordinances shall include a negative list of what activities are not allowed
in the protected area to help simplify the enforcement
Enforce a system of penalties and sanctions to be meted out to violators of
laws and regulations on the use of natural resources
Penalties and sanctions shall be in addition to penal provisions in the laws to
be prescribed by the courts
The Bantay Pawas, working under the direction of the MENRO shall follow a
program of regular visits to the protected area in the barangay to check on
any irregular activity; and
Prepare and place in strategic locations in each LGU appropriate and
carefully-worded signage to support the conservation activities and provide
maintenance of these signage
165. Examples of a negative list could include a ban on: (i) the use of battery-
operated electric probes that indiscriminately kill even the young fishes, (ii) collecting
wildlife animals, and migratory and endangered endemic bird species; (iii) hunting of
birds; (iv) timber poaching; and (v) use of powerful motorized bancas creating
excessive noise that scare and disturb the normal biology of wildlife fauna.
8. Objective VIII. Produce a record of compliance on protected area regulations
Actions:
The PMUs shall include in its computerized monitoring and evaluation system
documentation of all apprehensions made by the Bantay Pawas to provide
benchmark and monitoring of compliance with the environmental laws and
ordinances.
Prepare written and oral reports to the LM Steering Committee, on a regular
basis, the progress made in the monitoring of compliance by all key
stakeholders of the marsh.
Recommend solutions to recurrent problems affecting the conservation and
protection of Ligawasan and monitor improvement in compliance.
9 Objective IX. Institutionalize a reward system.
Actions:
The LGUs shall institutionalize a reward and incentive system for CENRO,
MENRO and Bantay Pawas enforcers who make successful arrests of
violators of environmental laws and regulations;
The enforcers must also be provided with adequate and competent legal
assistance, in case they are hailed to court by violators; and
The PMU shall provide the Bantay Pawas with field uniforms and other
necessary field equipment and supplies, including minimum PhilHealth
coverage.
5. Off-Site and On-Site Research
10. Objective X. Develop a research program with the involvement of leading

scientists, and research institutions and agencies

Actions:
DENR-Project Management Office (PMO) establish a research committee of
up to seven members to direct and manage the research grants;
Prepare the committee’s TOR and the criteria to award grants;
Prepare and finalize annual work plan and budget; and
Establish a monitoring system recording information on details of research
grants, including dissemination of research results.
166. Specialization of committee members should include ecosystem

management, biologist, biochemist, irrigation or civil engineers, fishery specialist,
environmentalist, and forester.
11. Objective XI. Conduct research to Solve or Mitigate Site-Specific Problems
Actions:
Solicit research proposals by advertising in appropriate newspapers, apply
the selection criteria, and award grant funds to successful proposals;
Supervise research work by conducting field visits and conducting technical
review of midterm and final reports of each funded project; and
Disseminate results for use in conserving and protecting Ligawasan Marsh.
167. Examples of topics for research may include hydrological studies in selected
rivers and waterways to understand and determine the extent and impact of (i)
excessive siltation originating from the denuded upland watershed areas located in
Bukidnon, North Cotabato, and South Cotabato Provinces, (ii) agro-chemical
pollution from the nearby commercial banana plantations in Makilala, Buluan and
Paglat, (iii) mercury and other hazardous tailings from commercial and smallholder
mining activities surrounding the marsh, and (iv) solid and domestic wastes in rivers
and in the waters of Ligawasan. The results of these studies will be discussed in
dialogues with concerned parties and commercial establishments aimed at reducing
or stopping the source of these health and environmental problems.
168. Other studies may include (i) determining the rate of sedimentation from the
man-made cut-off channel and estimate its contribution to rapid build-up of new land
areas, and providing recommendations for practical solutions to alleviate the
problem; (ii) assessing different flora and fauna to determine home range, breeding,
and status; (iii) assessing the status of the fishery resources and determine the
maximum sustainable yield and total allowable catch of aquatic resources in
Ligawasan, the extent of extraction, the impact of the use of different gear and
breeding sites and seasonal variations of fish and other aquatic resources.
169. The fund may also support a project aimed at arresting the rapid conversion
of the only mangrove area in Ligawasan by: (i) forming people’s organization and
empowering the people to protect and conserve the mangrove area; (ii) conducting
meetings and dialogues of all stakeholders (fishermen, fishpond owners and
developers, local leaders, religious leaders, teachers, and others) living in or near the
mangrove area; and (iii) delineating and developing a management zone for the
sustainable use and development of the mangrove.

B. Prescription II: Institutional Development and Capacity Building
Goal: To organize and mobilize local government units, non government

organizations, and community members and other stakeholders to
enable them to engage in conservation activities and environment-
friendly livelihood activities.
1. Establish a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee
170. The specific objective is to establish and make operational a management

framework for the conservation and protection of Ligawasan Marsh, leading to the
establishment of an Interim PA Management Board (PAMB). However, until the
proclamation of LM as a protected area, a Ligawasan Marsh Steering Committee will
be formed. This committee will provide direction, leadership, and coordination of
activities to be done by ten participating LGUs to conserve and protect the marsh.
171. Community organizing is an essential task in a community development

process because the people decide for themselves the kinds of project interventions
they would like to undertake. In the context of the Ligawasan Marsh, the people are
given due recognition as the key players in the protection of the marsh and their roles
in this uncommon efforts are also well-defined. The next step will involve promoting
and strengthening their roles in the management of Ligawasan, which will foster their
cooperation to develop a sustainable project.
172. Three regional consultations have been completed: the first one was held in
Cotabato City in April 2004 and two more held in Koronadal City in August and
December 2004. As a result of these consultations, a strong consensus among the
stakeholders was reached that the Ligawasan Marsh should be proclaimed as a
protected area under NIPAS Act. The vision for Ligawasan was agreed upon,
including a manifesto for the support to proclaim it as a protected area.
2. Empower the Community and Training of LGUs, GAs, and NGOs
1. Objective I Empower the people in the community and other stakeholders

of Ligawasan Marsh
Actions:
Mobilize the community by forming people’s organizations (POs) in each
municipality to broaden grassroots and community-based participation
Develop a community organizing and mobilization program in each of the
ten participating municipalities to promote consultation and meaningful
participation of LGUs and communities in the management of the protected
area
Train PO members to enable them to actively participate in conserving the
marsh, and to take charge of implementing the livelihood activities;
Strengthen governance of POs through training and enhanced stakeholder
participation in governance by improving the consultation processes
Strengthen the governance of LGUs by training of .secondary stakeholders,
such as the staff of PAWD-ARMM, PAWD-Region XII, DENR Region XII,
PENROs and CENROs, NGOs, and GAs;and
Forge an inter-municipal/provincial agreement involving mayors and
governors to encourage dialogues and facilitate: (i) the promulgation,
adoption and implementation of local ordinances pertaining to the

management of Ligawasan Marsh, particularly dealing with illegal fishing

methods, timber poaching, dumping of waste (human and industrial), (ii)
strengthen existing ordinances to make them consistent and to synchronize
their implementation, (iii) provide permanent fish habitats/sanctuaries
through promulgation of ordinances (for example, in Sitio Katol at the
boundary of S.K. Pendatun and Tulunan or in Sitio Sapsap and other
locations requsted by local officials of S.K. Pendatun, Datu Montawal, and
Pagalungan;
2. Objective II Promote close consultation of local stakeholder through

workshops.
Actions:
Organize regular stakeholders’ workshops to promote meaningful
participation of LGUs and POs in conservation of the marsh
Require POs to submit simple tabular reports every three months to monitor
the progress being made in habitat restoration, livelihood and small rural
infrastructure activities, and performance of Bantay Pawas
Report and thresh out constraints and problems which delays project
implementation and jointly provide measures to mitigate the problems; and
Report progress in achieving performance indicators contained in the project
logframe
3. Implement an Environmental Education and Awareness

Program
3. Objective III Design an environmental education and awareness program

for Ligawasan Marsh
Actions:
Conduct an in-depth survey to determine the level of environmental education
and awareness of all the stakeholders and to assess the training needs of
target beneficiaries;
With the assistance of consultants, develop a broad-based conservation
education and awareness program to impart conservation values to local,
traditional, and religious leaders, civil society, LGUs, government agencies,
academe, including elementary and high school students and teachers, and
all the stakeholders; and
Prepare required budget for a five-year program for ten municipalities
Develop a long-term information, education and communication (IEC)
environmental program in Ligawasan Marsh covering ten municipalities,
focusing on environmental issues affecting the Ligawasan protected area.
4. Objective IV Develop information materials suitable for use in various media

including local radio and newspapers
Actions:
With the assistance of the IEC consultant, develop brochures, posters, and
print materials containing messages highlighting the importance of
biodiversity and the progress made in implementing the investment program
between 2006 and 2010;
Develop short documentary films featuring the conservation efforts of
communities in the protected area. Communicate through various media,
including local radio and newspapers; and

Conduct meetings and dialogues with village elders, traditional and religious
leaders, civil society, LGUs and government agencies to develop a two-way
communication system
5. Objective V. Conduct a broad-based conservation awareness campaign,

including use of multi-media
Actions:
Appoint a team in each PMU in ten municipalities to implement the
conservation education and awareness program, headed by a trained
communications staff
Prepare a yearly work plan with appropriate budget in each municipality for
approval by PMO
Implement the yearly campaign targeting all stakeholders;
Collaborate with officials of local schools in ten municipalities and integrate
the program into elementary and secondary school curricula, and provide
required information materials
Integrate parts of the IEC program in the barangay and municipal
environmental festivities to promote awareness in the communities
Collaborate with barangay health workers to promote and enhance
environmental consciousness in the community and among the youth and
women groups
Tap PO groups in organizing joint environmental activities to deepen
environmental consciousness; and
Prepare a simple report every three months to record the progress made and
report any major constraints and problems encountered in implementing the
awareness program, including proposed mitigation measures
4. Implement a Special Literacy Program
6. Objective VI. Establish a Special Literacy Program for Ligawasan Marsh
Actions:
Develop a special literacy curriculum by adopting similar curriculum
developed for indigenous people elsewhere that have been proven successful
with the assistance of the curriculum development experts;
Develop learning modules facilitated by the curriculum development expert,
teacher facilitators, and OSY students;
The PMUs of ten municipalities will select and engage the services of two
teacher facilitators for each municipality;
Conduct classes covering 200 contact-hours or 5 months at 10 hours per
week maximum; and
Conduct regular monitoring and evaluation of the progress of implementing
the program and determine progress made.
5. Seek Sustainable Financing
7. Objective VII. Source funds from various institutions
Actions:
Establish a trust fund generated from resource fees;
Actively search for funding or grants from private sector firms and foundation;
Seek small share of budget appropriation from LGUs for the protection of
Ligawasan Marsh through their Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA); and

Lobby for budget appropriations from the ARMM Regional Legislative

Assembly and the two Provincial Governments.
8. Objective VIII. Establish a fee system to support Bantay Pawas and regular
maintenance of the protected area
Actions:
Collect a conservation fee from local tourists visiting the wildlife/bird
sanctuaries and from the min-growth center facilities with cooperatives stores
and stall rentals owned by people’s organization; and
Monitor and update reports of collected fees on a regular basis.
9. Objective IX. Devise other revenue-generating activities
Actions:
Collect user fees approved by the Interim PAMB for new restaurants and new
commercial agricultural plantations and mining firms; and
Provide the LM Steering Committe with ideas of potential revenue sources
(i.e. postcards and royalties).
C. Prescription III: Support for Environment-friendly Livelihood Activities
Goal: To provide support to the main livelihood activities in the Marsh, involving
farming, fishing and other environment-friendly income-generating activities.
173. The main justification for providing alternative, environment-friendly livelihood

activities is based on the lesson learned in conserving biodiversity in the Philippines
and in other countries that in areas which are settled and highly populated, efforts to
conserve the biodiversity and protect the natural resources are more successful and
sustainable if complemented with socioeconomic activities, such as livelihood and
small infrastructure development.
174. For this reason, alternative and environment-friendly livelihood and

infrastructure activities will be supported. Feedback from primary and secondary
stakeholders obtained from results of the socioeconomic surveys and the barangay
consultations have provided the basis for assessing from the list of livelihood and
infrastructure interventions which can be supported after completing a pre-feasibility
level assessment.
175. Only seven of the nine livelihood interventions are recommend while the
remaining two interventions did not merit support. The seven interventions include: (i)
duck raising (muscovy and mallard); (ii) goat raising on stilt pens; (iii) backyard cattle
fattening; (iv) mat-weaving; (v) kalakat/Amakan weaving; (vi) pandan-hat making;
and (vii) food cover making. Two interventions that will not be supported include: (i)
kabibi shell culture and (ii) hardwood furniture making because they did not meet the
criteria for choosing only environment-friendly and sustainable interventions. These
assessments will be reviewed during project implementation.
176. The main strategy to promote sustainable rural development involves the
development of mini-growth centers, focused on supporting existing and new fish
landings or centers promoting marketing of food crops in other non-fishery centered
communities. In each mini-growth center, the PO will be encouraged to establish

multi-purpose cooperative stores to meet the needs of the community (i.e daily food
supply, equipment, materials, spare parts, accessories etc.) and to provide viable
market channels for the agricultural produce. After each sale of fish catch, fisher folks
can purchase their daily food needs from the cooperative store, and they will also
benefit from dividends at the end of each year once they become a member of the
coop.
177. Each cooperative building will be constructed using local labor based on
typical project design and cost. It will consist of a coop store, small office, meeting
hall, specialty literacy room and day care center room, fish landing shed, and five
stalls for rental for generating some income.
1. Objective I: Prepare work plans and budget for livelihood projects
Actions:
Consult beneficiaries and reconfirm interest to participate in livelihood
projects;
Prepare work plans and budget for different livelihood projects in each
barangay; and
Submit to the PMU of each municipality for approval.
2. Objective II: Implement the Livelihood Programs
Actions:
PMU to submit the municipal work plan and budget for approval by the
Project Management Office at DENR Headquarters;
Develop and implement entrepreneurship training program;
Provide support through proper supervision by the PMU team;
Organize the timely marketing of products in urban and population centers;
and
Monitor on regular basis the progress made and record the increase in
income of the beneficiaries.
3. Objective III: Develop Mini-Growth Centers to Strengthen Marketing of

Products
Actions:
Train POs on formation of cooperatives and train elected officials on running
a coop;
Register cooperatives;
Construct cooperative buildings;
Put into operation the cooperative store and establish marketing channels
and contracts; and
Monitor and solve problems met and record progress made.
D. Prescription IV: Support for Environment–friendly Small Rural

Infrastructure
Goal: To provide support for the construction of small rural infrastructure that will
enhance the effectiveness of the recommended rural livelihood activities,
including provision of social infrastructure.

178. To support the concerted efforts to increase the income of poor marsh
inhabitants by promoting alternative, environment-friendly livelihood activities, it is
necessary to provide small infrastructure that will complement and enhance the
effectiveness of the income-generating activities. However, the selected small
infrastructure must be truly environment- friendly.
179. Examples of small infrastructure chosen include (i) construction of drying

floors, (ii) rehabilitation of farm-to-market road, and (iii) construction of mini-growth
centers.
1. Objective I: Prepare work plans for infrastructure projects in each

Municipality
Actions:
• Consult beneficiaries and reconfirm interest to participate;
• Prepare work plans and budget for different livelihood in each barangay; and
• Submit to the PMU of each municipality.
2. Objective II: Implement the Small Rural Infrastructure Interventions
Actions:
• Seek technical assistance from PMU Engineers regarding specifications, cost
estimates, and sourcing of materials and small equipment;
• Develop and implement training program for Infrastructure Construction
Program; and
• Provide supervision in the construction and proper care of completed
facilities; and
• Monitor on regular basis the progress made.
3. Objective III Implement the Social Infrastructure Activities
180. The other part of the prescription involves the provision of social infrastructure
to address the major problems faced by the beneficiaries. These problems include
the lack of potable water supply due to perennial problem of flooding and improper
human waste disposal. Social infrastructure interventions include the provision of
communal water system by tapping natural ground water sources, distribution of
jetmatic hand pumps, and provision of individual toilet bowls and construction of
communal toilets
Actions:
Finalize the social infrastructure program in each municipality based on the
investment program and submit the yearly program work plan to the PMO;
Conduct meetings at the barangay level to confirm the interest of
beneficiaries and prepare a thematic map showing the location where the
infrastructure will be constructed;
The Engineering Section of the PMU shall provide technical assistance to the
POs in finalizing the specifications and purchase of the equipment and
supervising the construction of the facilities; and
Record the progress made in the M & E system of the Project and to monitor
any problems in implementation and to provide solutions.

E. Prescription V: Monitoring and Evaluation System for Wetland

Biodiversity Conservation and Socio-economic upliftment in the Ligawasan
Marsh
Goal: Development of a monitoring and evaluation system for wetland

biodiversity conservation and socio-economic upliftment in the
Ligawasan Marsh
181. There is a need to develop and establish a comprehensive monitoring and

evaluation system for the project to monitor and record the progress made in the
concerted efforts towards the conservation and protection of the biodiversity of the
marsh, improvement in the socioeconomic conditions of the beneficiaries, and
progress of project implementation.
182. Specifically, the activities under this prescription would include: (i)
development of analytical and sampling tools, (ii) monitoring to assess change in
the magnitude of threats. At the same time, impact indicators shall be identified and
developed, for example, presence of indicator species, expansion in wetland forests
areas, and establishment of vegetations on riverbanks to stabilize the flood-prone
rivers.
183. The performance evaluation will assess the appropriateness, effectiveness,

and efficiency of strategy and policy in achieving its objectives and outcomes at all
levels (Project Logframe). The assumptions, logical structure and performance
indicators will be used to focus specific performance evaluation. Eventually, this
will improve the design, re-orient the investment and improve the planning
strategies.
1. Objective I Establish the set of performance indicators
Actions:
Develop the set of performance indicators to measure improvement in the
conditions of the natural resource of Ligawasan, such as the presence of
indicator species, changes in habitat size or use, changes in human
settlement pattern, etc
Develop analytical and sampling tools needed to measure changes in the
environment and socioeconomic conditions of the marsh;
Conduct (a) field and biological surveys, (b) aerial imagery, and (c) field
surveys using targeted questionnaires to assess changes in the magnitude of
threats to the natural resource; and
Summarize the lessons learned from other similar on-going programs and
incorporate into the design of the M & E system.
2. Objective II Develop a monitoring and evaluation system for Ligawasan
Actions:
Purchase two sets of computers and accessories needed for the M&E work
for each municipality
Develop an M&E system for Ligawasan to assess changes in the magnitude
of threats, expansion in wetland forests areas, and stabilization of
riverbanks to protect flood-prone rivers.

With the assistance of the consultants, provide training to the M & E

Specialist of each PMU in ten municipalities on the setting up and operation
of the system; and
Provide regular assistance and support to the M & E team throughout the
Project to ensure that the system works

Table 1. Age Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality.

Age Bracket
Distribution of Respondents No
Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 Total
Response
Frequency
Municipality of Paglat
Dumakling - - 2 4 4 4 2 2 - 1 - - - - 1 20
Itdig - 6 18 10 14 16 12 5 7 1 1 - 1 - 2 93
Total - 6 20 14 18 20 14 7 7 2 1 - 1 - 3 113
Percentage - 5.31 17.70 12.39 15.93 17.70 12.39 6.19 6.19 1.77 0.88 - 0.88 - 2.65 100.00
Municipality of Tulunan
Dungos 1 - 1 6 4 5 2 2 3 - 1 1 - - 2 28
Galidan 2 16 17 22 15 21 10 9 7 4 1 - 2 - - 126
Popoyon - 4 5 8 9 6 5 4 3 - 1 - 1 - 4 50
Total 3 20 23 36 28 32 17 15 13 4 3 1 3 - 6 204
Percentage 1.47 9.80 11.27 17.65 13.73 15.69 8.33 7.35 6.37 1.96 1.47 0.49 1.47 - 2.94 100.00
Municipality of Mlang
Dugong 1 3 21 25 34 25 27 12 11 11 3 2 1 - 7 183
Dunguan - 4 9 27 20 20 21 3 14 5 1 - 1 1 3 129
Guanan 2 4 12 11 9 12 7 2 5 3 3 - - - 2 72
Total 3 11 42 63 63 57 55 17 30 19 7 2 2 1 12 384
Percentage 0.78 2.86 10.94 16.41 16.41 14.84 14.32 4.43 7.81 4.95 1.82 0.52 0.52 0.26 3.13 100.00
Municipality of SSB
Langgapangan - 2 2 5 4 2 4 3 1 - 1 1 1 - 2 28
Tugal 3 8 13 6 13 14 10 5 5 2 2 - 2 - 3 86
Gadungan 3 6 17 14 14 14 9 9 4 3 1 1 1 - - 96
Angkpayamat 6 5 20 22 8 12 9 2 5 1 1 1 3 - - 95
Bulod 2 6 18 21 21 16 7 5 5 3 5 1 1 - - 111
Papakan 5 3 12 8 9 6 12 7 3 1 - 1 2 - 2 71
Total 19 30 82 76 69 64 51 31 23 10 10 5 10 - 7 487
Percentage 3.90 6.16 16.84 15.61 14.17 13.14 10.47 6.37 4.72 2.05 2.05 1.03 2.05 - 1.44 100.00

Table 1. (Continuation)
Age Bracket
Distribution of Respondents Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 No Response Total
Frequency
Municipality of SKP
Bulod - 3 13 16 13 6 13 3 2 2 - - - - 1 72
Kulasi - 8 2 9 7 7 3 2 3 - - 1 - - - 42
Kaladturan - 2 5 6 4 5 5 2 3 - - - - - - 32
Lao-lao 3 9 18 10 15 10 13 6 6 3 4 - - - 1 98
Lower Idtig - 4 4 8 1 10 2 1 5 2 2 - - - - 39
Midpandakan 2 7 15 6 8 5 4 - 3 - - - - - 2 52
Makainis 1 4 7 14 6 8 5 5 2 1 - - - - 1 54
Panasolen 1 8 18 21 15 18 9 6 1 2 - - 1 1 2 103
Pidtiguian 1 8 5 9 13 7 6 2 - 3 2 2 - - - 58
Badak 7 23 39 38 29 24 15 26 15 10 8 2 4 1 18 259
Lasangan 1 14 25 36 22 10 8 8 11 3 5 - 1 - 3 147
Lumabao 1 6 8 7 8 4 5 6 - 1 1 - - - 2 49
Total 17 92 155 172 140 104 86 66 46 25 20 5 6 2 30 1005
Percentage 1.69 9.15 15.42 17.11 13.93 10.35 8.56 6.57 4.58 2.49 1.99 0.50 0.60 0.20 2.99 100.00
Municipality of Datu Montawal

Bulod 3 3 7 15 12 16 7 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 71
Dunguan 3 10 12 11 4 12 6 1 3 3 1 - 1 - 1 68
Talapas 1 6 3 9 8 4 10 1 3 3 - - - - - 48
Talitay 1 3 - 2 7 8 9 4 4 3 1 - - - 1 43
Total 147 82 23 37 31 40 32 8 12 12 3 0 1 0 2 230
Percentage 63.91 35.84 9.94 16.09 13.48 17.39 13.91 3.48 5.22 5.22 1.30 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.87 100.00
Municipality of Kabacan
Cuyapon 3 14 22 32 34 22 12 7 10 13 3 1 - - 1 174
Kilagasan 0 13 17 19 19 18 23 12 8 9 6 2 2 - 4 152
Magatos 0 8 18 26 19 10 12 4 1 2 2 1 - - 2 105
Lower Paatan 7 17 24 36 38 21 24 16 7 5 5 2 2 - 5 209
Upper Paatan - 1 6 8 10 4 2 3 3 2 1 - - - 3 43
Total 10 53 87 121 120 75 73 42 29 31 17 6 4 - 15 683
Percentage 1.46 7.76 12.74 17.72 17.57 10.98 10.69 6.15 4.25 4.54 2.49 0.88 0.59 - 2.2 100

Age Bracket
Distribution of Respondents No
Below 20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 Above 80 Total
Response
Frequency
Municipality of Pagalungan
Bagoenged - 1 2 8 6 - 7 1 2 3 1 - - - 3 34
Buliok 2 1 4 12 9 8 4 4 4 1 - - - - 3 52
Kudal - - 5 10 4 2 4 2 5 1 - 1 3 1 - 38
Kalbugan 3 5 26 19 14 16 13 2 6 5 2 - 1 - 2 114
Total 144 67 38 49 33 26 28 9 17 10 3 1 4 1 8 238
Percentage 60.50 28.33 15.91 20.59 13.87 10.92 11.76 3.78 7.14 4.20 1.26 0.42 1.68 0.42 3.36 100.00
Municipality of Pikit
Bagu Enged 1 5 4 3 9 10 - 3 3 1 - - - - 1 40
Barungis 2 1 9 14 9 16 9 3 5 7 1 - 1 - - 77
Buliok - 11 11 26 21 12 9 8 7 2 2 2 1 1 - 113
Bulod 2 8 8 6 4 1 6 4 - 2 - 1 3 - 1 46
Bulol 1 8 9 9 7 4 7 4 2 - 1 - - - - 52
Kabasalan 3 8 12 15 14 10 6 4 3 - 2 - 1 - 2 80
Katilakan - - 2 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 3 - 1 1 4 26
Kulambog - 4 5 12 11 7 7 2 2 3 1 2 - - 1 57
Langayen 1 6 11 9 12 10 2 3 1 1 1 - - - - 57
Makasendeg - 5 16 12 15 1 - - - - - - - - 4 53
Paido Pulangi 1 8 12 13 6 9 8 2 8 4 1 - - - 1 73
Punol 1 7 6 9 15 8 5 5 3 3 4 - - - 2 68
Rajah Muda 3 9 5 10 11 8 11 3 2 4 - 1 1 - 4 72
Talitay - 3 9 3 13 12 4 3 1 - 1 - - - - 49
Total 15 83 119 144 148 109 79 45 40 28 17 6 8 2 20 863
Percentage 1.74 9.62 13.79 16.69 17.15 12.63 9.15 5.21 4.63 3.24 1.97 0.70 0.93 0.23 2.32 100.00
TOTAL 80 324 587 712 650 527 435 240 217 141 81 26 39 6 103 4207
PERCENTAGE 1.90 7.70 13.95 16.92 15.45 12.53 10.34 5.70 5.16 3.35 1.93 0.62 0.93 0.14 2.45 100.00

Table 2. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents by Number of Household Members.

Number of household Members No
Total
Distribution of Respondents 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Above 10 Response
Dumakling 4 10 2 4 - - - 20
Itdig 25 16 23 14 8 - 7 93
Total 29 26 25 18 8 - 7 113
Percentage 25.66 23.01 22.12 15.93 7.08 - 6.19 100
Dungos 9 8 8 3 - - - 28
Galidan 11 30 37 29 14 5 - 126
Popoyon 11 20 10 7 1 - 1 50
Total 31 58 55 39 15 5 1 204
Percentage 15.2 28.43 26.96 19.12 7.35 2.45 0.49 100
Dugong 12 60 52 40 18 1 - 183
Dunguan 11 31 36 36 15 - - 129
Guanan 2 20 33 17 - - - 72
Total 25 111 121 93 33 1 - 384
Percentage 6.51 28.91 31.51 24.22 8.59 0.26 - 100
Municipality of SSB
Langgapangan 7 10 8 2 1 - - 28
Tugal 23 21 15 17 8 2 - 86
Gadungan 17 28 26 14 8 1 2 96
Angkayamat 16 22 32 15 9 1 - 95
Bulod 10 34 29 23 15 - - 111
Papakan 15 21 20 10 4 - 1 71
Total 43 136 130 81 45 4 3 487
Percentage 8.83 27.93 26.69 16.63 9.24 0.82 0.62 100
Municipality of SKP
Bulod 4 16 13 21 18 - - 72
Kulasi 4 10 3 17 8 - - 42
Kaladturan 6 8 3 10 5 - - 32
Lao-lao 12 23 16 28 19 - - 98
Lower Idtig 5 6 7 13 8 - - 39
Midpandakan 8 15 7 12 10 - - 52
Makainis 4 10 19 14 7 - - 54
Panasolen 8 36 30 21 8 - - 103
Pidtiguian 7 19 5 18 8 - 1 58
Badak 54 84 49 48 21 2 1 259
Lasangan 30 43 46 24 4 - - 147
Lumabao 11 20 12 4 1 0 1 49
Total 153 290 210 230 117 2 3 1005
Percentage 15.22 28.86 20.90 22.89 11.64 0.20 0.30 100.00

Number of household Members
No
Distribution of Respondents Above Total
1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Response
10
Bulod 5 27 21 15 3 - - 71
Dunguan 8 16 16 19 9 - - 68
Talapas 4 20 11 7 6 - - 48
Talitay 3 9 5 11 15 - - 43
Total 20 72 53 52 33 - - 230
Percentage 8.70 31.30 23.04 22.61 14.35 - - 100.00
Cuyapon 21 50 61 31 11 - - 174
Kilagasan 27 68 30 18 8 - 1 152
Magatos 8 32 36 23 6 - - 105
Lower Paatan 28 82 63 26 9 - 1 209
Upper Paatan 12 20 5 5 1 - - 43
Total 96 252 195 103 35 - 2 683
Percentage 14.06 36.90 28.55 15.08 5.12 - 0.29 100.00
Bagoenged 10 11 8 3 - - 2 34
Buliok 5 28 10 7 1 1 - 52
Kudal 9 14 4 10 1 - - 38
Kalbugan 20 37 33 15 7 1 1 114
Total 44 90 55 35 9 2 3 238
Percentage 18.49 37.82 23.11 14.71 3.78 0.84 1.26 100.00
Bagu Enged 3 11 10 12 4 - - 40
Barungis 12 24 30 9 3 - - 77
Buliok 6 29 33 35 10 - - 113
Bulod 5 15 13 8 5 - - 46
Bulol 4 15 13 15 5 - - 52
Kabasalan 14 22 24 15 2 2 1 80
Katilakan 10 8 6 2 - - - 26
Kulambog 6 15 13 18 4 1 - 57
Langayen 14 13 16 11 3 - - 57
Makasendeg 12 34 7 - - - - 53
Paido Pulangi 2 31 25 13 2 - - 73
Punol 13 24 17 11 3 - - 68
Rajah Muda 12 18 19 17 4 - 2 72
Talitay 1 12 17 12 7 - - 49
Total 114 271 243 178 52 3 3 863
Percentage 13.21 31.40 28.16 20.63 6.03 0.35 0.35 100.00
GRAND TOTAL 555 1306 1087 829 347 17 22 4207
PERCENTAGE 13.19 31.04 25.84 19.71 8.25 0.40 0.52 100.00

Table 3. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents According to Religious Affiliation.

Year Settled
Distribution of Respondents th Iglesia ni No
Islam Roman Catholic Protestant Baptist 7 Day Adventist Aglipay Methodist Total
Kristo Response
Dumakling 20 - - - - - - - - 20
Itdig 93 - - - - - - - - 93
Total 113 - - - - - - - - 113
Percentage 100.00 - - - - - - - - 100.00
Dungos 5 20 - 2 1 - - - - 28
Galidan 112 13 - 1 - - - - - 126
Popoyon 25 25 - - - - - - - 50
Total 142 58 - 3 1 - - - - 204
Percentage 69.61 28.43 - 1.47 0.49 - - - - 100.00
Dugong 128 52 1 - - 1 - - 1 183
Dunguan 129 - - - - - - - - 129
Guanan 72 - - - - - - - - 72
Total 329 52 1 - - 1 - - 1 384
Percentage 85.68 13.54 0.26 - - 0.26 - - 0.26 100.00
Municipality of SSB
Langgapangan 28 - - - - - - - - 28
Tugal 84 - - - - - - - 2 86
Gadungan 96 - - - - - - - - 96
Angkayamat 95 - - - - - - - 95
Bulod 111 - - - - - - - - 111
Papakan 71 - - - - - - - - 71
Total 485 - - - - - - - 2 487
Percentage 99.59 - - - - - - - 0.41 100.00

Year Settled
Roman 7th Day Iglesia ni No
Distribution of Respondents Islam Catholic Protestant Baptist Adventist Aglipay Kristo Methodist Response Total
Municipality of SKP
Bulod 72 - - - - - - - - 72
Kulasi 42 - - - - - - - - 42
Kaladturan 32 - - - - - - - - 32
Lao-lao 98 - - - - - - - - 98
Lower Idtig 3 - - - - 36 - - - 39
Midpandakan 52 - - - - - - - - 52
Makainis 54 - - - - - - - - 54
Panasolen 103 - - - - - - - - 103
Pidtiguian 58 - - - - - - - - 58
Badak 256 - - - - - - - 3 259
Lasangan 145 - - - - - - - 2 147
Lumabao 49 - - - - - - - - 49
Total 964 - - - - 36 - - 5 1005
Percentage 95.92 - - - - 3.58 - - 0.50 100.00

Bulod 71 - - - - - - - - 71
Dunguan 68 - - - - - - - - 68
Talapas 48 - - - - - - - - 48
Talitay 43 - - - - - - - - 43
Total 230 - - - - - - - - 230
Percentage 100.00 - - - - - - - - 100.00
Cuyapon 146 - 12 - - - - - - 174
Kilagasan 101 17 - - - 11 3 - - 152
Magatos 105 - - - - - - - - 105
Lower Paatan 164 14 4 - - - - 21 - 209
Upper Paatan 26 2 - - - - - - - 43
Total 542 33 16 - - 11 3 21 - 683
Percentage 79.36 4.83 2.34 - - 1.61 0.44 3.07 - 100.00

Year Settled
Distribution of Respondents th Iglesia ni No
Islam Roman Catholic Protestant Baptist 7 Day Adventist Aglipay Methodist Total
Kristo Response
Bagoenged 33 - - - - - - - 1 34
Buliok 52 - - - - - - - - 52
Kudal 38 - - - - - - - - 38
Kalbugan 114 - - - - - - - - 114
Total 237 - - - - - - - 1 238
Percentage 99.58 - - - - - - - 0.42 100.00
Bagu Enged 40 - - - - - - - - 40
Barungis 62 - - - - - - - 15 77
Buliok 113 - - - - - - - - 113
Bulod 46 - - - - - - - - 46
Bulol 52 - - - - - - - - 52
Kabasalan 80 - - - - - - - - 80
Katilakan 26 - - - - - - - - 26
Kulambog 49 - - - - - - - 8 57
Langayen 56 - - - - - - - 1 57
Makasendeg 53 - - - - - - 1 53
Paido Pulangi 73 - - - - - - - - 73
Punol 64 4 - - - - - - - 68
Rajah Muda 72 - - - - - - - - 72
Talitay 49 - - - - - - - - 49
Total 835 4 - - - - - - 25 863
Percentage 96.76 0.46 - - - - - - 2.90 100.00
TOTAL 3877 147 17 3 1 48 3 21 34 4207
PERCENTAGE 92.16 3.49 0.40 0.07 0.02 1.14 0.07 0.50 0.81 100.00

Table 4. Highest Educational Attainment of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality.

Highest Educational Attainment
Distribution of Respondents Elem. High School High School College College No
Arabic Elem. Level Total
Graduate Level Graduate Level Graduate Response
Dumakling - 8 - - - 1 - 11 20
Itdig - 44 3 6 11 5 1 23 93
Total - 52 3 6 11 6 1 34 113
Percentage - 46.02 2.65 5.31 9.73 5.31 0.88 30.09 100.00
Dungos 1 4 5 7 1 1 2 7 28
Galidan 75 8 7 4 5 1 - 26 126
Popoyon - 10 9 7 5 2 1 16 50
Total 76 22 21 18 11 4 3 49 204
Percentage 37.25 10.78 10.29 8.82 5.39 1.96 1.47 24.02 100.00
Dugong 2 80 16 23 23 10 5 24 183
Dunguan 4 38 6 20 13 9 3 36 129
Guanan 2 35 1 3 9 6 - 16 72
Total 8 153 23 46 45 25 8 76 384
Percentage 2.08 39.84 5.99 11.98 11.72 6.51 2.08 19.79 100.00
Municipality of SSB
Langgapangan 1 9 1 4 4 2 - 7 28
Tugal 6 27 3 5 5 2 - 38 84
Gadungan 8 25 10 3 3 5 4 38 96
Angkayamat 10 34 5 5 5 - 1 35 95
Bulod 12 19 15 17 17 4 7 20 111
Papakan 7 27 2 - - 1 - 34 71
Total 44 141 36 34 34 14 12 172 485
Percentage 9.07 29.07 7.42 7.01 7.01 2.89 2.47 35.46 100.00

Table 4. (Continuation).
Distribution of Respondents Elem. Elem. High School College College No
Arabic High School Graduate Total
Level Graduate Level Level Graduate Response
Municipality of SKP
Bulod 11 25 7 2 2 1 1 23 72
Kulasi 2 18 - 1 1 2 1 17 42
Kaladturan - 16 2 - - 4 2 8 32
Lao-lao 1 54 - 10 10 8 1 14 98
Lower Idtig 5 9 2 6 6 3 - 8 39
Midpandakan 8 22 - 4 4 - - 14 52
Makainis 5 16 3 - - 3 2 25 54
Panasolen 4 55 - 4 4 3 5 28 103
Pidtiguian 14 18 1 2 2 - - 21 58
Badak 29 77 5 14 14 17 10 93 259
Lasangan 21 69 1 1 1 1 0 53 147
Lumabao 6 15 2 5 5 2 4 10 49
Total 56 242 15 32 32 24 15 179 1005
Percentage 5.57 24.08 1.49 3.18 3.18 2.39 1.49 17.81 100.00

Bulod 5 21 - - - 1 - 44 71
Dunguan - 24 5 3 3 2 - 31 68
Talapas - 21 2 - - 3 1 21 48
Talitay - 13 - - - 3 - 27 43
Total 5 79 7 3 3 9 1 123 230
Percentage 2.17 34.35 3.04 1.30 1.30 3.91 0.43 53.48 100.00
Cuyapon 3 84 7 11 11 2 1 55 174
Kilagasan 9 57 13 11 11 3 4 44 152
Magatos 5 44 6 - - 6 - 44 105
Lower Paatan 3 88 9 8 8 6 2 85 209
Upper Paatan 1 12 6 5 5 4 2 8 43
Total 21 285 41 35 35 21 9 236 683
Percentage 3.07 41.73 6 5.12 5.12 3.07 1.32 34.55 100.00

Table 4. (Continuation).
Distribution of Respondents
Elem. Elem. High School High School College College No
Arabic Total
Level Graduate Level Graduate Level Graduate Response
Bagoenged 4 9 4 3 3 1 - 10 34
Buliok 1 17 1 3 3 3 3 21 52
Kudal 3 9 2 5 5 1 - 13 38
Kalbugan 5 49 2 5 5 5 1 42 114
Total 13 84 9 16 16 10 4 86 238
Percentage 5.46 35.29 3.78 6.72 6.72 4.20 1.68 36.13 100.00
Bagu Enged 1 13 2 2 2 5 - 15 40
Barungis 5 20 8 9 9 4 - 22 77
Buliok 3 33 7 15 15 11 3 26 113
Bulod - 15 5 6 6 2 1 11 46
Bulol 2 19 5 3 3 2 1 17 52
Kabasalan 1 39 7 - - - - 33 80
Katilakan - 4 6 2 2 - - 12 26
Kulambog - 19 8 5 5 2 1 17 57
Langayen 2 23 2 - - 1 1 28 57
Makasendeg 1 15 4 6 6 2 - 19 53
Paido Pulangi 2 31 2 6 6 2 2 22 73
Punol 3 26 14 2 2 1 1 19 68
Rajah Muda 3 30 5 5 5 3 - 21 72
Talitay - 18 4 6 6 - - 15 49
Total 23 305 79 67 67 35 10 277 863
Percentage 2.67 35.34 9.15 7.76 7.76 4.06 1.16 32.10 100.00
TOTAL 246 1363 234 257 254 148 63 1232 4207
PERCENTAGE 5.85 32.40 5.56 6.11 6.04 3.52 1.50 29.28 100.00

Table 5. Ethnic Origin of Household Heads/Respondents per Municipality.

Ethnic Origin
Distribution of Respondents No Total
Maguindanao Illonggo Cebuano Ilocano Christian Igorot
Response
Dumakling 20 - - - - - - 20
Itdig 92 - - - - - 1 93
Total 112 - - - - - 1 113
Percentage 99.12 - - - - - 0.88 100.00
Dungos 5 21 2 - - - - 28
Galidan 111 15 - - - - - 126
Popoyon 25 22 - - - - 3 50
Total 141 58 2 - - - 3 204
Percentage 69.12 28.43 0.98 - - - 1.47 100.00
Dugong 131 51 - - - - 1 183
Dunguan 129 - - - - - - 129
Guanan 72 - - - - - - 72
Total 332 51 - - - - 1 384
Percentage 86.46 13.28 - - - - 0.26 100.00
Municipality of SSB
Langgapangan 27 - - - - - 1 28
Tugal 84 - - - - - 2 86
Gadungan 95 - - - - - 1 96
Angkayamat 95 - - - - - - 95
Bulod 107 - - - - - 4 111
Papakan 71 - - - - - - 71
Total 479 - - - - - 8 487
Percentage 98.36 - - - - - 1.64 100.00

Ethnic Origin
Distribution of Respondents Maguindanao Illonggo Cebuano Ilocano Christian Igorot No Response Total
Municipality of SKP
Bulod 72 - - - - - - 72
Kulasi 42 - - - - - - 42
Kaladturan 32 - - - - - - 32
Lao-lao 98 - - - - - - 98
Lower Idtig 2 - - - - - 37 39
Midpandakan 52 - - - - - - 52
Makainis 54 - - - - - - 54
Panasolen 103 - - - - - - 103
Pidtiguian 58 - - - - - - 58
Badak 253 - - - - - 6 259
Lasangan 147 - - - - - - 147
Lumabao 48 - - - - - 1 49
Total 961 - - - - - 43 1005
Percentage 95.62 - - - - - 4.28 100.00

Bulod 71 - - - - - - 71
Dunguan 66 - 2 - - - 68
Talapas 48 - - - - - - 48
Talitay 43 - - - - - - 43
Total 228 - 2 - - - - 230
Percentage 99.13 - 0.87 - - - - 100.00
Cuyapon 147 - - 20 5 1 1 174
Kilagasan 90 - - 54 - - 8 152
Magatos 105 - - - - - - 105
Lower Paatan 160 - - 25 - - 24 209
Upper Paatan 26 - - 17 - - - 43
Total 528 - - 116 5 1 33 683
Percentage 77.31 - - 16.98 0.73 0.15 4.83 100.00

Ethnic Origin
Distribution of Respondents Total
Maguindanao Illonggo Cebuano Ilocano Christian Igorot No Response
Bagoenged 34 - - - - - - 34
Buliok 52 - - - - - - 52
Kudal 38 - - - - - - 38
Kalbugan 114 - - - - - - 114
Total 238 - - - - - - 238
Percentage 100.00 - - - - - - 100.00
Bagu Enged 40 - - - - - - 40
Barungis 77 - - - - - - 77
Buliok 113 - - - - - - 113
Bulod 46 - - - - - - 46
Bulol 52 - - - - - - 52
Kabasalan 80 - - - - - - 80
Katilakan 3 - 22 1 - - - 26
Kulambog 50 - - - - - 7 57
Langayen 57 - - - - - - 57
Makasendeg 53 - - - - - - 53
Paido Pulangi 73 - - - - - - 73
Punol 68 - - - - - - 68
Rajah Muda 72 - - - - - - 72
Talitay 49 - - - - - - 49
Total 833 - 22 1 - - 7 863
Percentage 96.52 - 2.55 0.12 - - 0.81 100.00
TOTAL 3852 109 26 117 5 1 96 4207
PERCENTAGE 91.56 2.59 0.62 2.78 0.12 0.02 2.28 100.00

Table 6. Fishing Methods Employed by the Respondents.

Fishing Method Frequency Percentage
Hook and line 121 9.98

Pintik 17 1.40
Fish net 615 50.74
Fish cage 32 2.64
Fish corral 27 2.23
Talik 226 18.65
Salakab 20 1.65
Sukob 61 5.03
No Response 93 7.67
Total 1212 100.00

Table 7. Types of Livestock and Poultry Raised and Estimated Population per Species.
Livestock/ Poultry No. of Respondents No. of
Municipality/Barangay
Raised (n=383) Heads
Municipality of Paglat (n=113)

Dumakling Chicken 2 184
Duck 1 124
Carabao 1 5
Goat 1 7
Itdig Chicken 16 276

Duck 9 112
Cow 7 33
Carabao 7 24
Goat 8 46
Municipality of Tulunan (n=204)

Dungos Chicken 2 550
cattle 1 6
Duck 1 509
Cow 1 1
Carabao 1 12
Pig 1 8
Goat 1 2
Galidan Chicken 30 321

Cattle 2 2
Duck 20 136
Carabao 1 1
Goat 4 5
Popoyon Chicken 4 207

Duck 4 187
Carabao 2 4
Goat 1 5
Municipality of Mlang (n=384)

Dugong Chicken 52 232
Duck 14 67
Cow 1 1
Carabao 7 12
Goat 7 22

Dunguan Chicken 14 263
Cattle 2 4
Duck 18 152
Cow 1 2
Carabao 10 20
Goat 14 87
Guanan Chicken 7 510

Cow 1 1
Carabao 1 8
Pig 5 96
Goat 5 116
Duck 1 207
Municipality of SSB (n=487)

Langgapangan Chicken 1 128
Duck 1 93
Tugal Chicken 18 376

Cattle 1 4
Duck 14 172
Carabao 5 61
Goat 4 20
Gadungan Chicken 25 318

Duck 15 141
Carabao 8 22
Goat 1 9
Angkayamat Chicken 14 271

Cattle 2 2
Duck 6 57
Carabao 4 14
Goat 1 1
Bulod Chicken 25 431

Cattle 2 9
Duck 8 188
Cow 2 4
Carabao 7 63
Goat 4 36
Papakan Chicken 6 197

Duck 12 111
Carabao 6 20
Goat 4 48


Municipality of SKP (n=1005)

Bulod - - -
Kulasi Chicken 3 72
Duck 3 86
Carabao 2 12
Goat 1 1
Kaladturan - - -
Lao-lao Chicken 30 129

Duck 9 150
Carabao 9 24
Goat 2 8
Lower Idtig Chicken 12 158

Duck 4 47
Carabao 2 5
Midpandakan Chicken 3 221

Duck 2 210
Cow 1 2
Carabao 3 20
Goat 2 16
Makainis Chicken 8 131

Duck 5 97
Carabao 4 10
Goat 2 12
Panasolen Chicken 20 372

Duck 24 239
Carabao 6 14
Goat 4 39
Pidtiguian Chicken 9 132

Duck 5 134
Carabao 4 10
Goat 4 61
Badak Chicken 16 112
Lasangan Chicken 21 118

Goat 13 62
Duck 10 118
Lumabao Duck 8 98


Municipality of Datu Montawal (n=230)

Bulod Chicken 16 811
Duck 5 22
Cow 1 2
Carabao 6 27
Goat 6 28
Dunguan Chicken 4 204

Duck 2 121
Goat 3 13
Carabao 2 7
Goose 1 10
Turkey 1 13
Talapas Chicken 5 238

Duck 1 41
Cattle 2 5
Carabao 5 27
Goat 3 38
Talitay Chicken 3 71
Duck 3 31
Carabao 2 9
Goat 3 13
Municipality of Kabacan (n=683)

Cuyapon Chicken 30 292
Duck 7 93
Carabao 2 2
Pig 10 62
Goat 5 45
Cow 1 2
Kilagasan Chicken 2 180
Magatos Chicken 23 623

Duck 8 134
Carabao 7 22
Goat 3 9
Lower Paatan Chicken 18 866

Duck 15 286
Carabao 7 15
Pig 5 15
Goat 12 105


Upper Paatan Chicken 4 266

Duck 4 47
Carabao 1 1
Pig 3 6
Municipality of Pagalungan (n=238)

Bagoenged Chicken 3 42
Duck 1 20
Cow 2 6
Carabao 2 4
Goat 2 5
Buliok Chicken 3 197
Kudal Chicken 4 28
Duck 3 21
Cow 1 2
Goat 1 2
Kalbugan Chicken 4 353

Duck 3 101
Carabao 1 2
Goat 1 6
Municipality of Pikit (n=863)

Bagu Enged Chicken 5 411
Duck 2 68
Cow 2 3
cattle 1 1
Carabao 2 6
Goat 1 1
Barungis Chicken 13 422

Duck 7 68
Cow 1 3
Carabao 8 21
Goat 6 31

Buliok Chicken 30 598

Duck 10 126
Cow 2 3
Carabao 6 16
Goat 3 16
Bulod Chicken 8 238

Duck 4 22
Cow 1 2
Carabao 3 9
Goat 4 20
Bulol Chicken 14 296

Duck 2 20
Cow 1 2
Carabao 2 3
Goat 4 35
Kabasalan Chicken 7 147

Duck 5 35
Cow 1 3
Carabao 4 5
Goat 4 10
Katilakan Chicken 3 53
Cow 1 8
Pig 3 14
Carabao 3 8
Goat 4 21
Kulambog Chicken 5 145

Duck 5 71
Carabao 5 17
Cow 2 9
Turkey 1 5
Pig 2 4
Goat 4 32


Langayen Chicken 23 675

Duck 3 32
Cow 4 23
Carabao 6 21
Dove 1 40
Goat 4 37
Makasendeg Chicken 28 615

Duck 3 140
Cow 3 12
Carabao 2 5
Goat 4 64
Paido Pulangi Chicken 23 167

Duck 7 157
Cow 1 1
Carabao 3 7
Goat 4 32
Punol Chicken 7 157

Turkey 2 31
Duck 3 47
Cow 3 10
Carabao 5 12
Goat 5 22
Rajah Muda Chicken 11 295

Duck 5 32
Cow 2 2
Carabao 4 8
Goat 3 40
Talitay Chicken 9 188

Duck 2 8
Cow 1 4
Carabao 2 5
Table 8. Methods Employed in Raising Livestock and Poultry.

Collection Site Frequency (n=1391) Percentage
Feedlot 711 53.74

Teethering 234 17.69
Cut and carry 177 13.38
Grazing 420 31.75
Others 75 5.67
Table 9. Types of Handicraft Produced by the Respondent.

Type of Handicraft No. of Respondents Estimated

made (n=240) Yield

Dumakling Kalakat 2 78
Itdig Kalakat 2 10
Mat weaving 5 11

Dungos Mat weaving 1 970
Kalakat 1 110
Coconut leaves 1 30
Galidan Mat weaving 3 15

Kalakat 6 1495
Coconut leaves 2 102
Popoyon - - -

Dugong Nipa hat making 5 800
Dunguan Mat weaving 4 7
Guanan Wall making 1 61000

Langgapangan - - -
Tugal Nipa hat making 6 1120

Kalakat 1 70
Mat weaving 2 4
Gadungan Kalakat 2 180
Angkayamat Mat weaving 3 19

Kalakat 3 300
Nipa hat making 1 415
Bulod Nipa hat making 5 1600
Papakan Mat weaving 1 8

Coconut leaves 1 200
Fish equipment 1 30
Talik making 1 5


made (n=240) Yield

Bulod - - -
Kulasi Mat weaving 2 4

Kaladturan - - -
Lao-lao Mat weaving 1 2
Lower Idtig Mat weaving 3 212

Roof making 1 200
Hat making 3 630
Midpandakan Kalakat 4 2310

Roof making 2 600
Makainis Nipa hat making 1 250
Panasolen Mat weaving 2 63
Pidtiguian Mat weaving 5 207

Roof making 2 20
Nipa hat making 2 3
Badak Mat weaving 1 2

Lasangan Mat weaving 2 27

Roof 1 300
Lumabao Mat weaving 3 163

bagombong making 1 1500

Bulod - - -
Dunguan Roof making 4 600
Talapas Mat weaving 2 90

Roof making 1 400
Talitay Mat weaving 1 3

Cuyapon Mat weaving 6 300
Kilagasan Mat weaving 27 2500

Roof making 38 55000

made (n=240) Yield
Magatos - - -
Lower Paatan Mat weaving 4 500
Upper Paatan - -

Bagoenged - - -
Buliok Hat making 1 300
Kudal - - -
Kalbugan Hat making 3 900

Bagu Enged Wood Bundling 2 20
Barungis - - -
Buliok Roof making 1 600
Bulod Roof making 1 600
Bulol - - -
Kabasalan Mat weaving 1 3
Katilakan - - -
Kulambog Wood Bundling 2 20
Langayen - - -
Makasendeg - - -
Paido Pulangi - - -
Punol Wood Bundling 2 20
Rajah Muda Mat weaving 2 10
Talitay Roof Making 8 3800

Table 10. Other Sources of Income of the Respondent.

No. of Respondents
Municipality/Barangay Other Sources of Income
(n=1233)

Dumakling Fire wood 1
Carpenter 1
Itdig Rice mill 2

Bussiness 1
Carpenter 1
laborer 1
Driver 1

Dungos Military 2
Carpenter 2
Buy and Sell 2
Fire wood 2
Laborer 2
Driver 2
Galidan Carpenter 1
Laborer 1
Driver 1
Government employee 1
Sari-sari Store 1
Cogon harvest 2
Talahib Cutting 1
Agent 2
Popoyon
Carpenter 2
Laborer 1
Driver 6
Sari-sari Store 2
Vendor 2

Dugong Carpenter 16
Firewood 4
Buy and sell 2
laborer 52
Driver 16
Dunguan Carpenter 2
Laborer 21
Fire wood 2
Driver 6
Saw operator 6


No. of Respondents
(n=1190)
Guanan Laborer 16
Driver 4

Langgapangan Laborer 2
Saw Operator 2
Tugal Buy and sell 8

Laborer 2
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 4
Gadungan Laborer 4
Driver 12
Sari-sari Store 4
Teacher 2
Angkayamat Laborer 6
Driver 21
Buy and sell 6
Sari-sari Store 8
Bulod Carpenter 8
Buy and sell 4
Laborer 6
Driver 10
Saw Operator 2
Papakan Fire wood 2

Laborer 4
Sari-sari Store 5
Vendor 2

Bulod - -
Kulasi Carpenter 2
Laborer 4
Sari-sari Store 6
Kaladturan - -


No. of Respondents
(n=1233)
Lao-lao Laborer 2
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 5
Lower Idtig Laborer 4

Driver 2
Sari-sari Store 2
Midpandakan Carpenter 2
Laborer 8
Driver 13
Fire wood 4
Business 2
Makainis Laborer 2
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 2
Panasolen Laborer 12
Driver 6
Business 12
Sari-sari Store 6
Pidtiguian Laborer 4
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 8
Badak Laborer 10
Driver 4
Sari-sari store 3
Lasangan Laborer 10
Driver 3
Business 1
Sari-sari store 4
Lumabao Carpenter 2
Fire wood 2
laborer 3
Govermment employee 1

Bulod Driving Boat 4
Laborer 13
Sari-sari Store 4
Driver 2
Roof Making 2
Teacher 2
Dunguan Laborer 28
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 10


No. of Respondents
(n=1233)
Talapas Laborer 2
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 3
Talitay Driving Boat 2

Cuyapon Carpenter 4
Laborer 28
Driver 21
Saw Operator 7
Kilagasan Fire wood 7

Laborer 26
Driver 14
Business 2
Magatos Laborer 14
Driver 16
Saw Operator 2
Sari-sari Store 6
Lower Paatan Laborer 36

Driver 11
Sari-sari Store 7
Upper Paatan Laborer 26

Driver 12
Government employee 2
Sari-sari Store 6

Bagoenged Carpenter 2
Wood gathered 2
Driver 2
Buliok Carpenter 9
Laborer 2
Business 2
Sari-sari Store 5


No. of Respondents
(n=1233)
Kudal Laborer 2
Driver 3
Government Employee 3
Wood gathered 4
Sari-sari Store 3
Kalbugan Laborer 8
Driver 9
Sari-sari Store 13

Bagu Enged Driving Boat 3
Carpenter 2
Laborer 12
Driver 8
Business 2
Sari-sari Store 8
Barungis Driving Boat 2

Carpenter 6
Driver 2
Sari-sari Store 8
Buliok Driving Boat 2

Carpenter 16
Hired Laborer 4
Laborer 6
Driver 4
Sari-sari Store 20
Bulod Driver 2
Business 2
Sari-sari Store 2
Vendor 2
Bulol Laborer 2
Driver 2
Sari-sari Store 2


No. of Respondents
(n=1233)
Kabasalan Carpenter 2
Laborer 4
Driver 2
Business 2
Sari-sari Store 6
Vendor 4
Katilakan Driver 3
Sari-sari Store 2
Kulambog Carpenter 5
Driver 5
Business 3
Sari-sari Store 3
Langayen Driving Boat 4

Carpenter 5
Saw Operator 4
Business 1
Makasendeg Carpenter 6
Driver 1
Sari-sari Store 5
Paido Pulangi Laborer 29

Driver 3
Business 4
Sari-sari Store 6
Punol Carpenter 15
Laborer 35
Driver 28
Rajah Muda Laborer 9

Driver 6
Sari-sari Store 6
Talitay Carpenter 5
Laborer 6
Driver 2
Sari-sari Store 3

Table 11. Estimated Annual Income of Household.

Estimated Annual Average Income
Municipality/Barangay 100,000 &
Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 No Response Total
above
Dumakling 7 5 2 2 - 3 1 20
Itdig 44 18 9 7 1 2 12 93
Sub-total 51 23 11 9 1 5 13 113
Percentage 45.13 20.35 9.73 7.96 0.88 4.42 11.50 100.00
Dungos 16 6 4 - - 2 - 28
Galidan 25 39 25 7 5 24 1 126
Popoyon 14 14 4 2 3 2 11 50
Sub-total 55 59 33 9 8 28 12 204
Percentage 26.96 28.92 16.18 4.41 3.92 13.73 5.88 100.00
Dugong 55 41 36 20 8 22 1 183
Dunguan 41 50 18 5 6 7 2 129
Guanan 19 23 8 6 5 6 5 72
Sub-total 115 114 62 31 19 35 8 384
Percentage 29.95 29.69 16.15 8.07 4.95 9.11 2.08 100.00
Municipality of SSB
Langgapangan 1 5 6 8 5 3 - 28
Tugal 12 21 18 14 6 15 - 86
Gadungan 22 31 10 6 5 9 13 96
Angkayamat 24 21 13 13 9 15 - 95
Bulod 24 36 20 10 8 10 3 111
Papakan 9 24 9 6 4 15 4 71
Sub-total 92 138 76 57 37 67 20 487
Percentage 18.89 28.34 15.61 11.70 7.60 13.76 4.11 100.00


Municipality/Barangay Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 100,000 & above No Response Total
Municipality of SKP
Bulod 11 20 10 8 7 15 1 72
Kulasi 16 10 5 2 2 4 3 42
Kaladturan 7 6 2 3 - 9 5 32
Lao-lao 37 22 11 6 6 12 4 98
Lower Idtig 15 9 4 5 - 3 3 39
Midpandakan 9 18 7 2 4 11 1 52
Makainis 16 14 11 2 2 4 5 54
Panasolen 27 34 17 8 4 9 4 103
Pidtiguian 13 23 10 2 3 4 3 58
Badak 121 52 18 22 8 11 27 259
Lasangan 88 14 17 8 15 2 3 147
Lumabao 22 5 13 4 - 1 4 49
Sub-total 382 227 125 72 51 85 63 1005
Percentage 38.01 22.59 12.44 7.16 5.07 8.46 6.27 100.00

Bulod 12 9 8 8 8 22 4 71
Dunguan 12 13 10 9 3 13 8 68
Talapas 10 11 11 5 3 4 4 48
Talitay 13 13 6 5 - 4 2 43
Sub-total 47 46 35 27 14 43 18 230
Percentage 20.43 20.00 15.22 11.74 6.09 18.70 7.83 100.00
Cuyapon 26 32 22 14 7 20 53 174
Kilagasan 31 38 27 18 13 18 7 152
Magatos 19 29 14 13 10 17 3 105
Lower Paatan 15 14 10 15 11 11 133 209
Upper Paatan 13 9 8 6 1 6 - 43
Sub-total 104 122 81 66 42 72 196 683
Percentage 15.23 17.86 11.86 9.66 6.15 10.54 28.7 100.00


Municipality/Barangay 100,000 &
Below 20,000 21,000-40,000 41,000-60,000 61,000-80,000 81,000-100,000 No Response Total
above
Bagoenged 16 3 6 3 1 - 5 34
Buliok 13 9 4 4 2 14 6 52
Kudal 15 10 4 1 2 4 2 38
Kalbugan 23 14 20 11 16 28 2 114
Sub-total 67 36 34 19 21 46 15 238
Percentage 28.15 15.13 14.29 7.98 8.82 19.33 6.30 100.00
Bagu Enged 7 7 7 7 4 7 1 40
Barungis 13 16 9 10 8 20 1 77
Buliok 19 20 14 16 23 20 1 113
Bulod 13 12 10 2 2 5 2 46
Bulol 19 16 5 8 2 6 2 52
Kabasalan - 7 7 6 4 54 2 80
Katilakan 6 4 4 - 4 6 2 26
Kulambog 4 3 8 6 8 25 3 57
Langayen 5 9 7 7 6 22 1 57
Makasendeg 2 4 4 12 10 20 1 53
Paido Pulangi 10 15 16 9 5 17 1 73
Punol 2 10 10 9 3 31 3 68
Rajah Muda 12 11 14 13 6 15 1 72
Talitay 16 9 8 4 1 7 4 49
Sub-total 128 143 123 109 86 255 25 863
Percentage 14.83 16.57 14.25 12.63 9.97 29.55 2.90 100.00
GRAND TOTAL 1041 906 580 397 279 634 370 4207
PERCENTAGE 24.74 21.54 13.79 9.44 6.63 15.07 8.79 100.00


ANNEX 1

ANNEX 2

ANNEX 3

ANNEX 4

ANNEX 5

ANNEX 6

Annex 7 List of plant species found in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex based on the inventory done
for the preparation of the Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA)
Local name
Family Name Scientific Name (Maguindanaoan) Common Name
Malvaceae Abelmoschos esculentus okra/likuway okra
Pteridaceae Achrostichum aureum L. Palbek lagolo
Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Kadeket-deket dokotdokot
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Aeschynomeme americana Kayulog tulog a mama makahiyang lalake
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Aeshynomene indica L.
Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Kalukatlukat damong mabaho
Leguminosae/
Mimosaceae Albizia saponaria Balogo saling kugi
Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Biao lumbang
Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. kabetek-betek dita
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis
Amaranthaceae Amaranthus gracilis bangkawangan kulitis
Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. katebektebek bayamban
Poaceae Andropogon citratus L. salay tanglad
Marattiaceae Angiopteris palmifloris pako a tading pakong kalabaw
Annonaceae Annona muricata bayabano guyabano
Annonaceae Annona squamosa salikaya atis
Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. paku pakong buwaya
e
Arecaceae Areca caliso kalido kalido
e
Arecaceae Areca catechu makaan bunga
Moraceae Artocarpus cummunis kamasi kamansi
Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus badak nangka
Poaceae Arundo donax L. bagumbong tambo
Axonopus compressus (SW.)
Poaceae Beauv. balili a mama carabao grass
Poaceae Bambusa blumeana tamlang kawayan-tinik
Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris kling kawayan-kiling
Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris var. striata kling a sambulawan striated bamboo
Barringtonia acutangula (L.)
Lecythidaceae Gaertn. sbp. acutangula
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa Merr. tupak putat
Asteraceae Bidens pilosa deket- deket beggar ticks
Gramineae/
Poaceae Brachiaria mutica
Euphorbiaceae Breynia rhamnoides pamadtingin matang hipon
Convolvulaceae Calonyction
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Calopogonium mucunoides kaluming calopogonium
Caricaceae Carica papaya papaya papaya
e
Arecaceae Caryota cumingii pula pugahan
e
Arecaceae Caryota rumphiana tabisan takipan
Leguminosae/
Caesalpinaceae Cassia alata katiobong acapulco
Leguminosae/
Caesalpinaceae Cassia tora L. balatong aso balatong aso
Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra kapok silk cotton
Gramineae/
Poaceae Cenchrus echinatus L.
Apiaceae Centella asiatica L.
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Centrosema plumieri baba na ubal centrosema
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Centrosema pubescens sageket centro
Parkeriaceae Ceratopteris thalictroides
Gramineae/
Poaceae Chloris barbata kro-kro koroskorosan
Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata kamarumaru hagonoy
Gramineae/ Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz)
Poaceae Trin. deket-deketan amorseco
Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. niyog niyo
Gramineae/
Poaceae Coix lachryma L. kabilas bilas tigbe
Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa kulasi alikbangon
Asteraceae Conyza canadensis (L.) Crong. keba conyza
Boraginaceae Cordia sp. nonang anonang
Arecaceae Corypha elata silal buri
Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. kalawag dilao
kawad-
Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. bermuda kawad/bermuda
Cyperus brevifolius (Roth.)
Cyperaceae Hassk. kapugopugo pugopugo
Cyperaceae Cyperus imbricatus pupao na bao balabalumutan
Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L. kapayungpayung payungpayung
Cyperaceae Cyperus javanicus Houtt.
Cyperaceae Cyperus kyllingia basikad basikad
Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus t'ke mutha
e
Arecaceae Daemonorops mollis tanigib ditaan
Leguminosae/ Desmodium pulchellum (L.)
Papilionaceae Benth. galocos payang-payang
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Desmodium triflorum (L.) D.C. kayakep desmodium
Gramineae/
Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis L. pagokpok a babay pagpagay
Gramineae/
Poaceae Digitaria setigera pagupok baludgangan
Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone spathacea
e
Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao makao dao
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. mamayog kamrakamra
Labiatae/
Lamiaceae Dysophylla auricullaria L. palti ni dagingan buntot pusa
Gramineae/ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.
Poaceae Beauv. tanagep bayakibok
Compositae/
Asteraceae Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. dila na manok higis manok
Ponterderiaceae Eichhornia crassipes butiti nilad
Arecaceae Elaeis guinensis african oil palm african oil palm
Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber kadiladila dilala
Gramineae/
Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. balili sabong-sabong
Gramineae/ Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. F.
Poaceae Hubb timbangan tagulinao
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. katawa-tawa golodrina
Moraceae Ficus botryocarpa busikong basikong
Moraceae Ficus sp. nononk balete
Moraceae Ficus variegate ple/busikong/naga tangisang-bayawak
Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma sumpa na balik guni

Cyperaceae Fuirena umbellata Roxb.

Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Walh. madre cacao kakawate
Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea gmelina gmelina
e
Hanguanaceae Hanguana sp.
Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum L. kabalakbalak buntot lion
Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus malubago malibago
Gramineae/
Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. gi kogon
Leguminosae/ Indigofera suffruticosa Mill sbp.
Papilionaceae suffruticosa L.
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica kangkong kangkong
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-tigridis kauboubi kamokamotehan
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea triloba talibed malasandia
Gramineae/
Poaceae Ischaemum digitatum Brongn..
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas kabitialay tubang bakod
Sterculiaceae Kleinhovia hospital tamnag tan-ag
Lythraceae Lagerstroemia speciosa banawa banaba
Gramineae/
Poaceae Leersia hexandra Sw. barit nes barit
e
Gramineae/
Poaceae Leptochloa chinensis kapalaypalay palay maya
Leguminosae/
Mimosaceae Leucaena leucocephala lipi lipi ipil-ipil
Scrophulariaceae Lindernia sp.
Arecaceae Livistonia rotundifolia blak anahao
Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens kangkong dapa/gabi gabi kangkong dapa
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq)
Onagraceae Raven
Onagraceae Ludwigia perennis balansuet sigang dagat
Schizaeaceae Lygodium nito a maputi nitong puti
Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinnatum nito nito
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius binunga/limbunga binunga
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus multiglandiolosus alem alim
Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelinum saluyot digaosen saluyot
Anacardiaceae Mangifera altissima baluno baluno
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica manga manga
Anacardiaceae Mangifera odorata huani/ manga huani huani
e
Anacardiaceae Mangifera philippinensis paho paho
Euphorbiaceae Manihot utilissima ubi bangala/ kapok cassava
Sterculiaceae Melochia corchorifolia L.
Convolvulaceae Merremia peltata sagiket sagiket
Arecaceae Metroxylon sagu libi sago
Compositae/
Asteraceae Mikania cordata
Ponterderiaceae Monochoria vaginalis pusaw bigabigaag
Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia bunga bankoro
Moringaceae Moringa oleifera kalamonggay malunngay
Musaceae Musa sapientum sagin saging
Rubiaceae Nauclea orientalis balikakab bangkal
Nelumbaceae Nelumbo nucifera sawa lotus

Arecaceae Nipa fruticans tog nipa

Nyphaeaceae Nymphaea odorata butil water lily
Gentianaceae Nymphoides indica
Labiatae/
Lamiaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Gramineae/
Poaceae Oryza sativa palay palay
Pandanaceae Pandanus sp. pandan pandan
Gramineae/
Poaceae Panicum cambogiense Balansa
Gramineae/
Poaceae Panicum flavidum (Retz.) A utan na manok
Gramineae/
Poaceae Panicum paludosum Roxb.
Gramineae/
Poaceae Panicum repens L. kaluya-luya luyaluyahan
Gramineae/
Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum Berg. manumpang kulape
Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. sampirola melonmelonan
Pennisetum polysachyon (L.)
Poaceae Schult ikog a tanuyo buntot pusa
Lauraceae Persea Americana avocado/vucado abucado
Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.)
e
Rubiaceae Rids l
Gramineae/
Poaceae Phragmites sp.
Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora
Solanaceae Physalis minima sakebang pantugpantugan
Araceae Pistia stratioides L. kayupo kiyapo
Polygonaceae Polygonum barbatum kabalakbalak sigas lupa
Polygonaceae Polygonum orientale L.
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Pongamia pinnata
Portulaceae Portulaca oleracea L. ludsiman ulasiman
Verbenaceae Premna odorata legao alagao
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava bayabas guava
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. nara smooth narra
Leguminosae/ Pterocarpus indicus Willd.forma
Papilionaceae echinatus nara prickly narra
Combretaceae Quisqualis indica L.
Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. katangtangan castor oil plant
Gramineae/
Poaceae Roettbellia exaltata L. f. bugang aguingay
Gramineae/
Poaceae Rynchyletrum repens panuselen natal grass
Gramineae/
Poaceae Saccharum officinale tubo sugar cane
Gramineae/
Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum L. tiogaw talahib
Salicaeae Salix tetrasperma baybay baibai
Bombacaceae Salmania malabarica kulumpang malabulak
Leguminosae/
Mimosaceae Samanea saman pansiyo raintree
e
Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis malapandan malapandan
Cyperaceae Scirpus grossus balabak tikiw
Cyperaceae Scleria scrobiculata talid sarat
Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex
e
Willd) Baill.
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Sesbania cannabina (Retz) Pers.
Leguminosae/
Papilionaceae Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. tudi katuray
Malvaceae Sida acuta tapanding walis-walisan
Malvaceae Sida retusa sapal escoba
Celastraceae Siphonodar celstrinaus salimbetuk matang ulang
Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba pedada pedada
Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia caseolaris pagapat pagapat
Poaceae Sorgum halepense (L.) Pers. lagumbingan batad-batadan
Asteraceae Sphaeranthus africanus patung a bai botobotonesan
Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaert. kasila na manok silisilihan
Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata libas libas
Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis kandikandilaan kandikandilaan
Lomariopsidaceae Stenochlaena palustris
Compositae/
Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora aleb a manok tuhod manok
Syzygium cf. bordenii (Merr.)
e
Myrtaceae Merr lumban malaruhat puti
Myrtaceae Syzygium cummini inogog duhat
Myrtaceae Syzygium sp. 2
Myrtaceae Syzygium sp.1
Leguminosae/
Caesalpinaceae Tamarindus indicus sampaloc Tamarind
Combretaceae Terminalia catappa talisay Talisay
e
Combretaceae Terminalia copelandii lipao Lanipao
Vitaceae Tetrastigma harmandii
Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum L. papet Toston
Turneraceae Turnera subulata
Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L.
Malvaceae Urena lobata deket-deket Kolokolotan

Annex 8. List of Fauna in the Ligawasan Marsh
BIRDS SURVEY DATA SHEET

Protected Area Assessment for Ligawasan Marsh
Observer: Boying Fernandez Coordinates: N 06 92 41.7 Stratum Wetland Habitat Date: May 31, 2004
Location: Brgy. Dugong, Mlang Cotabato E 124 87 66.5 A. Canopy Time Started: 8:30 AM
Weather Condition: Sunny Elevation: B. Understory A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 11 :30 AM
Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of Perp. C. Ground B. Shrub
C.Swamp Seen Heard Station
Indv. Dist. 1. Stem Remarks
Forests
2. Branches <5cm. D. Peat Swamp
3. Branches <5cm. E. Rite Field'
Maguindanaonon 4. Leaves F. Grassland
5. Flying
1 Streptopelia chinensis 10 B-C-5 I I
2 Streptopelia bitorquata 15 B-C-5 I I
3 Geopelia striata Korokokok 6 8-C-5 I I
4 Nectorinia juqularis 10+ B-C-5 I I
5 Artamus leucorhynchus Pas-pas 10 B-C E I I
6 Rhipidvra javanica 9 5-B-C E I I
7 Ardeola speciosa Tala-ong 20+ 5-C E-F I
8 Egretta garzetta M Kugkubangay 25 100 5-C E-F I
9 Egretta sacra 5 50 5 E-F I
10 Aplonis panayensis Tabasal flocks 5 I I
11 Merops viridis 20+ 5 I I
12 Cisticola exilis Pit-pit 5 B E-F I I
13 Nectarinia sperata 2 B I I
14 Dicaeum australe , 4 A-B I I
15 Dicaeum trigonostigma 2 I I
16 Collocalia esculenta 10+ 5 E I
17 Collocalia troglodytes . 10+ C E I
18 Amourormis pheonicurus 2 C F I
19 Ralliana sr. Tugling 5 C-5
20 Rallus torquatos Tugling 1
21 Porzana fusca Tugling 1 C-5
22 Alage nigra 2 5
23 Lonchura malacca flocks 5 F
24 Lonchura lencosastra 10+ C-5 F
25 Megalurus palustris Kakassi 5 10 B-F F

26 Pycnonotus goiavier 5 20 I
27 Porzana sr. 1 I
28 Ardea sumatrana Bagok 5
29 Collocalia esculenta Baera-bidaanle 16 100 5-8
30 Halcyon chloris Kasmg-sina 7 8 I
31 Oriolus chinensis Teolan 2 8 I
32 Dicaeum anthonyi 2 20 I I


Observer: Boying Fernandez Coordinates: N 07 20 62.1 Stratum Wetland Date: May 26, 2004
Location: Brgy. Pob. #9, Cotabato City (Tamuntaka) E. 124 26 28.9 Habitat Time Started: 8:30 AM
Weather Condition: Elevation: 25 m. A. Canopy A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 11 :30 AM
Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of B. Shrub
Perp. B. Understory C. Swamp
Forest
Indv. Dist. C. Ground D. Peat Swamp Seen Heard Station Remarks
1. Stem E. Rice Field
2. Branches <5cm F. Grassland
3. Branches <5cm
4. Leaves
5. Flying
1 Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird 25 A-B-F I I
2 Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-Vented Bulbul 10 B-F I I
3 Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker 6 A-B-F I I
4 Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole 2 B I I
5 Nectarina sperata Purple-throated Sunbird 3 B I I
6 Anthreptes malacencis Plain-throated Sunbird 4 B-F I I
7 Aethopyga pulcherrima Metallic-winged Sunbird f(/ 2 B-F I I
8 Celage nigra Pied Thriller 4 F C I I
9 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird 6 C-1 I I
10 Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher 7 F E I I
11 Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow 10 F F I I
12 Acrocephalus stentorois Clamorous Reed-warbler 20 F I I
13 Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Reed-warbler 104 F I I
14 Streptopelia bitorquata Island-collared Dove 107 A-B-F I I
15 Centropus viridis Philippine Loucal 3 10 C I I
16 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher 2 20 B-F I I
17 Butorides striatus Little Heron 2 F F I I
18 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove 10 F F I I
19 Aplonis panayensis Asian-glossy Starling 4 B-F I I


Observer: Baying Fernandez Coordinates: Stratum Wetland Habitat Date: May 2004
Location: Payan, Kabuntalan, Maguindanao Time Started: 8:30 AM
Weather Condition: Fair Elevation: A. Canopy A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 11 :30 AM
Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of Perp. B. Understory B. Shrub
Indv. Dist. C. Ground C.Swamp Seen Heard Station Remarks
Forest
1. Stem D. Peat Swamp
2. Branches <5cm E. Rice Field
4. Leaves
5. Flying
1 Ixobrvchus sinensis Yellow Bittern 2 10 F G-L I
2 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinammon Bittern 1 10 F I
3 Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird 2 5 F-B I I
4 Orthotomus castaneiceps Phil. Tailorbird 2 5 G F I
5 Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher 5 20-30 F-B I I
6 Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron 2 100 F open area I
7 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 4 100 C-F E I
8 Acrocephalus stentorois Clamorous Teed-warbler 6 10 G F I I
9 Anas luzonica Philippine Duck 2 100 F open area I
10 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 3 100 F C I I
11 Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia flocks 50 I I
12 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird 2 50 F F I I
13 Cisticola exilis Bright-capped Cisticola 3 F E I I
14 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen 4 F I
15 Rallus torquatus Barred-rail 6 C E I ,
16 Ardeola speciosa Javano-pond Heron 4 F open area I
17 Cacomantis merulinus 1 B I
18 Aethopyga shelleyi 1 B-F I I


Observer: Boying Fernandez Stratum Wetland Date: May 29, 2004
Coordinates: For security
purposes,we were not
Habitat
allowed to take GPS
readings
Location: SKP Time Started: 6:00 AM
Weather Condition: Fair A. Canopy A. Herbaceous Time Ended: 8:00 AM
Scientific Name Common Name Local Name No. of Perp B. Understory B. Shrub
C.Swamp
Indv. Dist. C. Ground Seen Heard Station Remarks
Forest
1. Stem D. Peat Swamp
2. Branches <5 cm E. Rice Field
4. Leaves
5. Flying
1 Dicaeum australe 3 10 A 1 1
2 Nectarinia sperata Purple-throated Sunbird 2 10 A 1 1-
3 Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail 4 10 F-C 1 1
4 Streptopelia bitorquata Black-naped Oriole 2 20 1 1
5 Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia 4 50 1
6 Pycnonotus goiavier 10 57 A-B-F 1 1
7 Cacomantis variolosus 1 10 A 1
8 Paser montanus Eurasia-tree Sparrow 107 10 1 1
9 Aplonis panayensis Asian-glossy Starling 2 107 A-F 1 1
10 Halcyon chloris 4 30-50 F-B 1 1
11 Nectarina jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird 2 10-20 1 1
12 Arachnothera clarae Naked-spider Hunter 5 / 1
13 Dicaeum anthonyi Flame-crowned Flowerpicker 2 5 B 1
14 Artamus leucorhvnchus White-breasted Wood-swallow 4 502 A-F 1
15 Orthotomus cuculatus Mountain Tailorbird 2 20 1 1
16 Ardeola speciosa Javan Pond-heron 10 1
17 Caprimulgos affinis Savanna Nightjar 2 1 Heard at about
8:30PM Within
the Brgys. SKP
NOTE: Poor negotiation with the MILF. The fauna team was not permitted to explore further area

Annex 8. List of some migratory species of birds recorded in Ligawasan Marsh after the conduct of three
(3) field surveys in May-June, September and November-December 2004.
SCIENTIFIC COMMON NAME LOCAL CONSERVATION HABITAT
NAME NAME STATUS
Podiceps ruficollis Black—necked Grebe Balisuk NTS Swamp
Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron B’gok (B-gok) NTS Swamp
Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Egretta garzetta Little Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Egretta alba Great Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Butorides striatus Little Heron Bigua NTS Swamp
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Talong NTS Swamp/rice field
Mamawa-sa- NTS
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Swamp, forest
kuden
Nycticorax caledonicus Rufous Night Heron Bigua NTS Swamp, forest
Tayabpis-sa- NTS
Ixobrycus eurvthmus Shrenk's Bittern Swamp
bagombong
Anas crecca Great Winged Teal Itik NTS Swamp
Pandion haliaeetus Osprey Banog Open field
swamp forest
Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier Kuligi NTS Open field
Swamp forest
Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey Buzzard Banog NTS Open field
Swamp forest
Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen T’lek (T-lek) NTS Swamp
Charadrius dubius Little-ringed Plover Tla-tla NTS Swamp
Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet N/A NTS Swamp
Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt N/A NTS Swamp
Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank N/A NTS Swamp
Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper N/A NTS Swamp
Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint N/A NTS Swamp
Sterna hirundo Common Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp
Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp
Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern Tulalang NTS Swamp
Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest
Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher Kasiang-siang NTS Forest
Monticola solitarius Blue-rock Thrush Kasiang-siang NTS Forest or open field
Locustella fasciolata Gray's Grasshopper Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland
Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Kasiang-siang NTS Open Grassland
Locustella ochotensis Middendorf's Grasshopper Open Grassland
Warbler Tuliok NTS Grassland
Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked Bonga NTS Forest
Flycatcher
Motacilia cinerea Grey Wagtail N/A NTS Open field
Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail N/A NTS Open field
Anthus hodgsoni Olive Tree Pipit Bayako NTS Open field
Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Kendas NTS Forest/ grassland

Annex 9. List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex
e
Arecaceae Areca caliso Kalido Kalido
e
Arecaceae Caryota cumingii Pula Pugahan
e
Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao Makao Dao
e
Arecaceae Daemonorops mollis Tanigib Ditaan
e
Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd) Baill.
e
Rubiaceae Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Rids l
e
Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis malapandan Malapandan
e
e
Myrtaceae Syzygium cf. bordenii Lumban malaruhat puti
e
e
Anacardiaceae Mangifera philippinensis Paho Paho
e
Combretaceae Terminalia copelandii Lipao Lanipao

Annex 10. LIST OF MAMMALS SPECIES OBSERVED AT LIGAWASAN MARSH AND VICINITY
(Poblacion # 9; Brgy. Payan, Kabuntalan; Brgy. Dugong, M-Lang, Cotabato City)
Survey Period: May 26-31, June 1, 2004
B. CLASS: MAMMALIA -MAMMALS
Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Distribution Habitat Preference
XXXI. F AMILY: PTEROPODIDAE - OLD WORLD FRUIT BATS
96 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Endemic Open lowlands

97 Cynopterus brachyotis Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat Resident Open lowlands
98 Rousettus amplexicaudatus Common Rousette Resident Open lowlands
99 Eonycteris spelaea Common Dawn Bat Resident Open lowlands
100 Taphosus Sr.
XXXII. F AMILY: RHINOLOPHIDAE - HORSESHOE AND ROUND LEAF BATS
101 Hipposideros diadema Diadem RoundleafBat Resident
XXXIII. FAMILY: CERCOPITHECIDAI
102 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Resident Open and Forest
XXXIV. FAMILY: MURIDAE - MICE AND RATS
103 Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Resident Grassland/Aggie

104 Rattus argentiventer Ricefield Rat Resident Grassland/Aggie
105 Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Resident Grassland/Aggie
NOTE: Names in bold are endemic

ANNEX 11

ANNEX 12

ANNEX 13

Annex 14. Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh Protected Area
In general, the proposed protected area embraces the three Marshes along with a portion of the
mangrove area on the Cotabato Bay to act as natural buffer. In most cases, natural and artificial
boundaries and landmarks were followed for ease in identification and consequent demarcation.
Corner Easting Northing

1 639155.8 799590.8
2 638551.4 799418.2
3 637222.2 799372.6
4 636323.3 800006.2
5 636308.6 801081.8
6 635733.9 801759.6
7 635571.9 803424.7
8 634474.1 803793.1
9 632853.3 802584.8
10 631527.1 802231.2
11 630834.6 801700.7
12 626878.3 795718.3
13 627114.0 795305.7
14 629044.3 795762.5
15 631085.1 795070.0
16 631821.8 794996.3
17 632499.6 795438.4
18 633148.0 795674.1
19 633693.2 795408.9
20 634341.5 794289.0
21 634404.9 793357.8
22 634440.2 793204.5
23 634770.3 792968.8
24 635359.7 792626.9
25 635560.1 792426.5
26 635890.1 792167.2
27 647007.8 774351.7
28 648458.4 774457.7
29 648624.9 774230.6
30 648720.8 774069.2
31 648776.3 773574.7
32 649306.1 773186.2
33 649724.9 773630.2
34 649851.0 773655.4
35 649967.1 773574.7
36 650422.6 773846.8
37 650963.6 774260.9
38 651185.6 774387.0
39 651796.1 774634.3
40 651205.7 775441.6
41 651639.7 775895.7
42 652124.0 775567.7
43 652858.2 774175.1
44 652845.6 773393.1
45 652759.8 773317.4
46 652401.6 772868.3
47 651962.6 772722.0
48 651765.8 772550.4
49 651557.8 772383.4
50 651755.7 772222.5
51 651987.8 772101.4 to the next point moving south east at
coordinates 656785.2349N, 766537.6826E
52 656785.2 766537.7
53 663517.7 771453.0
54 668583.6 775564.9
55 670517.1 774890.4
56 670742.0 774170.9
57 671371.5 773361.5
58 671911.1 772507.1
59 673440.0 770843.3
60 675013.9 769089.6
61 675913.2 767201.0
62 676142.6 762353.5
63 682436.9 747074.2
64 682461.2 747060.9
65 682507.7 747054.5
66 682566.4 747067.2
67 682627.8 747091.6
68 682672.9 747105.2
69 682722.0 747121.8
70 682755.5 747128.0
71 682815.3 747131.3
72 682858.5 747137.2
73 682897.9 747158.8
74 682941.1 747205.4
75 682991.4 747236.8
76 683062.4 747286.0
77 683102.3 747316.7
78 683143.1 747330.0
79 683191.4 747335.7
80 683217.9 747333.5
81 683241.3 747332.6
82 683266.3 747338.4
83 683297.0 747348.6
84 683343.3 747383.1
85 683373.5 747400.4
86 683393.7 747412.2
87 683409.8 747416.6
88 683424.2 747421.1
89 683434.9 747424.2
90 683444.1 747427.1
91 684117.2 748849.0
92 686269.2 749043.1
93 688103.9 748863.3
94 689698.0 748825.9
95 691180.1 748501.7

96 692523.2 747945.9
97 693634.7 747251.2
98 694051.5 746417.5
99 694445.2 745143.9
100 694537.8 744148.1
101 694838.9 743384.0
102 695070.5 742249.3
103 695464.1 741323.0 to the next point following the road moving
north east and north at coordinates
709797.38N, 784183.60E
104 709797.4 784183.6 at the bridge to the next point following the
road moving northwest and southwest at
coordinates 686616.70N, 779911.68E
105 686616.7 779911.7 following the river in a westward direction at
the next point 675994.18N, 779076.63E
106 675994.2 779076.6
107 675832.1 779307.5
108 675473.4 780250.8
109 675163.9 780403.1
110 674887.7 780478.6
111 673757.4 782467.9
112 673933.1 783105.9
113 675342.9 783096.0
114 677630.2 786093.2
115 677807.7 786221.3 to the next point following the road in a
northwesterly direction at 676320.17N,
787019.45E
116 676320.2 787019.5
117 676297.6 786881.8
118 676225.9 786674.1
119 676165.5 786677.9
120 675818.1 786693.0
121 675629.4 786855.3
122 674893.2 787002.6
123 674714.6 787436.0
124 674159.1 788610.2
125 673606.6 788817.4
126 673054.0 788149.7
127 672501.4 788149.7
128 671557.5 788426.0
129 670820.7 789876.4
130 670636.5 791580.2
131 670981.9 792178.8
132 671396.3 792731.3
133 671051.0 793191.8
134 670935.9 793905.5
135 670590.5 794319.9
136 670659.6 795379.0
137 670694.1 795712.9 to corner point 1 following the road moving
northwesterly, westerly and southwesterly
at 639155.79N, 799590.84E

1
Annex 15. Summary Of Development Projects And Environmental Issues Per Municipality
Activities/Interventions initiated or
Municipality Development and Environmental Projects Environmental Problems/Issues
needed
1. Pagagawan Construction of Municipal Hall Bldg. Over flooding/siltation of Rio-Grande Construction of flood control (dike)
Construction of Municipal Perimeter Fence de Mindanao (Brgy. Bulod,, along Rio-Grande de Mindanao and
Construction of Tunggol boat Landing Dungguan) cut-off channel (Brgy. Dungguan)
Construction of Solar Drier and Warehouse Passing resolutions to funding
(Brgy. Dungguan) agencies for the construction of flood
Core houses (Brgy. Talitay) control
IEC, training (Brgy. Talitay)
2. Pagalungan Replacement of Line Agencies Bldg. Siltation of Rio Grande River that Proposed construction of flood control
Construction of Multi-Purpose Center cause flooding during rainy days along Rio Grande River
Rehabilitation of highway Siltation of Kulangwan cut-off channel Proposed dredging of Rio Grande
Construction of communication tower Peace and Order (Brgy. Kudal) River
Road Repair (Brgy. Kudal) Proposed dredging of the Kulangwan
Health Center (Brgy. Bagoenged) cut-off channel
Livelihood projects (Brgy. Kudal)
3. Sultan Sa Barongis Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Gadungan) Siltation Resolution address to National
Solar Dryer (Brgy. Gadungan) Black bug infestation Government for comprehensive flood
Human waste disposal control programs
Land Conflict (Brgy. Gadungan) Initial construction of drainage canal
Deforestation, illegal logging and from Sitio Dundongan, Brgy Gadungan
timber poaching (Brgy. Gadungan) to Ligawasan March (Brgy. Gadungan)
Overflowing of Marsh, lack of drainage Lack of Farm to Market Road,
canal specially the Allah river (Brgy. Irrigation, Sources of Potable Water
Gadungan) and Fish Landing (Brgy. Angkayamat,
Low productivity Tugal)
Poor fish production & regulation
Poor accessibility
4. Paglat Duck raising (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Illegal Fishing (Brgy. Damakling) IEC on the effect of illegal fishing and
Slash and Burn (Brgy. Damakling) kaingin (Brgy. Damakling)
Siltation (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Livelihood assistance (Brgy.
Presence of waste, effect of Lafruitera Damakling)
chemical waste (Brgy. Upper Idtig) Lafruiteria should construct diversion
canal for proper disposal of waste
materials/chemicals (Brgy. Upper Idtig)
Tree planting (Brgy. Upper Idtig)
1 Compiled from the Municipal and Barangay Questionnaires, Comprehensive Land Use Plans and Socio-Econ Profiles
5. Gen. S.K. Pendatun AMORE Kaingin during dry season Meetings/consultation

Reforestation Unregulated use of flora and fauna Peace and Order Campaign
INFRA Siltation (Brgy. Lasangan) Reforestation/Tree planting (Brgy.
Housing Project Peace and Order Lasangan, Panosolen)
Solar electrification (Brgy. Panosolen, Kulasi) Black bug infestation(Brgy. Lasangan, Provide drainage canal (Brgy.
Environmental Conservation: establish Panosolen) Lasangan, Panosolen)
community nursery center (Brgy. Panosolen) Rat (Brgy. Lasangan) Provide insecticide that can prevent the
Provincial Road/Farm to Market (Brgy. Flood (Brgy. Lasangan, Panasolen) attack of blackbug (Brgy. Lasangan)
Midpandacan, Kulasi) Forest/Grassland Fire (Brgy. Educate farmers on effective
Solar dryer (Brgy. Kulasi) Panosolen) technology or training like organic
Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Kulasi) Lack of CR, potable water, garbage farming (Brgy. Panosolen)
facilities and drainage canal (Brgy. Ask assistance from funding donors
Midpandacan) (Brgy. Midpandacan)
6. Datu Piang - Siltation of Bansalan River/Rio Grande Construction of road dikes/earth dikes
de Mindano or farm to market roads
7. Pikit Construction of Better Drainage in the Poor drainage system in the market. Government to find peace solution
Poblacion There is a widespread practice of (Brgy. Bulod)
Reforestation Program /Tree Planting kaingin in forest areas Dig-up wells and install jetmatic pumps
Clean and Green Program Peace and order situation (Brgy. Bulod, (Brgy. Barungis)
School building (Brgy. Bulod, Langayen, Kabasalan) Flood Control dikes (Brgy. Barungis,
Macasendeg) Man-made and natural calamities Punol)
Deep oil (Brgy. Kabasalan) (Brgy. Rajah Muda) IEC on pest control (Brgy. Barungis)
C.R./Toilet (Brgy. Kabasalan, Punol) Flooding (Brgy. Barungis, Talitay, Training to address
Dagewell (Brgy. Punol) Punol, Bulol) problems/protection of resources (Brgy.
Solar dryer (Brgy. Punol, Langayen) Lack of potable water (Brgy. Barungis) Talitay, Bulol)
Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Punol) Black bug infestation (Brgy. Barungis, Farm to market roads (Brgy. Punol)
Nat’l/ Brgy. Road (Brgy. Punol, Paido Talitay, Bulol, Paido Pulangi, Control of illegal fishing (Brgy. Punol)
Pulangi, Langayen) Macasendeg)
Health Center (Brgy. Paido Pulangi) Siltation of river (Brgy. Punol, Bulol,
Fish Landings (Brgy. Paido Pulangi) Paido Pulangi, Macasendeg)
Mosque (Brgy. Langayen)
Madrasa School (Brgy. Langayen)
Dike (Brgy. Macasendeg)
8. Kabacan Solid waste management development Solid waste disposal Provision of (2) Garbage Compactor
Acquisition of land for controlled dumpsite Siltation of rivers/irrigation canal and one (1) dump truck to collect and
Gawad Pangulo sa Kapaligiran Black bug infestation dispose to dumpsite solid waste from
Nursery Development Public Market and around the
Agricultural crops and protection program Poblacion
Livestock and Poultry Protection and Animal NIA maintaining the siltation at

Health and Sanitation Program: Potable irrigation canals but not siltation at the
water system rivers
Drainage and Flood control MAO taking action to provide pesticide
(Rehab/Maintenance of Drainage canal) fro crop protection and coordinate
with other line agencies for support
9. Mlang Construction of Basketball Court (Brgy. Siltation of rivers (Brgy. Dungo-an, Excavation of drainage canal going to
Dungo-an) Dugong) Ligawasan Marsh (Brgy. Dungo-an)
Renovation of Purok Center (Brgy. Dungo-an) Black bug infestation (Brgy. Dungo-an, IEC on proper disposal of wastes
Construction of Health center (Brgy. Dungo- Dugong) (Brgy. Dugong)
an) Dumping of wastes in the NIA main Rehabilitate NIA main canal and
Construction of shallow well (Brgy. Dungo-an) canal (Brgy. Dugong) continue construction of main drainage
Brgy. Road improvement (Brgy. Dugong) up to Mlang River (Brgy. Dugong)
Const. Of Brgy Hall (Brgy. Dugong) Trainings and IEC for farmers (Brgy.
Construction of Multi-purpose Hall (Brgy. Dugong)
Dugong)
Const. Of School Fencing (Brgy. Dugong)
Fencing of Brgy. Site (Brgy. Dugong)
Ins. Of Electrical Line (Brgy. Dugong)

10. Tulunan Farm to Market Road (Brgy. Dungos) The need to relocate the present Provision of livelihood to affected
Brgy. Drainage (Brgy. Dungos) dumping site. areas
Solar Drier (Brgy. Dungos) No daily collection of garbage and Continue tree-planting activities
School Bldg. (Brgy. Dungos) other waste in public places due to Implementation of Municipal Solid
Brgy. Hall (Brgy. Dungos) limited laborers/casuals because of waste management
Palm Oil Development (Brgy. Dungos) budgetary constraint. Preparation of drainage master plan
Housing shelter assistance (Brgy. Dungos) Unhealthy waste disposal practices. Purchase of lot for relocation of
“O” Ilaw-Energization (Brgy. Dungos) Frequent occurrence of floods. dumping site.
Livelihood: 3 units jetmatic pump (Brgy. Indiscriminate logging practices and Formulation of drainage, sewerage and
Poypoyon) rampant harvesting of minor forests flood control system plan.
products. Installation of sanitary toilet facilities.
Prevalence of Kaingin system in the Continuous reforestation program.
area. IEC regarding pest management
Lots of barangay community does not Excavation of drainage/Rivers (Brgy.
own a sanitary toilet.Kaingin Dungos)
Absence of garbage facilities and
equipment
Absence of relocation site for dumping
area
Improper solid waste management
Pest (blackbug)/rat infestation (Brgy.
Dungos)
Flooding (Brgy. Dungos)
Siltation (Brgy. Dungos)

Annex 16. Threats Analysis Matrix

A. Identified On-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions
Threats Management Issues
High potential for oil and • With fiscal crisis facing • Any oil exploration • Adoption of an
natural gas the country, there is a efforts in Ligawasan appropriate technology
very high probability Marsh will destroy and for extraction of natural
that the national alter the natural habitat gas and/or set-up
government may for wildlife and aquatic environmental
pursue or support oil fauna. safeguards during its
exploration efforts in • Pollution of waterways installation and
Ligawasan Marsh. and rivers resulting to operation.
• It is not clear how the decrease in fish
benefits of oil population.
exploration will accrue
to the communities. It
might be a source of
conflict.
High population pressure • The Ligawasan Marsh • Increased pressure on • Provision of alternative
is considered as a the natural resources of and/or supplementary
source of livelihood the marsh by livelihood activities.
and income which household settlers. • Identification of
explains the presence • Intensified land management zones.
of settlements within conversion. • Conduct of information
and around the marsh. and education
• Absence of an effective campaign on family
family planning planning and
program. environmental
protection.
Poor environmental • Inadequate information • Clogging of waterways • Conduct of information
practices among marsh and education resulting to and education
settlers like dumping of campaign on proper overflooding during campaign on proper
solid wastes in the river. solid waste disposal. rainy days. solid waste disposal.
• None of the • Pollution of marsh • Enforcement of local
municipalities water. ordinances on
surrounding the marsh environmental
has any system for protection and
addressing proper solid sanitation.
waste disposal. • Implement institutional
development and
capacity building
activities.
Unregulated use of • Intensified food • Pollution of marsh • Conduct of information
inorganic fertilizers and production campaign of water. and education
chemicals. the government • Poisoning of wildlife campaign on
requiring heavy particularly birds and environmental
application of fertilizers aquatic fauna. protection and organic
and chemicals. farming.
• Surplus production • Enforcement of local
orientation. ordinances on
environmental
protection and
sanitation.
• Implement institutional
development and
capacity building
activities.
Weak enforcement of • Lack of coordination • Violators of • Conduct of information

environmental laws. between LGUs and environmental laws are and education
concerned NGAs in the not meted out campaign on
execution of policies. appropriate sanction environmental
• Inadequate knowledge which encourage them protection.
on environmental laws to continue doing
among law enforcers. illegal activities.
• This results to • Implement institutional

continued degradation development and
of the natural resources capacity building
in Ligawasan Marsh. activities.
• Adoption of a reward
system.
Conversion of some • High population growth • Siltation of the marsh • Provision of alternative
parts of the marsh to rate in the area (3.37%). resulting to loss of and/or supplemental
agricultural, residential, • Lack of alternative natural habitat for birds livelihood activities.
and other land uses. and/or supplemental and aquatic fauna. • Identification and
livelihood • Flooding of lying areas. demarcation of
opportunities. management zones.
• Poverty incidence • Conduct of information
among households. and education
campaign on
environmental
conservation.
Illegal cutting of swamp • Marsh settlers see the • Loss of forest habitat • Implementation of
forest. swamp forest as for migratory and non- habitat restoration
source of housing migratory bird species. activities.
materials and firewood • Loss of habitat leads to • Provision of alternative
for cooking. decrease in bird and/or supplementary
• Clearing of swamp population. livelihood activities.
forest to make way for • Changes in micro- • Enforcement of laws
settlements. climate. and local ordinances
• Lack of alternative on illegal logging.
and/or supplemental • Conduct of institution
livelihood development and
opportunities. community organizing
• Weak enforcement of activities.
environmental laws and • Conduct of information
local ordinances. and education
campaign.
Illegal fishing. • Lack of alternative • Indiscriminate killing or • Adoption of local
and/or supplemental elimination of aquatic ordinances (e.g. no fish
livelihood fauna regardless of size zone, etc.) to address
opportunities. and economic utility. this problem.
• Weak enforcement of • Decreased fish • Provision alternative
environmental laws and population. and/or supplementary
local ordinances. livelihood activities.
• Conduct of institution
development and
community organizing
activities.
• Conduct of information
and education
campaign.
Bird hunting and wildlife • Lack of alternative • Unabated bird hunting • Provision of alternative

(including egg) and/or supplementary and egg collection and/or supplementary
collection. livelihood activities. activities will result to livelihood activities.
• Weak enforcement of decrease in bird • Conduct of institution
environmental laws. population. development and
• Wildlife collection will community organizing
lead to loss of activities.
biodiversity. • Conduct of information
and education
campaign.
ntroduction of exotic fish • Scientific curiosity. • Extinction of native fish • Banning the
species (e.g. armor fish) species. introduction of
in the area. incompatible fish
species.
Weak institutional • Inadequate training and • Uncoordinated efforts • Implement institutional
capacity of LGUs and preparation on in addressing development and
other stakeholders. community-based environmental capacity building
resource management. problems. activities.
• Complex cultural and • Conduct of information
institutional setting and education
prevailing in the area. campaign.
Outbreak of war between • Continuing hostilities • Military clashes • Continuing dialogue
the AFP and the MILF. between the two between the AFP and between government
protagonists have the MILF have and the MILF.
political and cultural physically altered and
underpinning which the disturbed the marsh
proposed project may that provide habitat to
not be able to address. birds and aquatic
fauna.
Construction of cut-off • Government decision • Heavy flooding results • Review of the technical
channel in Pagalungan. to divert flow of river to to heavy siltation of design of the cut-off
prevent the Ligawasan Marsh and channel.
municipalities of expansion of built-up • Introduction of
Pagalungan and Pikit areas. mitigation measures
from being submerged • Destruction of flora and against flooding and
under water. fauna in Ligawasan soil erosion.
Marsh.
Slash-and-burn farming • Intensification of • Incidence of soil • Strict enforcement of
practices in the upland agricultural production erosion leading to high environmental laws and
surrounding the marsh. activities. sediment load in rivers local ordinances.
• Weak enforcement of that empty to the • Conduct of information
environmental laws. marsh. and education
campaign.
• Conduct of institution
development and
community organizing
activities.
Conversion to fishpond • Lack of alternative • Loss of habitat and • Strict enforcement of
of mangrove areas in and/or supplemental breeding ground for environmental and
Cotabato City. livelihood activities. fish and other marine fishery laws.
fauna. • Mangrove rehabilitation
intervention.
Intensive use of • Commercial plantations • Chemical pollution of • Adopt and enforce
chemicals by commercial adopt modern farming marsh water leading to regulatory measures.
plantations around the technologies that rely fish kill and negative • Conduct of water
marsh. so much on heavy effects to inhabitants. monitoring activities.

input utilization. • Conduct of information
and education
campaign.
B. Identified Off-Site Root Causes and/or Environmental Impacts Proposed Interventions

Operation of mining • Continued operation of • Poisonous tailings from • Adopt and enforce
companies. mining companies is mining operation lead regulatory measures.
permitted due to local to chemical pollution • Conduct of water
revenue they provide. and poisoning of monitoring activities.
inhabitants. • Conduct of information
• Alteration of water and education
quality and reduction campaign.
and/loss of
biodiversity.
Dumping of non- • Absence of an effective • Pollution of marsh • Adopt and enforce
degradable waste solid waste water. regulatory measures.
materials in rivers. management system. • Clogging of waterways • Conduct of water
and subsequent monitoring activities.
flooding during heavy • Conduct of information
rain. and education
campaign

ANNEX 17

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan 125
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Region XII. Ligawasan

Marsh Development Master Plan (1999-2005). Vol. 1-3, November 1998.
2. Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA) for Ligawasan Marsh, Winrock

International, 2001
3. Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, Revised Inception

Report, Winrock International, June 2004,
4. Wetland Biodiversity Component for Ligawasan Marsh Study, Midterm Report,

DENR, October 2004.
5. Socio-Economic Profile of S.K. Pendatun Municipality, Municipal Planning and

Development Office, S.K. Pendatun – January, 2004
6. Socio-Economic Profile of the Municipality of S.S. Barongis, Municipal Planning

and Development Office, S.S. Barongis, January 2004
7. Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), Municipal Planning and Development

Office, Pagalungan, 1995-2000

Office, Datu Montawal, January 2001

Office, Pikit, North Cotabato – 2001-2010
10. Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan 1999-2008, Municipal Planning and
Development Office (MPDO), Municipality of Tulunan, North Cotabato
11. Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Municipality of Kabacan 1999-

2005,2010, North Cotabato
12. Comprehensive Provincial Land Use Plan, Planning Period 1993-2002,

Maguindanao Province
13. Agriculture & Rural Development, Volume 9, No. 2, 2002
14. Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 1995-2010, Municipalities of Priority

Areas
15. Environmental Planning & Management, CODEL, Inc., New York, 10115, USA
16. Environmental Planning & Management, Asian Development Bank, Manila,

February 19-21,1986
17. Comprehensive Provincial Land Use Plan, North Cotabato Province

Ligawasan Marsh Management Plan 126
18. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). 1993. A National

Wetland Action Plan for the Republic of the Philippines. DENR, Quezon City.
19. La Viña, A.G.M. 2002. Community-Based Approaches to Marine and Coastal

Resources Management in the Philippines: A Policy Perspective, pp. 91-141, In
Torell, M. and A.M. Salamanca, Editors. 2002. Institutional Issues and
Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in
Southeast Asia. ICLARM Technical Report 60, 212p.
20. Maguindanaoan Development Foundation Inc. 2000. Socio-economic profile of

eight municipalities surrounding Ligawasan Marsh. MDFI, Koronadal City.
21. Maguindanaon Development Foundation, Inc. 2002. Proceedings on the 3 day

"Strategic Planning Workshop and System Installation of the Makinugon
Ligawasan Marsh Development Multi-Purpose Cooperative. August 28-30,2002.
MDFI Training Center, Odi Street, Pantua Village, City of Koronadal
22. Maguindanaon Development Foundation, Inc. 2002. Documentation on

Ligawasan Marsh Stakeholders Meeting "Advocacy for the Conservation of
Ligawasan Marsh Towards Sustainable Development Project" March 30,2004.
MDFI Training and Resource Center. Odi St., Pantua Village, Koronadal City
23. Maguindanaon Development Foundation, Inc. 2002. Ligawasan Marsh Integrated

Conservation and Resource Management Project: Final Report. MDFI
24. Nkrumah, E. and N.K. Diamond. 2002. Thinking Outside the Box, Changing the
Box: Experiences with Linking Participatory Conservation To Governance
Reforms.
25. ODA. 1995. Guidance note on how to do stakeholder analysis of aid projects and
programs. Social Development Department of Oversees Development
Administration. London: ODA. http://www.euforic.org/gb/stake1.htm
26. Sultan Kudarat Polythecnic College and Maguindanaon Development

Foundation, Inc. 2001. Bio-Resource Assessment of Ligawasan Marsh. August
2001.
27. Torell, M. and A.M. Salamanca, Editors. 2002. Institutional Issues and
Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in
Southeast Asia. ICLARM Technical Report 60, 212p.


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The Wetland Biodiversity Component for

Ligawasan Marsh Study

A Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

The Ligawasan Marsh (LM) Development Master Plan (1999-2025),

The outputs of the Wetland Biodiversity Study include three documents

Volume I : Long-term Management Plan (the Plan) for the whole LM

Volume II : Medium-term Investment Program for the LM proper. The

Volume III : Project Brief. It is actually the Investment Program transformed

The Plan contains the Description, Evaluation, and Management

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

Chapter 4 Management Prescriptions 43

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

We wish to acknowledge the great contributions and heartfelt support

We gratefully acknowledge the full support from the following:

The more than 4,200 key stakeholders (farmers, fisherfolks, women,

The Honorable Mayors and their Municipal Planning and Development

Mr. Jim Sampulna, DENR RED

We also commend the special participation and support extended by the

Mr. Gilbert Braganza, World Bank, Manila Office

To the entire community of Ligawasan Marsh, for welcoming us during the

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

Appendix No. Page

1. Age Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents 57

2. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents by 60

3. Distribution of Household Heads/Respondents 62

4. Highest Educational Attainment of Household 65

5. Ethnic Origin of Household Heads/Respondents per 68

6. Fishing Methods Employed by the Respondents 71

7. Types of Livestock and Poultry Raised and 72

8. Methods Employed in Raising Livestock and Poultry 81

9. Types of Handicraft Produced by the Respondents 80

10. Other Sources of Income by the Respondents 83

11. Estimated Annual Household Income 89

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

Annex No. Title Page

1 Map 1. Administrative Boundary of North Cotabato, 92

2 Map 2. Topographic Map 93

3 Map 3. Soil Map 94

4 Map 4. Climate Map 95

5 Map 5. Habitat Classification Map 96

6 List of Plant Species Found in the Ligawasan Marsh 97

7 List of Fauna in the Ligawasan Marsh 102

8 List of Migratory Birds in the Ligawasan Marsh 107

9 List of Endemic Birds in the Ligawasan Marsh 108

10 List of Mammals in the Ligawasan Marsh 109

11 Map 6. Land Use/ Land Cover (PRA) Map 110

13 Map 8. Proposed Protected Area Map 112

14 Technical Description of the Proposed Ligawasan Marsh 113

15 Summary of Development Projects and Environmental Issues 116

16 Threat Analysis Matrix 120

17 Map 9. Threats Map 124

WETLAND BIODIVERSITY COMPONENT FOR LIGAWASAN MARSH PROJECT

LIST OF TABLES IN THE MAIN TEXT

Table No. Title Page

1 List of Major Legislations Relevant to the Conservation and 5

2 List of Endemic Species in the Ligawasan Marsh Complex 13

3 List of Some Endemic, Near Threatened and Vulnerable 19

4 List of Some Migratory Species of Birds Recorded in 20

5 List of Species of Molluscs and Crustaceans, including 21

6 List of Species of Plankton and Distribution in the 22

7 Population of Municipalities within Ligawasan Marsh as 23