GCV525-Maintenance-Chapter I.5

UNIT I
Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Concrete Repair & Maintenance – General Procedures
Part I.5
Protection
Subjects:
I.5.0 Introduction Unit I – Part 5 - Protection
I.5.1 Strategies
I.5.2 Methods
1
I.5.0 Introduction

Protection is a method of contorting the cause of deterioration or
user dysfunction by:
1. Altering (changing) the service or exposure conditions;

2. Enhancing the physical properties of the concrete to better
resist the exposure or service conditions;
3. Installing a barrier between the service/exposure condition
and the susceptible concrete, or
4. altering the electro-chemical behavior when corrosion of
embedded metal is a factor. 3
I.5.1 Strategies

Subjects:
Introduction to Strategies
Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion-New Concrete
Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion-Existing Concrete
Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Cracks and Construction Joints
Controlling Carbonation-Induced Corrosion
Controlling Carbonation
Controlling Aggressive Chemical Surface Damage
Controlling Freeze-Thaw Damage
Controlling Freeze-Thaw Damage Behind Surface Repairs
Controlling Water Flow Through Structures
4
Controlling Water Leakage Through Plaza Deck Systems
2
I.5.1 Strategies

Introduction to Strategies:
I.5.1 Strategies

Introduction to Strategies:
useful life, cost effectiveness, redundancy, constructability, environment and
aesthetics must be considered in the protection procedures.
Protection of existing structures is generally more difficult and allows fewer options
than protection of new structures.
Cost effective protection methods must be conducted
3
I.5.1 Strategies

Strategies Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion-New
Concrete:
I.5.1 Strategies

Concrete:
Fusion-bonded epoxy coatings
Admixtures are available which fight

off damaging chlorides.
Calcium nitrite is the most common
8
corrosion inhibiting admixture
4
I.5.1 Strategies

Concrete:
The use of low permeability concrete

which can be obtained by using low
water-cement ratios and special additives,
such as micro-silica.
Increasing good quality concrete cover
also delays chloride-induced corrosion.
Placing of a low permeability overlay.

Materials used for such overlays include
micro-silica modified concrete, low water- 9
cement ratio concrete, and latex-modified
concrete.
I.5.1 Strategies

Concrete: Surface applied penetrating sealers and
coatings/membranes are proven methods
of minimizing the intrusion of chlorides
in concrete.
Sealers (impregnates) that screen

chlorides include:
• Silane based
• Siloxane based
Coatings and membranes that screen

chlorides include:
• Epoxies
• Urethanes 10
• Chlorinated rubber
• Methacrylate
5
I.5.1 Strategies

Strategies Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion-Existing
Concrete:
Removal of chloride-
contaminated concrete,
followed by replacement
with low permeability
Concrete.
11
I.5.1 Strategies

Concrete:
Coatings, membranes, sealers

and reinforcing steel protection
methods can be used in
conjunction with the concrete
replacement for additional
protection
12
6
I.5.1 Strategies

Concrete: Surface applied penetrating sealers
is a common strategy used to minimize
chloride penetration .
Sealers allow free flow of moisture
vapor in and out of the affected concrete.
The concrete's internal moisture
level equalizes with the surrounding
environment.
Surface applied film-building coatings

and membranes is more positive barrier
systems than sealers.
Coatings and membranes have very low
vapor transmission capabilities.
Cathodic protection systems utilizing

impressed currents and surface mounted 13
anodes provide a positive method of
controlling the corrosion process.
I.5.1 Strategies

Concrete:
An alternative to impressed current

cathodic protection is the method of
surface-applied sacrificial anode.
The anode is spray-applied molten

zinc which is electrically- connected
to the reinforcing steel. As the zinc
fights
off corrosion, it "sacrifices" itself,
eventually disappearing.
14
7
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Cracks and
Construction Joints:
Utilize of membrane,
according to the type
and width of the
cracks.
Elastomeric joint
sealant is used to
prevent chlorides
penetration in cut
recess.
Method is known as 15
Rout & Seal.
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Cracks and
Construction Joints:
Injection grouting fills the

cracks with sealant:
Epoxy, polyester,
methacrylate, urethane.
Bond and crack

movement affect the
method success.
16
8
I.5.1 Strategies

Strategies for Controlling Carbonation-Induced Corrosion:
17
I.5.1 Strategies

Reaction of carbonation occurs through exposure of me concrete to

acidic gases.
Low permeability concrete is all that is generally required m resist
carbonation.
Extra protection can be obtained by installing a high density, low
vapor transmission coating, membrane, or impregnating material. 18
Surface applied barriers which have low vapor transmission allow the
un-carbonated concrete to re-alkalize (increase pH)
9
I.5.1 Strategies

Cracks in concrete may allow carbonation to penetrate relatively

quickly to the areas around reinforcing steel. Elastomeric membranes 19
(crack bridging) or crack sealants (rout and seal) are strategies that
will arrest the carbonation process.
I.5.1 Strategies

Recent developments in electrochemical technology provide for

techniques of transporting alkalies into carbonated concrete.
A DC current is pumped into the circuit , driving the alkaline paste 20
from the surface into the concrete. It may take a number of days
or weeks to complete the process of re-alkalization.
10
I.5.1 Strategies

Strategies for Controlling Aggressive Chemical Surface
Damage:
Aggressive chemical attack

(liquid or gas) on concrete
surfaces can be controlled by
using chemically resistant
materials in the concrete mix,
or using surface-applied
barrier coatings, membranes
or surfacing systems. Typical 21
protection systems are listed
in the following table:
I.5.1 Strategies

Strategies for Controlling Aggressive Chemical Surface
Damage:
22
11
I.5.1 Strategies

Strategies for Controlling Freeze-Thaw Damage:
23
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Freeze-Thaw Damage Behind Surface Repairs:
24
12
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Freeze-Thaw Damage Behind Surface Repairs:
25
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Water Flow Through Structures:
26
13
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Water Flow Through Structures:
27
I.5.1 Strategies

Controlling Water Leakage Through Plaza Deck Systems:
These systems are constructed
with multiple layers of materials,
each of which serves a specific
function. The water proofing
system is commonly located
directly on the surface of the
structural concrete
28
14
I.5.2 Methods

Subjects:
Introduction to Methods
Surface Applied Protection: Impregnation
Surface Applied Protection: Coatings
Surface Applied Protection: Surfacing (Plastering, Rendering, Over-layment)
Surface Applied Protection: Elastomeric Membranes (Liquid and Sheet Applied)
Surface Applied Protection: Problems/Concerns
Surface Applied Protection: Pile Jacketing
Surface Applied Protection: Water Control Grouting (Intercept Penetration)
Surface Applied Protection: Water Control Grouting (Material Performance)
Surface Applied Protection: Water Control Grouting (Positive Side Penetration)
Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Pressure-Rated Water stop Joints)
Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Water Control Rout & Seal)
Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Load Supporting/Rout & Seal)
Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Traffic Bearing Expansion Joints)
Altering Electro-Chemical Behavior: Impressed Current Cathodic Protection 29
I.5.2 Methods

Introduction to Methods:
 Isolation and modification of the service condition allows the protected
concrete to last longer and/or perform better for the user.
 Applied barriers is a comprehensive category of coatings, sealers,
membranes, joint sealers and injected grout techniques.
 Impregnation: Treatment to prevent penetration into the pore structure.

There are three basic types:
(1) hydrophobic, (2) partial filling, and (3) filling.
Aiming to change the surface behavior
(moisture vapor transmission and liquid absorption).
Providing chloride and carbon dioxide screens 30
& protection against freeze-thaw damage.
15
I.5.2 Methods

 Coating: the process of applying a film-producing material to a concrete

surface. Many organic & inorganic coatings are available.
Control of
1. water absorption,
2. vapor transmission, and
3. diffusion of aggressive liquids and gasses through the concrete
surface.
Chloride and Carbon dioxide barriers, freeze-thaw protection, chemical-
resistant barriers and aesthetics are included.
31
I.5.2 Methods

 Surfacing: the process of placing material on a concrete surface to form a
unifom, thick layer on that surface.
- Surfacing is also known as: overlayment, rendering, plastering, or
jacketing.
- Surfacing materials are generally applied by trowel or pneumatically.
Surfacing systems are designed to:
1. alter moisture vapor transmission,
2. liquid absorption,
3. deteriorating effects of chemicals,
4. flow of surface runoff,
5. energy absorption, and
6. surface texture.
Applied for: bridge deck overlays, chemical resistant floors, and 32
carbonation barriers.
The effects of reflection of substrate cracking should be considered.
16
I.5.2 Methods

 Application of Elastomeric Membranes:
Forming an elastomeric film.
Elastomeric membranes are:
1. Thermosetting liquids,
2. Polymercured liquids, or
3. Preformed materials.
The primary function of elastomeric membranes is to minimize liquid
absorption by concrete.
Elastomeric membranes differ from coatings because of the membrane's
ability to move and flex without rupture.
33
Applied for: traffic decks, plaza decks, and below grade waterproofing
I.5.2 Methods

 Joint Sealing:
Used for an opening in structure to absorb movement
Applied for: waterproofing of cracks, traffic joints in bridges and parking
decks, warehouse floor joints, and water stops in tanks.
 Grouting: Injection processes to form a barrier to resist

against liquid and moister.
34
to close off passageways within a member or structure.
Applied for crack and joint waterproofing.
17
I.5.2 Methods Moisture Vapor Transmission (MVT)

 Impregnation techniques require a clean
surface capable of absorbing the solutions.
 Absorption requires open pores and
capillaries with abrasive blasting, hydro-
blasting, or shot-blasting of the concrete
surface.
 For repair implementation, you may use:
1. Water repellency of concrete surfaces
- Chemical Reaction with concrete is
occurred and are absorbed into the
pore structure by suction forces. 35
- Allowing water vapor to pass.

 For repair implementation, you may use:
2. Another method is by using a materials
that fill or partly fill, the passageways
in the concrete.
Material used are two types:
- React with constituents of the cement
matrix.
- React and cure on their Own
36
18

 The benefits offered by sealers are:
1. Increased freeze-thaw resistance.
2. Reduced infiltration of water and
aggressive chemicals, such as chlorides
 Disadvantages:
1. Not all sealers are equal. Performance
and application according to
manufacturer instruction
37
2. Lab Verification under field condition
3. Level of concrete cover is required.
I.5.2 Methods

38
19
I.5.2 Methods

 Variety of chemical is available.
 Various exposure and service conditions to be verified
 Steps:
1. Determine protection objectives
2. Determine service and exposure conditions.
3. Determine installation environment.
4. Select materials/system which best .
5. meets the service, exposure, & installation conditions.
6. Determine required concrete surface preparation
7. Determine the range of conditions required by the selected materials.
8. Determine the number of coats.
9. Determine any crack treatment required. 39
10. Determine quality assurance methods for surface preparation, bond,
thickness, and material quality.
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Surfacing (Plastering, Rendering, Overlayment)
40
20
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Surfacing (Plastering, Rendering, Overlayment)
 process of placing a relatively thick layer of material to provide

protection to the concrete.
 Application & Materials:
1. Resurfacing indusial floors: Epoxy, Steel Fiber Reinforcement,
latex modified.
2. Resurfacing vertical surfaces as a pretreatment to chemical
resistant coatings: Epoxy & Latex modified
3. Placing overlays to protect concrete parking and bridge decks
from chloride intrusion: Epoxy & Different latex modified types
4. Redirecting runoff to prevent surface pending: Low
water/cement ratio, latex-modified, milling, sawing, and grinding
 Critical condition to success: 41
• compatibility of materials
• Bond & effects of reflective cracking.
I.5.2 Methods

 To protect concrete from the intrusion of liquids into or through

concrete; cracks and, joints.
 Could be as sheets or liquids.
 Types: rubberized, asphalt, neoprene, pvc, etc…
 Characteristics are related to:
1. Elongation capability
2. Thickness of membrane
3. unbounded length of membrane over opening
 Some elastomeric membranes are designed to accept pedestrian &
 vehicular traffic.
42
 Many of these systems include a traffic coating which is placed on
top of the elastomeric membrane
21
I.5.2 Methods

43
I.5.2 Methods

Pinholes: Movement of gaz or

moisture. The problem is the
temp. increasing during the
curing.
Reflective cracking: Existing

cracks with movement  tensile
in membrane exceeding its
capacity.
Loss of surface protection:

large percentages of volatile
carrier may not properly
penetrate the surface 44
wind & temperature conditions
cause rapid evaporation
22
I.5.2 Methods

De-bonding: Durability depends upon
bonding with substrate.
Many causes of de-bonding: poor surface
cleaning, water on surface at time of
installation, Jack of proper priming, and
excessive shrinkage
of coating material.
Interlayer de-bonding: Caused by
improper time ientrval between the
installation of layers, contamination
of a layer, and improper surface reparation
of a layer
De-bonding by moisture trapping:
hydrostatic pressure heads transmitted
45
through the concrete, vapor pressure caused
by temperature change, ice crystal growth,
or salt crystal formation.
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Pile Jacketing
Abrasion, wetting and drying, possible
freeze-thaw cycles, &/or aggressive
chemicals may results in surface
deterioration.
Method & techniques for protection:
- Porous fabric bag fitted with a zipper
forming as formwork, and then by
pumping the sand-cement.
- fiberglass jacket acting as formwork
and protector for the element. 46
23
I.5.2 Methods

 Water leakage or existing water  Structure Problem
 Effective solution to reduce, control, or eliminate leakage is by
material injection.
 Operator skill and experience is critical for overall success
Condition variables: Technique Variables:
• type of fluid • grout material
• flow pattern • set time for material
• pressure head • connection method
• temperature • connection spacing
• type of member • pressure of material placement
• type of passage • injection time per connection
• size of passage • injected volume per connection
• quantity of flow • sequence of placement 47
• condition of passage surfaces
• type of damage/dysfunction occurring
I.5.2 Methods

Urethane: hydrophilic, gel or foam

resin structure, water reacting, expanding-
low tensile capacity, moderate viscosity
Acrylate: hydrophilic, gel or foam resin
structure, very low tensile capacity, very low
viscosity
Epoxy: water moderate, hard plastic, very
high tensile capacity, moderate to high
viscosity
Microfine cement: hydrophilic, hard
48
cement mortar, moderate tensile capacity,
high viscosity
24
I.5.2 Methods

Negative factors affecting the long-term water control success:

• movement within the passageway
• number of movement cycles
• poor penetration of grout into passage
• freezing of grout material (water based grout)
• drying out of grout material (water based grout)
• number of wet/dry cycles
• increase in external fluid pressure
• initial shrinkage of grout material
49
I.5.2 Methods

50
25
I.5.2 Methods

51
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Water Control Grouting (Positive Side Penetration)
52
26
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Pressure-Rated Water stop Joints)
Water stop Leakage treatment is very
complicated:
Identifying the source of leakage is very
difficult.
Various techniques are available:
1. Pressure grouting,
2. Bonded rubber sheets,
3. Complete reconstruction, or
4. a combination of the above.
Design Factors:
pressure head direction, single or double
direction, movement at joint, continuity of
joint with structure, type of existing
watrer-stop, type of suspected defect in
existing Joint, width of joint, longevity of 53
repair required, access to positive &
negative side
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Water Control Rout & Seal)
Method is effective when the source of
flow into the crack is from the side that
can be routed and sealed.
Problem with cracks is that the

movement always exist due to loads ,
temperature and moisture condition.
Movement of the crack creates an

infinite strain within the coating, and
fracturing occurs.
Opening with two or three bonds and

width of 9mm – 13 mm)
54
Materials: Silicone, Urethane
elastomers, Low modulus epoxy
27
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Load Supporting/Rout & Seal)
Joints in industrial floors are a
common location for this type of
Problem.
Device to transfer the load has to

be installed.
Sealant to maintain the devices.
Epoxy and other protection

materials will be followed.
55
I.5.2 Methods

Surface Applied Protection: Joint Seals (Traffic Bearing Expansion Joints)
Expansion 'joints in traffic‐bearing conditions require the
following design considerations:
1. Movement at joint (note: calculate based on field
measurements or theoretical thermal coefficient of
expansion approximately 7/8" (22mm) per 100 feet
(30.;m) per IOOOF (38°C)).
2. Type of traffic
3. Construction details at joint.
4. Requirement for water tightness.
5. Exposure to snow.
6. Connection requirements of other joint systems.
7. Geometric configuration of the joint system.
8. Condition of existing concrete.
9. Aesthetic requirements
A typical retrofit involves the following steps:
1. Removal of existing joint materials.
2. Reconfiguring joint opening to new system
requirements. 56
3. Repair of deteriorated concrete.
4. Installation of new joint seal.
28
I.5.2 Methods

Altering Electro-Chemical Behavior: Impressed Current Cathodic Protection:
An electrical direct current (DC)

volt power source is connected
between the reinforcing steel
requiring protection and an
installed anode system.
In order for the concrete to carry

electrical current, adequate
moisture levels are required.
All impressed current cathodic

protection (CP) systems require
constant monitoring and
adjustment.
57
In Progress

 Additional Sources & Information:
• Babaei, K., Hawkins, N.M., “Evaluation of Bridge Deck
Protective Strategies”, NCHRP Report 297, 1987,
Washington, D.C.
• Carter, Paul D., Forbes, AJ., “Comparative Evaluation of
the Waterproofing and Durability of Concrete Sealers”,
Alberta Transportation and Utilities, 1986.
• Caner, Paul D., “Preventive Maintenance of Concrete
Bridge Decks”, Concrete !international, No. 11, 1989, pp.
33-36.
• ACI 515.1R-79 (Revised 1985). “A Guide to the Use of
waterproofing, Damp-proofing, Protective, and Decorative
Barrier Systems for Concrete”, Grouting Technology,
Engineer Manual. EM -1110-2-3506, U.S. Army Corps of
58
Engineers, 1984
• Etc ….
29

GCV525-Maintenance-Chapter I.5

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

GCV525-Maintenance-Chapter I.5

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

UNIT I

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

I.5.0 Introduction Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

1. Altering (changing) the service or exposure conditions;

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Fusion-bonded epoxy coatings

Admixtures are available which fight

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

The use of low permeability concrete

Placing of a low permeability overlay.

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Sealers (impregnates) that screen

Coatings and membranes that screen

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Coatings, membranes, sealers

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Surface applied film-building coatings

Cathodic protection systems utilizing

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

An alternative to impressed current

The anode is spray-applied molten

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Injection grouting fills the

Bond and crack

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Reaction of carbonation occurs through exposure of me concrete to

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Cracks in concrete may allow carbonation to penetrate relatively

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Recent developments in electrochemical technology provide for

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Aggressive chemical attack

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

 Impregnation: Treatment to prevent penetration into the pore structure.

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

 Coating: the process of applying a film-producing material to a concrete

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

 Grouting: Injection processes to form a barrier to resist

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

I.5.2 Methods Moisture Vapor Transmission (MVT)

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection

Unit I – Part 5 - Protection