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Contents
1 COVERAGE PROBLEMS AND OPTIMIZATION SIGNIFICANCE ....................................... 1
1.1 CAUSES OF COVERAGE PROBLEMS....................................................................... 1
1.2 COVERAGE OPTIMIZATION CONTENTS .................................................................. 2
ZTE Confidential Proprietary © 2020 ZTE CORPORATION. All rights reserved. III
Internal Use Only▲
Figures
Figure 2-1 Coverage Optimization Flow ............................................................................................ 7
Figure 2-2 Cluster Partition of a Project .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 2-3 DT Route ........................................................................................................................ 14
Tables
Table 2-1 Coverage Optimization Target Values (Reference KPIs) ................................................. 8
Table 3-1 Downlink Coverage Problems ......................................................................................... 15
2. The position of an actual eNodeB deviates from the planned position. Site
positions are planned through simulation to meet the coverage requirements. If
an actual eNodeB is not in the proper position, network coverage problems are
caused in the establishment phase.
The coverage optimization target refers to the standard set according to the actual
network establishment to solve the above problems.
In 3GPP 36.214, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is defined as the linear
average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell-specific
reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. The
measurement reference point on the UE is the antenna connector. This KPI is
measured when the UE is in the following status: RRC_IDLE intra-frequency,
RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, and
RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency.
Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over
the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific
reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
For RSRP determination the cell-specific reference signals R0 according TS
Definition 36.211 [3] shall be used. If the UE can reliably detect that R1 is available it may
use R1 in addition to R0 to determine RSRP.
The reference point for the RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is used by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRP of any of the individual diversity branches.
RRC_IDLE intra-frequency
To set RSRP on a road (antennas are placed outside the car), you should take the
shadow fading margin and penetration loss into account. The shadow fading margin
is taken into account to guarantee the wireless connection rate when shadows are
fading, and the penetration loss is taken into account to provide services for users in
buildings.
Besides the inter-eNodeB distance and parameters, the RS SINR is also related to
network load. Heavy network load determines a low RS SINR. If the PCI mode 3
values of a neighbor cell and the service cell are different, their RS does not overlap
in the frequency domain and does not affect each other when there is no load. When
the load of a neighbor cell is changed, the frequency domain of the RS of the local
cell may be the same as the RE position of the service channel of the neighbor cell,
and the RS SINR of the service cell is affected by the service channel of the neighbor
cell and reduced.
In 3GPP 36.214, Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio
N × RSRP / (E - UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA
carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear average of the total received power observed
only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the
measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all
sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel
interference, and thermal noise.
From the above definition, RSRQ is related to not only the RE power bearing RS but
also the RE power bearing user data and the interference from neighbor cells.
Therefore, RSRQ is changed with network load and interference. Heavier network
load and greater interference determine a smaller RSRQ value.
Coverage optimization tools are divided into coverage testing tools and analysis tools.
Coverage testing tools include CNT, CXT, and other testing software. When
connecting a testing tool to a testing UE to perform the coverage test, note that:
1. Possible relationships with neighbor cells must be added before drive testing.
2. The test must be performed after the UE is connected. You can customize an
automatic and repeated download task through the testing software.
Coverage analysis tools include CAN, CXA, and other compatible analysis software.
Coverage optimization is started once all eNodeBs are established and tested in the
planned area. Coverage optimization can be started when 80% of the eNodeBs in a
cluster are tested.
Start
Preparations
1. Coverage optimization target
determination
2. Cluster partition
3. eNodeB information collection
4. Electronic map collection
5. Check and debugging of coverage
optimization tools
6. Site health check
7. Planning of the testing route
Data Collection
1. Front-end DT test Adjustment
2. Indoor system test
3. Configuration data collection
Implementation
4. NMS UDT data collection
Problem Analysis
1. Coverage problem analysis
Do testing indicators meet the 2. Handover problem analysis
requirements?
No
3. Interference problem
analysis
Yes 4. Others
In the test preparation phase, the target optimization KPIs must be determined
according to the contract, clusters must be assigned properly, the testing route must
be determined together with the operator, and necessary tools and materials for
coverage optimization must be ready to ensure that coverage optimization can be
implemented successfully.
In the data collection phase, DT and the indoor test are performed to collect UE data,
integrating with the call tracking data and configuration data on the located faulty
eNodeB, to get ready for the subsequent problem analysis phase.
Through data analysis, problems in the network can be found and adjustment
measures can be provided. After adjustment is finished, perform test data collection
3.2 Preparations
This section corresponds to the first step in the above flowchart. Because many
preparations need to be done in this step and they directly affect the quality and results
of subsequent phases, this step is described separately.
The key point of coverage optimization is to solve the problems of weak coverage, no
dominant cell, and handover. However, in the actual project operation, operators'
requirements for, definitions of, and attention to KPIs are different. Therefore, the
coverage optimization target must meet the coverage and handover KPIs in the
contract (for a commercial eNodeB) or planning report (for a trial eNodeB), and KPIs
must be defined according to the contract. KPIs must be defined in the following
format: The ratio of the sampling eNodeBs where the XX (such as RSRP, SINR, and
CINR) KPI is larger than the reference value XX to the total sampling eNodeBs is
higher than X%, or is determined by the XX project team.
Through coverage optimization, the network must meet the KPIs in Table 2-1. (This
table is for reference only. Coverage assessment KPIs and KPI thresholds must be
determined together with the customer as required. It is not recommended to use the
coverage rate as an assessment KPI. The connection rate, dropped-call rate, and rate
can be used as assessment KPIs.)
Cluster partition must be determined together with the customer. During cluster
partition, the following factors must be considered:
2. You can refer to the cluster partition that the operator uses for the existing
networks.
5. The principle to partition clusters in administrative areas is: When the network to
be optimized covers multiple administrative areas, partitioning clusters according
to the administrative areas is a method that the customer will accept.
6. Workload of drive testing: When partitioning clusters, you must ensure that the
drive testing of each cluster can be finished within a day. It is better if drive testing
can be finished within four hours. Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference.
After network planning is finished and before coverage optimization is started, you
must obtain the detailed information about the eNodeBs in the network to be optimized,
including the eNodeB information sheet. This sheet contains longitudes and latitudes
of eNodeBs (cells), azimuths and downtilt angles (mechanical and electrical downtilt
angles) of antennas, PCIs, and cell IDs. The eNodeB information sheet is a
prerequisite for you to optimize the network. With this sheet, you can know the
information about all the eNodeBs in the network to be optimized, and take
precautions against possible problems. You can effectively perform the network
optimization test only after obtaining the eNodeB information sheet.
2. Wireless parameter planning information: cell IDs, PCIs, eNodeB IDs, and TACs.
4. Other information that must be paid attention to on site: shelters and adjustable
antennas and feeders. These can be added or deleted as required.
After coverage optimization is started, antennas and feeders of eNodeBs are adjusted
or even relocated and cut over as required. In this case, the eNodeB information sheet
must be updated in a timely manner.
Before coverage optimization, you must obtain electronic maps involved in the
network optimization. An electronic map refers to a visible map in TAB format, saving
geomorphology and city information and used on computers. Electronic maps play an
important role in network optimization. In addition, Google Earth is a common tool for
network optimization.
Because the formulation of electronic maps is greatly limited and electronic maps
cannot be updated in a timely manner, the existing electronic map may different from
the actual situation. You must obtain an updated paper map to correctly know the
information about the desired area, including roads and buildings. The map can be
easily bought in the local area.
Before coverage optimization, it is necessary to check the software tools for coverage
optimization. ZTE uses CNT (CXT), CAN (CXA), and CNO, of which the versions must
be checked to ensure that they are updated. You can know whether the software is
updated through your department platform. All patches must be installed in a timely
manner, and software licenses or dongles must be checked to see whether they can
be used. If they are unavailable or will expire soon, update them immediately.
DT is the most common method to obtain network data during coverage optimization.
Therefore, the selection of the testing route directly affects the KPIs and optimization
target of DT. Before drive testing, you should determine the drive testing acceptance
route with the customer first. If the customer already has a preset route, the preset
route must be considered during the design of the testing route. If the coverage
requirements of the customer's preset testing route cannot be met because of
objective factors, such as network layout, you should explain the situation to the
customer in a timely manner.
The testing route must pass all commissioned eNodeBs in the planned area. In
addition, testing routes must include main streets, important places, and VIPs/VICs.
Main roads and highways in the testing area must also be included in testing routes.
The local driving habits must be considered in the design of the testing route. To
correctly compare performance changes, it is recommended to use the same route in
drive testing. If possible, it is necessary to perform a two-way test on the route. Before
determining the testing route, you should take the actual situation into consideration,
such as one-way streets and left turn restrictions. You can fully communicate with a
local driver or drive to determine the route, and then communicate with the customer
to determine it.
The testing route must be saved in tab format of MapInfo so that the same testing
route can be used in the subsequent optimization verification test. In addition, the
testing route must also be saved in the format of Google Earth so that the test result
can be analyzed through Google Earth.
The method to work out the route through Mapinfo is: Create a layer on the digital
map and mark the start point and end point of the test, and use lines with arrows to
indicate the test route, see Figure 3-3 DT Route
. Note that the figure is only an example. When designing a route for cluster coverage
optimization, you may need to take a two-way route into consideration.
In addition, you can export the drive testing data collected through CNT as a route
map in the format of MapInfo. During the test, use CNT to load the data so that you
can use the original testing route.
Downlink coverage problem analysis refers to the analysis of RSRP and SINR
obtained through DT. For possible downlink coverage problems, refer to the following
table.
Problem Description
If no PCI signals or weak PCI signals of cells are detected through drive
No coverage or
testing data, it means that a site does not transmit power or antennas are
weak coverage
blocked during the test. Check eNodeB alarms and onsite antennas.
If the signals of a cell are widely distributed, and neighbor cells in one or
two circles around the cell all receive its signals, it means that the cell
overshoots coverage, and the area may become an area with no dominant
cell. Overshoot coverage may be caused by improper eNodeB heights or
Overshoot
downtilt angles of antennas. The cell with overshoot coverage interferes in
coverage
neighbor cells and reduces the capacity. To solve the overshoot coverage
problem, you can increase the downtilt angles of antennas or lower
antennas. During the troubleshooting, note that coverage holes cannot be
caused.
This area refers to an area where there is no dominant cell or the dominant
cell is changed too frequently. In an area with no dominant cell, handover is
performed frequently, system efficiency is reduced, and the dropped-call
Area with no rate is increased.
dominant cell By adjusting the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas, you can
enhance the coverage of a cell (or near cell) with strong signals and weaken
the coverage of a cell (or far cell) with weak signals. In this way, the problem
of the area with no dominant cell can be solved.
If the RSRP of a area is lower than –105 dBm after being tested by antennas in a car,
the area is defined as an area with weak coverage.
To solve the weak coverage problem, you can use the following methods:
(1) Adjust the direction angles or downtilt angles of antennas, increase antenna
heights, use a high gain antenna, and enhance RS power to optimize
coverage.
(2) If there are a large number of users in a weak area or the coverage of the
area is wide, add eNodeBs or adjust surrounding eNodeBs.
(3) For weak coverage caused by hollows or hillsides, add eNodeBs or RRUs to
expand coverage. For coverage holes in elevator shafts, tunnels,
Note that once you solve the weak coverage problem of an area by adjusting antennas,
check whether there are new areas with weak coverage. If you cannot solve the weak
coverage problem of an area by adjusting antennas, add eNodeBs in the area.
Overshoot coverage means that the coverage areas of some eNodeBs exceed
the planned areas, and discontinuous dominant areas are formed in the
coverage areas of other eNodeBs.
To solve the overshoot coverage problem, you can use the following methods:
(4) Change antennas. Use a low gain antenna instead or replace the
mechanical downtilt antenna with an electrical downtilt antenna.
Replace the wide lobe beam antenna with a narrow lobe antenna.
An area with no dominant cell means that there is no obvious dominant cell or the
dominant cell is changed frequently in the area. In this area, handover is performed
frequently, system efficiency is reduced, and the dropped-call rate in increased.
(2) RSRP of the cell with the strongest signals - RSRP of the cell with the second
strongest signals < 6 dB.
(1) Determine the dominant cell in the area first according to distances.
(2) Check whether the signal strength of the dominant cell is higher than –95 dBm.
If not, adjust the downtilt angles, direction angles, and power of the antennas
of the cell.
(3) After the dominant cell is determined, adjust antennas, feeders, and
parameters to suppress the signal coverage of other cells.
(4) Adjust the handover parameters such as CIO of the cell to affect terminal
handover. You can reduce the handovers with far neighbor cells or increase
the handovers with near cells. Note that this adjustment is not recommended
because it cannot improve the SINR of coverage. It is recommended to use
the above three methods. This method can be used to optimize network
performance only when the problem of no dominant cell cannot be solved.
If UE Tx Power is higher than the threshold, the uplink coverage problem may exist.
Mark the areas with uplink coverage holes, and check whether there are RSRP
coverage holes. There are uplink and downlink weak coverage problems, solve the
downlink coverage problem first and then solve the uplink coverage problem. If there
is only the uplink weak coverage problem, you can eliminate uplink interference,
adjust the direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas, and add tower mounted
amplifiers to solve the problem.
In practice, UE transmit power is rarely noted. During the uplink rate test, the UE
keeps operating at a high rate and the transmit power is very high. Therefore, the
If there is uplink interference from the outside world, you can find it through the uplink
RSSI statistics and frequency spectrum scanning result of the cell.
To solve the unbalanced uplink and downlink coverage problem, you can use the
following methods:
Locate the problem by analyzing the SINR received by the scanner in DT.
If RSRP coverage is good but the SINR is lower than the threshold, the downlink
interference problem exists. Mark the areas where the SINR is degraded, and check
the downlink RSRP coverage of the areas. If the downlink RSRP coverage is poor, it
means that a coverage problem exists and must be solved through coverage problem
Determine the uplink interference problem by checking the noise floor of each cell. If
the noise floor of a cell is high but there is no corresponding heavy traffic, it means
that the uplink interference problem exists. Analyze the interference cause and solve
the problem.
3. It is recommended to enable the ANR function in SON and set the threshold for
deleting incorrect neighbor cells.
A handover problem may occur when the handover area size is not proper or the
signal strength in the handover area changes. If the handover area is too small and
the car speed is too high, there is not enough time to complete the handover
procedure and handover fails. If the handover area is too large, too many system
resources may be occupied. In addition, if the signal strength in the handover area is
changed frequently, handover is performed frequency and ping-pong effect is caused.
As a result, too many system resources are occupied and the dropped-call rate is
increased.
To solve the handover problem, you must control the position and size of the handover
area and ensure that the signal strength related to handover is changed stably. The
position and size of the handover area must be taken into consideration during
planning. The position and size should be adjusted during optimization according to
the actual environment, and determined according to the average duration of a
handover and the general car speed in the area. Prevent the handover area from
being in a corner, because additional propagation loss can be caused, signals can be
You can adjust the direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas to change the
location and signal distribution of the handover area. If the handover area is too small,
you can reduce the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas to solve the
problem. If signals are changed frequently in the handover areas, consider adjusting
the downtilt angles and direction angles of antennas to ensure that the signal strength
in each cell is changed stably.
According the coverage test result of an eNodeB to check whether the coverage
signals of the cell are the same as those of the planned cell. Determine whether there
are feeders connected incorrectly.
When the RRU is not mounted on the tower, the antenna of each of the three cells of
the direction eNodeB 2T2R has two feeders. On the eNodeB, the feeders are
connected to jumpers and access the eNodeB cabinet. The connection may have
faults. The two feeders of an antenna may be connected to any one or two cells, so
the signals from the antennas of three cells may be from any one or two cells of the
eNodeB. If the RRU is mounted to the tower, cells may be misconnected. For
example, cell A is connected to cell B, and cell B is connected to cell A.
If feeders are not connected properly, contact device engineers to check feeder
connections.
According to the network-wide coverage test result, check whether there are
overshoot coverage signals and whether there are coverage signals obviously weaker
If the actual direction angles and downtilt angles of antennas do not match the design,
the main reason is that the engineering team does not completely follow the work flow
according to diagrams and planned data. In addition, devices, for example, the
compass, may have errors. The direction angle error of 5° is acceptance. The downtilt
angle error larger than 2° has a great impact on coverage.
During optimization, you may find that there are obvious blocks in the main lobe
direction of antennas. As a result, coverage holes are caused. To solve this problem,
you can adjust the direction angles of antennas. If the actual downtilt angles of
antennas do not match the design, the reason is that the guyed masts of antennas
are not vertical, or downtilt angles are not measured properly.
The above problems can be found through the measurement of special tools. Once a
problem is found, contact the engineering team to solve it. If there are blocks or guyed
masts cannot be vertical to the ground, you can adjust the direction angles and
downtilt angles of antennas. If the downtilt angles of antennas are reduced, overshoot
coverage can be easily caused and interference can be easily increased. If downtilt
angles are increased, coverage holes can be easily caused, and too large downtilt
angles can cause beam distortion and create new interference. Therefore, the downtilt
angles of antennas must be adjusted properly to ensure network performance.
Direction angle adjustment can solve the problems of a large scale of weak coverage,
and downtilt angle adjustment can solve coverage distance problems. The
prerequisite to ensure engineering quality is that the engineering team followings the
Another thing that you should pay attention to during coverage optimization is that you
must ensure the transmit power of an eNodeB is sent properly from the RF end to the
antenna.
The standing wave ratio is an important indicator. Before optimization, ensure that the
standing wave ratio of LTE working frequency of each cell is lower than 1.5. Device
engineers measure the standing wave ratio by using a standing wave ratio tester
before devices are installed, or the standing wave ratio is measured in batches on the
back end. For unqualified antenna and feeder systems, they must be modified in a
timely manner.
Principle 2: The two key tasks of coverage optimization are weak coverage elimination
and cross coverage reduction.
Principle 3: Optimize areas with weak coverage and overshoot coverage first, and
then optimize areas with no dominant cell.
Principle 4: Perform adjustment in the following order: downtilt angles and direction
angles of antennas, RS transmit power, antenna heights, eNodeB reallocation, and
eNodeB addition.
Direction angles of antennas are adjusted to change the coverage areas of cells.
When the direction angles are adjusted by 5° or 10°, there are not big changes.
Therefore, direction angles are generally adjusted by more than 10° at 5° intervals.
To set and calculate downtilt angles of antennas properly, refer to “Antenna Downtilt
Angle Formula” and “For insufficient coverage or for sectors for the dominant
”.
Downtilt angles of antennas are adjusted to change the coverage radius of cells. The
mechanical downtilt angles of antennas are generally adjusted by 0° to 10°. In
practice, note that downtilt angles cannot be too large. Otherwise, forward transmitted
waveforms may be distorted. Many existing antennas support electrical downtilt, so
you can adjust the electrical downtilt angles of antennas remotely first.
This adjustment is mainly for high and low eNodeBs. If an eNodeB is in a too high or
low place, serious overshoot coverage or insufficient coverage is caused. If the
coverage problems cannot be solved after the downtilt angles and direction angles of
antennas are adjusted and mechanical downtilt antennas are replaced with remote
electrical tilt antennas, you can adjust antenna heights or relocate the eNodeB.
5. Modify antenna and feeder connections (if the connections are incorrect).
6. Replace antennas.
1. Before adjusting antennas and feeders, carry out a survey on the related
eNodeBs and provide reasonable coverage optimization suggestions.
(1) If you cannot carry out a survey on site, you can view historical site survey
reports and pictures.
2. If conditions permit, you can perform adjustment and analysis at the same time
to reduce workload.
Improper neighbor cell planning may result in poor receiving signal quality, handover
failure, and call loss, and can affect network performance. During PCI planning, note
that the PCI mode 3 values of any two adjacent sectors of an eNodeB must be
different.
Improper handover thresholds may result in the early or late handover of terminals to
neighbor cells. Therefore, you need to check whether handover parameters need to
be adjusted according to the actual drive testing result.
During optimization, the downlink power parameters that need to be modified include
RS, maximum cell power, Pa, and Pb. The following is only a brief description.
4.2.2.4 RS Setting
1. Cell-specific Reference Signals Power (RS) indicates the power (absolute value)
of cell reference signals. Cell reference signals search for cells, estimate
downlink channels, detect channels, and directly affect cell coverage. This
parameter is notified to UEs in SIB2 broadcast mode, and is constant in downlink
1. Cell Transmit Power indicates the maximum transmission power of a cell of the
eNodeB, and is required to be lower than or equal to the rated power of the RRU.
where θ indicates the initial mechanical downtilt angle of the antenna, H indicates the
valid height of the eNodeB, L indicates the distance between the antenna to the
eNodeB cell in the positive direction, indicates the vertical field angle, and e_γ
indicates the electrical downtilt angle.
1. Formula 1 is used for eNodeBs in dense urban areas to most antenna power can
cover the coverage and reduce interference to neighbor cells. When setting the
initial downtilt angle of an antenna, you should make the half power point on the
main lobe of the antenna aim at the coverage edge (defined as L+L/2). It is not
recommended to use this formula to plan the initial downtilt of the antenna.
Otherwise, the initial downtilt angle may be too large and cause network
coverage problems. This formula is mainly used as a reference for optimization.
2. Formula 2 is a general formula mainly used for suburbs, villages, roads, and seas
to make coverage wide, reduce the initial downtilt angle, and make the maximum
gaining point of the main lobe of the antenna aim at the position in the position
direction of the eNodeB.
According to the SINR coverage diagram of each PCI, the coverage of each
sector can be determined. For sectors with overshoot coverage, you can
consider increasing the downtilt angles of antennas according to formula 1.
Because downtilt angle settings are related to the environment, coverage
optimization requires great experience.
For sectors with serious overshoot coverage, antennal downtilt angles set during
optimization may be much larger than those calculated through formula 1.
For insufficient coverage or for sectors for the dominant coverage in the areas
with no dominant cell, only ensure that there is no overshoot coverage after
optimization. Antenna downtilt angles can be smaller than those calculated
through formula 1 or even smaller than those calculated through formula 2.
2. Determine whether the downtilt angle is proper according to drive testing data.