Pregnancy Categories

 
   
   Category                              Definition
   
         A Human studies show no risk in pregnancy.
 
   
         B No evidence of risk in humans, presumed safe because of animal studies.
 
   
         C Possible risk, uncertain safety, animal and human studies are lacking.
 
   
         D Positive risk, unsafe, but potential benefits may outweigh potential risks.
 
   
         X Contraindicated in pregnancy, highly unsafe.
 
 
 
 
Pregnancy Category X Drugs
   Alcohol
   Androgens
   Cocaine
   Warfarin (Coumadin)
   Diethylstilbestrol
   Penicillamine (Cuprimine)
   Isotretinoin (Accutane)
   Live vaccines (Rubella)
   “Statins”- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Lipitor, etc.)
   Dutasteride (Avodart)
   Finasteride (Proscar, Propecia)
   Misoprostol (Cytotec)
   Iodides
   Thalidomide (Thalomid)
 
Drugs that cause Photosensitivity
 
Drug Category Drug
Antihistamine/Phenothiazine Phenergan (Promethazine)
Antibiotics Cipro (Ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (Levofloxacin),
Tetracycline, Minocycline, Doxycycline, Bactrim
Antifungals Griseofulvin
Cardiovasculars Thiazide diuretics (Chlorthalidone, HCTZ,
Indapamide), Loop diuretics (Furosemide),
Cordarone (Amiodarone)
Antipsychotics Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)
Antiacne Accutane (Isotretinoin)
Quick Facts
         Photosensitivity is also called phototoxicity.
         Reaction usually occurs rapidly and appears as sunburn.
         Reaction can be prevented by limiting exposure to sunlight and/or by applying sunscreens.
 
       Drugs that Discolor the Urine
 
Drug Color
Pyridium (phenazopyridine) Red-Orange or Red-Brown
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Yellow
Rifadin (rifampin) Red or Pink
Urised (contains methylene blue) Blue
 
 
Drugs Requiring Refrigeration
 

 
Xalatan
Abelcet
Avonex
Anectine (Succinylcholine)
Bay Hep B
Bicillin CR, LA (Penicillin G)
Byetta
Cardizem injection (Diltiazem)
Combipatch
Calcitonin injection
Desmopressin nasal (DDAVP)
Duac topical gel
Enbrel
Engerix-B
Epogen
Intron A
Lactinex
Leukeran
Ativan (Lorazepam injection)
Marinol
Methergine injection
Miacalcin nasal spray
Muse
Neupogen injection
Orapred
Foradil
Nuvaring
PEG-Intron injection
Procrit injection
Phenergan suppositories
Rebif injection
Synagis injection
Thyrolar
  
Insulins (Humulin/Novolin R, NPH, 70/30, U, Lantus, Humalog, Novolog)
Vaccines (DTP-diptheria, tetanus, pertussis; HepB-hepatitis; MMR-measles, mumps, rubella)
 
 
Drug Storage Temperatures
Temperature Description Fahrenheit Celcius
Freezer -4 to 14 degrees -20 to -10 degrees
Refrigerated 36 to 46 degrees 2 to 8 degrees
Cool 46 to 59 degrees 8 to 15 degrees
Room Temperature 59 to 86 degrees 15 to 30 degrees
Warm 86 to 104 degrees 30 to 40 degrees
Excess Heat Above 104 degrees Above 40 degrees
 
 
 
 
 Vitamins
 
Common Name Chemical Name Category Use and/or Function
Vitamin A Retinol Fat soluble Eyes (retinas)/
Antioxidant
Vitamin D Ergocalciferol Fat soluble Bone weakness/Rickets
Vitamin E Tocopherol Fat soluble Antioxidant
Vitamin K Phytonadione Fat soluble Blood clotting
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Water soluble Carbohydrate
metabolism/Beriberi
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Water soluble Mucous membranes
Vitamin B3 Niacin Water soluble Lipid metabolism
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Water soluble Metabolism/coenzyme
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Water soluble Metabolism of
carbohydrates, proteins,
fats
Vitamin B9 Folic Acid Water soluble Red blood cell
production
Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Water soluble Anemia/red blood cell
production
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Water soluble Tissue repair, collagen
formation/Scurvy
Quick Facts
         Fat soluble vitamins = Vitamins A, D, E, K.
         Antioxidant vitamins = Vitamins A, C, E.
         Niacin causes red facial flushing.
         Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is given in combination with Isoniazid (INH) for tuberculosis treatment.
         Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) is given in combination with Methotrexate (MTX).
         Vitamin K (Phytonadione) can be given to an overdosed Coumadin (Warfarin) patient.
         Vitamin D (Ergocalciferol) is given with calcium supplements to increase the absorption of calcium.
         Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) is given with iron supplements to increase the absorption of iron.
         Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is given as an antioxidant.
 
               Antidotes
 
Antidote Poison
Acetylcycsteine (Mucomyst) Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Atropine Insecticides/mushrooms
Deferoxamine Iron
Ethanol Ethylene glycol/methanol
Flumazenil (Romazicon) Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, etc.)
Glucagon Hypoglycemia (excess insulin usage)
Leucovorin (Wellcovorin) Methotrexate
Naloxone (Narcan) Opiates (heroin, morphine, etc.)
Pralidoxime (2-PAM, Protopam) Insecticides
Phytonadione (Vitamin K1) Warfarin (Coumadin)
Protamine Heparin
 DRUG CLASSIFICATION BY PREFIX OR SUFFIX
 
     This table is an extremely important part of this book.  In my teaching experience, students often get overwhelmed with the
number of drugs in the pharmacy. At first glance, it seems impossible to learn all of the brand and generic drug names. This
process can be made much easier by learning the prefixes and suffixes of common drugs dispensed. For example, if it is known
that “statin” drugs are used to treat hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), then it would be obvious that Simvastatin, Pravastatin
and Lovastatin are all drugs that can be given to lower cholesterol.
 
Quick Drug Classification by Prefix or Suffix
Suffix or Drug Class or Action Brand Generic
Prefix Category
-mycin Antibiotic Macrolides Biaxin®, Biaxin XL® clarithromyci
n
Ery-Tab®, E-mycin® erythromycin
Ketek® telithromycin
Zithromycin®, Zmax® azithromycin
-cycline Antibiotic Tetracyclines Minocin®, Dynacin® minocycline
Sumycin® tetracycline
Vibramycin®, Adoxa®, Doryx®, Monodox®, doxycycline
Periostat®
-floxacin Antibiotic Fluoroquinolones Avelox® moxifloxacin
Cipro® ciprofloxacin
Factive® gemifloxacin
Floxin® ofloxacin
Levaquin® levofloxacin
Tequin® gatifloxacin
ceph-, cef- Antibiotic Cephalosporins Ceclor® cephalor
Cedax® ceftibuten
Ceftin® cefuroxime
Cefzil® cefprozil
Duricef® cefadroxil
Keflex® cephalexin
Omnicef® cefdinir
Spectracef® cefditoren
Suprax® cefixime
Vantin® cefpodoxime
-cillin Antibiotic Penicillins Amoxil®, Trimox® amoxicillin
Dynapen® dicloxacillin
Pen Vee K®, Veetids® penicillin V
Principen® ampicillin
-cyclovir Antiviral Anti-Herpetics Denavir® penciclovir
Famvir® famciclovir
Valcyte® valganciclovir
Valtrex® valacyclovir
Zovirax® acyclovir
  
-pril Antihypertensive Angiotensin Converting Enzyme- Accupril® quinapril
Inhibitors  (ACEI’s) Aceon® perindopril
Altace® ramipril
Capoten® captopril
Lotensin® benazepril
Mavik® trandolapril
Monopril® fosinopril
Prinivil®, Zestril® lisinopril
Univasc® moexipril
Vasotec® enalapril
-sartan Antihypertensive Angiotensin II Receptor- Blockers Atacand® candesartan
(ARB’s) Avapro® irbesartan
Benicar® olmesartan
Cozaar® losartan
Diovan® valsartan
Micardis® telmisartan
Teveten® eprosartan
-osin Antihypertensive, Benign α 1-Receptor Blockers Cardura® doxazosin
  Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Flomax® tamsulosin
  Hytrin® terazosin
  Minipress® prazosin
  Uroxatral® alfuzosin
-olol Antihypertensive Cardioselective Kerlone® betaxolol
    β -Receptor Blockers Lopressor® metoprolol
  tartrate
Tenormin® atenolol
Toprol XL® metoprolol
succinate
Zebeta® bisoprolol
Nonselective β -Receptor Blockers Blocadren® timolol
Inderal® propranolol
Corgard® nadolol
ISA (Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Cartrol® carteolol
Activity) Levatol® penbutolol
Sectral® acebutolol
Visken® pindolol
Mixed α & β-Receptor Blockers Coreg® carvedilol
Trandate®, labetalol
Normodyne®
-dipine Antihypertensive Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB’s) Adalat CC®, nifedipine
Procardia XL®
Cardene® nicardipine
DynaCirc® isradipine
Norvasc® amlodipine
Plendil® felodipine
Sular® nisoldipine
  
-statin Antihyperlipidemi HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Crestor® rosuvastatin
a Lescol® fluvastatin
Lipitor® atorvastatin
Mevacor® lovastatin
Pravachol® pravastatin
Zocor® simvastatin
- Antidiabetic Thiazolidinediones Actos® pioglitazone
glitazone Avandia® rosiglitazone
-glinide Antidiabetic Meglitinides Prandin® repaglinide
Starlix® nateglinide
-dronate Osteoporosis Bisphosphonates Actonel® risedronate
Boniva® ibandronate
Fosamax® alendronate
-tidine Anti-ulcer H2-Receptor Antagonists Axid® nizatidine
Pepcid® famotidine
Tagamet® cimetidine
Zantac® ranitidine
-prazole Anti-ulcer Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI’s) Aciphex® rabeprazole
Nexium® esomeprazole
Prevacid® lansoprazole
Prilosec® omeprazole
Protonix® pantoprazole
-triptan Anti-migraine 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists (Triptan’s) Amerge® naratriptan
Axert® almotriptan
Frova® frovatriptan
Imitrex® sumatriptan
Maxalt® rizatriptan
Relpax® eletriptan
Zomig® zolmitriptan
-pam, Anti-anxiety/ Benzodiazepines (BZD’s) Ativan® lorazepam
-lam Hypnotics Dalmane® flurazepam
Halcion® triazolam
Klonopin® clonazepam
ProSom® estazolam
Restoril® temazepam
Serax® oxazepam
Valium® diazepam
Xanax® alprazolam
-pramine Antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA’s) Anafranil® clomipramin
  e
Norpramin® desipramine
Tofranil® imipramine
- Antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA’s) Elavil® amitriptyline
triptyline Pamelor® nortriptyline
Vivactil® protriptyline
-ine Antidepressants Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Paxil® paroxetine
(SSRI’s) Prozac® fluoxetine
Zoloft® sertraline
  
-one Anti-inflammatory Corticosteroids Aristocort®, Kenalog® triamcinolone
Celestone® betamethasone
Cortef®, Hydrocortone®,  hydrocortisone
Solu-Cortef®
Cortone® cortisone
Decadron® dexamethasone
Delta-Cortef®, Prelone®, prednisolone
Pediapred®, Orapred®
Deltasone® prednisone
Florinef® fludrocortisone
Solu-Medrol®, Medrol®, Depo- methylprednisolon
Medrol® e
-steride Benign Prostatic 5α-Reductase Avodart® dutasteride
Hyperplasia (BPH) Inhibitors Proscar® finasteride
-nacin Overactive Bladder and Anticholinergics Enablex® darifenacin
Incontinence Vesicare® Solifenacin
-fil Erectile Dysfunction PDE5-Inhibitors Cialis® tadalafil
Levitra® vardenafil
Viagra® sildenafil
-terol Pulmonary β-agonists Foradil® formoterol
Maxair® pirbuterol
Proventil®, Ventolin®, Volmax® albuterol
Serevent® salmeterol
Xopenex® levalbuterol
-mide,       Antihypertensive Diuretics Lasix® furosemide
-nide Bumex® bumetamide
Demadex® torsemide
Lozol® indapamide
Exception:
         Clindamycin (Cleocin) is not a macrolide. It is a Lincomycin.
Practice Questions # 1
Match the drug class with a specific drug.
A.      Macrolide                                                      ___ 1.  Temazepam                           
B.      Tetracycline                                                  ___ 2.  Ranitidine
C.      Fluoroquinolone                                          ___ 3.  Starlix®
D.      Cephalosporin                                              ___ 4.  Pravastatin
E.       Penicillin                                                        ___ 5.  Azithromycin
F.       Anti-Herpetic                                                ___ 6.  Ciprofloxacin
G.      ACE inhibitors                                              ___ 7.  Amoxicillin
H.      ARB                                                               ___ 8.  Enalapril
I.        Alpha 1 receptor blocker                            ___ 9.  Doxazosin
J.        Beta-blocker                                                 ___ 10. Felodipine
K.      Calcium channel blocker                         ___ 11. Avandia®
L.       HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor                ___ 12. Minocycline
M.     Thiazolidinedione                                    ___ 13. Zolmitriptan
N.      Meglitinide                                              ___ 14. Cefadroxil
O.      Bisphosphonate                                       ___ 15. Alendronate
P.       H2-Receptor antagonist                           ___ 16. Valacyclovir
Q.      5-HT 1 receptor antagonist                      ___ 17. Irbesartan
R.      Benzodiazepine                                        ___ 18. Bisoprolol
Answers Practice Questions #1
1.R 2.P 3.N 4.L 5.A 6.C 7.E 8.G 9.I 10.K 11.M 12.B 13.Q 14.D 15.O 16.F 17.H 18.J
 
 
Practice Questions # 2
Match the drug class with the suffix or prefix.
A.      Macrolide                                                      ___ 1.  -sartan                     
B.      Tetracycline                                                  ___ 2.  -cyclovir
C.      Fluoroquinolone                                          ___ 3.   -dronate
D.      Cephalosporin                                              ___ 4.   -statin
E.       Penicillin                                                        ___ 5.   -cillin
F.       Anti-Herpetic                                                ___ 6.   -tidine
G.      ACE inhibitors                                              ___ 7.   -dipine
H.      ARB                                                               ___ 8.   -glinide
I.        Alpha 1 receptor blocker                            ___ 9.    ceph-
J.        Beta-blocker                                                 ___ 10.  -triptan
K.      Calcium channel blocker                         ___ 11.  -olol
L.       HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor                ___ 12.  -floxacin
M.     Thiazolidinedione                                    ___ 13.  -lam
N.      Meglitinide                                              ___ 14.  -osin
O.      Bisphosphonate                                       ___ 15.  -cycline
P.       H2-Receptor antagonist                           ___ 16.  -glitazone
Q.      5-HT 1 receptor antagonist                      ___ 17.  -pril
R.      Benzodiazepine                                        ___ 18.  -mycin
 
Answers Practice Questions # 2
1.H 2.F 3.O 4.L 5.E 6.P 7.K 8.N 9.D 10.Q 11.J 12.C 13.R 14.I 15.B 16.M 17.G 18.A
 
 
Practice Questions # 3
Match the drug category or disease state with a specific drug. (may use an answer multiple times)
A.   Hypertension                                                 ___ 1.  Doxycycline           ___ 16. Dutasteride
B.   Anti-Inflammatory                                      ___ 2.  Albuterol                  ___ 17. Simvastatin
C.   Antiviral                                                         ___ 3.  Diazepam                                ___ 18. Nifedipine
D.   Pulmonary Disease                                      ___ 4.  Ranitidine                                ___ 19. Amoxicillin
E.   Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia                     ___ 5.  Accupril                    ___ 20. Tamsulosin
F.   Antiulcer                                                         ___ 6.  Amitriptyline           ___ 21. Ciprofloxacin
G.   Antidepressant                                              ___ 7.  Fluoxetine                ___ 22. Lansoprazole
H.   Antibiotic                                                       ___ 8.  Clonazepam           ___ 23. Hydrocortisone
I.    Hyperlipidemia                                             ___ 9.  Sumitriptan             ___ 24. Alendronate
J.    Diabetes                                                          ___ 10. Clarithromycin
K.   Migraine                                                         ___ 11. Losartan
L.    Antianxiety                                                   ___ 12. Sildenafil
M.   Osteoporosis                                                 ___ 13. Darifenacin
N.    Incontinence                                                ___ 14. Cefuroxime
O.    Erectile Dysfunction                                   ___ 15. Atenolol
                                                                               
                                                                               
Answers Practice Questions # 3
1.H 2.D 3.L 4.F 5.A 6.G 7.G 8.L 9.K 10.H 11.A 12.O 13.N 14.H 15.A 16.E 17.I 18.A 19.H 20.E 21.H 22.F 23.B
24.M