Types of

Research
1. Descriptive Research
Finds answers to the questions
•

who, what, when, where and how.

•Describes a situation or a given

state of affairs in terms of
specified factors or aspects
Descriptive Research
SAMPLES:
•The management style of school
administrators in Iloilo City
•Tardiness and absenteeism among High
School Students
•The medicinal components of five kinds of
Philippine backyard plants
•Smoking Habits of Health service providers in
government and private hospitals
•Marketing Practices of the loom weaving
industry in Region VI
2.Explanatory or Correlation Research
• Goes beyond description of the problem or
situation
•Attempts to explain the possible factors related
to a problem which has been observed in a
descriptive study
•Answers the questions why and how
•Is also called correlation research
•The researcher uses a theory or hypothesis to
account or explain forces that are assumed to
have caused the problem
2.Explanatory or Correlation Research
SAMPLES
1. Local government employees
knowledge about government code Work Performance

2. Gender Grades

3. Knowledge about Cancer Compliance with

medical regimen
4. Source of Business Capital Financial performance
of business firms
5. Educational attainment Repayment status of
cooperative members
2.Explanatory or Correlation Research
SAMPLE Titles
1. Knowledge about Cancer and Compliance with Diet Exercise and
Medical regimen among Cancer Patients

2. Relationship between Socioeconomic Factors and Absenteeism

among High School Students

3. Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service

Providers in Government and Private Hospitals in Iloilo City

4. Marketing Strategies and Sales Performance of Garment

Industries in the Province of Antique

5. Employment and income as Determinants of Loan Repayment

3. Intervention or Experimental
Research
Evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular
intervention or treatment
• Studies the cause and effect relationship
between certain factors on a certain
phenomenon under controlled conditions
• Subjects of the study are randomly assigned to
the experimental and control group and both
groups are exposed to similar conditions
except for the intervention or treatment
3. Intervention or Experimental
Research
SAMPLES:
• The Effect of Cooperative Learning Approach on the
Performance in Mathematics of Junior high School
Students of CPU

• The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on Overt Pain Reaction

Of Selected Post-Operative Patients

• The Impact of ADB Assisted Microfinance Projects on

the Living Conditions of the Beneficiaries
DICHOTOMIES
OF RESEARCH
 DICHOTOMIES OF RESEARCH
1. Pure Basic or Applied Research
Pure Basic: attempts to explain an existing situation and or
certain patterns of behavior using either or both qualitative
or quantitative research techniques
The goal is to offer better descriptions and better explanation
of human behavior.

EXAMPLES:
Factors Associated with Tardiness and Absenteeism among High
School Students

Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service

Providers
 DICHOTOMIES OF RESEARCH
1. Pure Basic or Applied Research
Applied Research: Aims to see an immediate solution to a
problem.
Focuses on variables or factors which can be changed by
intervention in order to achieve a desired goal.

EXAMPLES:
The Effect of Gender Sensitivity Training on Men’s Involvement in
Child Care

Remedial Teaching: Its Effect on the Performance of Slow Learners

 DICHOTOMIES OF RESEARCH
2. Exploratory vs. Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research: Designed to explain an existing
problem situation and examine the underlying factors that
contribute to the emergence of the problem, the nature of
which is not yet well known.

EXAMPLES:
Domestic Violence: Ideas, Experiences and Needs of Married
Working men in the City of Baguio

Menopause: Working Men’s Perceptions, Experiences and Coping

Strategies
 DICHOTOMIES OF RESEARCH
2. Exploratory vs. Explanatory Research
Explanatory Research: Aims to understand or explain a
prevailing situation or explain a relationship between factors
which may have already been identified in exploratory
studies and why the relationship exists
• Why and How

EXAMPLES:
Relationship Between Alcohol Intake and Domestic violence Among
Married Men in the Municipality of Alimodian

Extent of Exposure to Advertising Materials and Expenditure Patterns

of Young Professionals in Northern Luzon
 DICHOTOMIES OF RESEARCH
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research: Seeks to quantify or reflect in
numbers the observations on the characteristics of the
population being studied
Measures the number of respondents or objects possessing a
particular characteristic
Emphasizes precise measurement and often require
statistical analysis of data or the testing of hypothesis

EXAMPLE:
Health Seeking Behavior and Health Status of Retired School
Teachers in Zamboanga
 DICHOTOMIES OF RESEARCH
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research: Emphasizes verbal descriptions and
explanations of human behavior and practices in an attempt
to understand how the units or members of the study
population experience or explain their own world
Techniques: Participant Observation, key informant interview,
focus group discussion, direct observation and in depth
analysis of a single case.

EXAMPLE:
Experiences and Needs of Victims of Child Abuse Among Elementary
School Pupils in Iloilo
 RESEARCH METHODS
1. Experimental Method
Used to determine the effectiveness of a
treatment or an intervention or the cause
and effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled condition.
•Experimental and control group
•Yields the most conclusive research
findings
 RESEARCH METHODS
2. Survey Method
Obtains data to determine specific
characteristics of a group
•Purpose is to get a general picture of
the characteristics of the study
population at a particular time
•Appropriate for descriptive and
correlation studies
 RESEARCH METHODS
3. Historical Method
Used to determine the growth and
development of a group, organization or
institution
•The description is based on some
information about some past aspects
of a group, organization or institution
•Data are mostly from secondary sources
 RESEARCH METHODS
4. Content Analysis
Used when the intention of the researcher
is to ascertain the quality of message or
information found in a document or in mass
media
•Used for testing readability of books,
authenticity of documents and for
literary research
RESEARCH as a SCIENTIFIC METHOD
As a scientific method research involves
the following steps:

1. Identification of a problem
2. Formulation of Hypothesis
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Drawing of Conclusions
SAMPLE Titles
1. Knowledge about Cancer and Compliance with Diet Exercise
and Medical regimen among Cancer Patients

2. Relationship between Socioeconomic Factors and

Absenteeism among High School Students

3. Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health

Service Providers in Government and Private Hospitals in Iloilo
City

4. Marketing Strategies and Sales Performance of Garment

Industries in the Province of Antique

5. Employment and income as Determinants of Loan Repayment

Status of Borrowers of Credit Cooperatives in Ilocos Norte