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1 : 60 – 64
ISSN-p : 0126-1037
Short Communication
Elfi Susanti VH1*, Suryadi Budi Utomo1, Yandi Syukri2, Tri Redjeki1
antioxidant known to fight cancer, heart carbonate, acetic acid, and ascorbic acid, from
disease, and lower blood pressure. Red-fleshed local sources were of analytical grade.
pitaya fruit is a potential fruit for betacyanins
extraction (Phebe et al., 2009). Regularly PROCEDURE
consuming the dragon fruit can help against Extraction and Isolation of Compounds
asthma and cough. Dragon fruit is rich in fiber, The fruit pulp of white dragon fruit were
Vitamin C and minerals. Dragon fruit is also cleaned, dried, coarsely and extracted with
rich in phytoalbumins which are highly valued ethanol using maceration technique for 24 h at
for their antioxidant properties. Antioxidants room temperature. The extracts were filtered
prevent the formation of cancer-causing free by filter paper Whatman No. 42 (125mm).
radicals. In Taiwan, diabetics use the fruit as a The extract was evaporated and concentrated
food substitute for rice and as a source of under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator
dietary fiber. Wu et al., (2006) investigated that with the water bath set at 50°C. The crude
the flesh and peel of red dragon fruits were extracts were further used for the next
both rich of polyphenols and were good investigation.
sources of antioxidants.
White dragon fruit is a type of cactus Phytochemical Screening
plants that still do not have complete reference The crude extract were analized for the
information, both in terms of phytochemical presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,
and pharmacology in order to be optimally steroids, tannins and terpenoids using standard
used as a form of alternative medicine. procedures of analysis (Egwaikhide et al., 2007).
Utilization of these plants as traditional Test for flavonoids; 1-2 mL methanolic was
medicine is based on empirical evidence so added to a portion of filtrate of the extract.
there is a need to find a scientific basis Magnesium metal and concentrated hydro-
about utilities and types of bioactive chloric acid (4-5 drops) was added. A red or
compounds in dragon fruit with the use of orange colouration indicates the presence of
research approaches to chemistry and modern flavonoids.
biology. Test for terpenoids and Sterol; To each
The objectives of the present study are 0.5 g of the extract was added 0,5 mL of
phytochemical screening and polyphenolic chloroform. 0,5 mL Anhidrous acetic acid was
antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of added. Then, concentrated sulphuric acid (1-2
white dragon fruit. The present study aimed to mL) was carefully added to form a layer. A
promote the contribution of white dragon fruit reddish brown colouration of the interface
in public health campaigns to encourage the indicates the presence of terpenoids. A blue-
daily consumtion of white dragon fruit, through green of the interface indicates the presence of
phytochemical screening, evaluation of the total sterol. Test for alkaloids; 0.5 g of extract was
phenolic contents, and the antioxidant diluted to 10 mL with acid alcohol, boiled and
capacities. filtered. To 5 mL of the filtrate was added 2 mL
of dilute ammonia. 5 mL of chloroform was
METHODOLOGY added and shaken gently to extract the
Materials alkaloidal base. The chloroform layer was
All chemicals and solvents, such as extracted with 10 mL of acetic acid. This was
aceton, buthanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, divided into two portions. Mayer’s reagent was
ethanol, methanolic, n-hexane, hydrochloric added to one portion and Draggendorff’s
acid, sulphuric acid, phenolic, anhidrous acetic reagent to the other. The formation of a cream
acid, silica gel GF254 plates, and magnesium, (with Mayer’s reagent) or reddish brown
were purchase from E-Merck. 2,2'-Diphenyl-1- precipitate (with Draggendorff’s reagent)
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, was regarded as positive for the presence of
and gallic acid, were purchased from Sigma. alkaloids. Test for tannins; About 0.5 g of the
All other reagents, such as Lieberman-Burchard extract was boiled in 1-2 mL of water in a test
reagent, Dragendorff reagent, sodium tube and then filtered.
A few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride was added Amounts of TPC were calculated for sample
and observed for brownish green or a blue- using gallic acid calibration curve. The results
black colouration. Test for saponins; To 0.5 g were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE)
of extract was added 5 mL of distilled water in g/g of dry plant matter. All measurements were
a test tube. The solution was shaken performed in triplicate.
vigourously.and observed for a stable persistent
froth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Extraction and Phytochemical Screening
Determination of antioxidant activity Extraction from 1 Kg dragon fruit dried
Antioxidant activity was determined in 2 L methanolic for 24 h, yielded 1 L filtrate
using DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The and obtained 320 grams crude extract after
DPPH free radical scavenging capability of evaporated. TLC scanner analysis with mobile
dragon fruit extract was determined according phase butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5) showed
to the method desribed with slight the existence of four spots of chromatograms
modifications (Ghafar et al., 2010). An aliquot (Figure 1) with Rf 0,48, 0,62, 0,72, and 0,73.
of 0.5 mL of extract metanol of dragon fruit at Results of the examination with spectro-
different concentrations (10, 30, 50 and 70 ppm photometer is showed that number 1 spot
) was mixed with 500 µL of 1 mM DPPH positive to contain flavonoids. This analysis was
(dissolved in ethanol until 5 mL). The mixture also supported by the phytochemical screening.
was vigorously shaken and left to stand at room The screening showed presence of triterpenoid,
temperature for 30 min in a dark room. alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and showed the
Absorbance was read at 515 nm using UV-vis absence of sterol and tanin.
spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid was used as
standard. Inhibition of DPPH radical Determination of Antioxidant Activity
scavenging activity in percent (I%) was Measurement of antioxidant activity of
calculated according to the equation of I% = dragon fruit is very important because knowing
[(Ablank - Asample)/ Ablank] × 100 where the quality and how much antioxidant activity
Asample is the absorbance of the sample, and contained in the dragon fruit can be used as a
Ablank is the absorbance of blank solution standard when the fruit will be used as herbal
(containing all reagents except the test sample). medicine for health. DPPH method was
IC50 value was determined from the plotted chosen because this method is rapid, simple
graph of scavenging activity against the and inexpensive to measure antioxidant
concentrations of the dragon fruit samples, capacity that involves the use of the free
which is defined as total antioxidant necessary radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
to decrease the initial DPPH radical by 50%. DPPH is widely used to test the ability of
Triplicate measurements were carried out and compounds that acts as free radical scavengers
IC50 was calculated based on the percentage of or hydrogen donors, and evaluates antioxidant
DPPH radicals scavenged. activity of foods. It has also been used to
quantify antioxidants in complex biological
Determination of Total Phenolic Content systems in recent years. The DPPH
The total phenolic content (TPC) was method can be used for solid or liquid
determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method samples and is not specific to any particular
as described by Meda et al., (2008). 0,5 mL of antioxidant component, but applies to
extract was added to deionized water (7,5 mL) the overall antioxidant capacity of the
and Folin–Ciocalteu phenolic reagents (0,5 sample. The red dragon fruit peel fulfilled its
mL). After 5 minutes, 20% sodium carbonate promise to inhibit the growth of melanoma
(1,5 mL) was added to the mixture. After being cells. Rebecca et al., (2010) determined
kept in 400C for 20 minutes, the absorbance antioxidant activity for red dragon fruit
was measured at 760 nm using a (Hylocereus polyrhizus) using DPPH method,
spectrophotometer against a water blank. A showed that the effective concentration (EC50)
standard calibration curve was plotted using 2,90 mM vitamin C equivalents/g dried extract.
gallic acid (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, dan 200 mg/L).
In this study IC50 for methanolic extract mainly due to their redox properties, which
of white dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) 193 plays an important role in adsorbing and
µg/mL. This means that the methanolic extract neutralizing free radicals, quenching singlet and
of white dragon fruit at a concentration of 193 triplet oxygen, or decomposing peroxides
µg/mL have the ability to inhibit free radical (Ghasemzadeh A, 2010). The Folin-Ciocalteu
DPPH by 50%. Based on these results it can be method was used because it is a generally
said that the methanolic extract of white dragon preferred analytical method for determination
fruit is potential to inhibit free radical DPPH, of total polyphenolic using gallic acid as a
because at concentrations less than 200 µg/mL standard. Rebecca et al., (2010) described that
was able to inhibit 50% DPPH free radicals. based on research of Lako et al., (2007, 2008),
The ability of flavonoids in arresting free common fruits with significant content of total
radicals due to the hydroxy group on the polyphenolic include: Musa sp. (Banana) with
molecule where the presence of free hydroxy 110 µg/g total polyphenolic; Ananas comosus
groups in flavonoids. IC50 values of methanolic (Pineapple) with 150 µg/g; Carica papaya
extract of the white dragon fruit is much (Papaya) with 260 µg/g; tomatoes with 350
greater than the IC50 value of ascorbic acid that µg/g; cherries with 670 µg/g and blueberries
is equal to 4,3 g/mL.. with 3180 µg/g. In this study, result shows a
total phenolic content of 246 mg/L in 1 Kg of
Determination of Total Phenolic Content dry white dragon fruitextract.
Polyphenolic compounds are known to
have antioxidant activity and it is likely that the CONCLUSION
activity of the extracts is due to these The present study indicated that white
compounds. This activity is believed to be dragon fruit is rich in flavonoids and exhibit