01-Apr-19

CARDIOVASCULAR - 3 HEART FAILURE

PROFESSOR DR. M. TARIQ JAVED
Department of Pathology,
Faculty of Veterinary Science,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: mtjaved@uaf.edu.pk
• The ability of the heart to respond to circulatory demands over and above
those of the animal at rest is referred to as the cardiac reserve.
• Any cardiac lesion which impairs the efficiency of the heart, reduces the
cardiac reserve.
• When the cardiac reserve is exhausted and the circulatory requirements at
rest can no longer be met "congestive heart failure" results.
• Myocardium is no longer able to compensate for increase in the workload.

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HEART FAILURE HEART FAILURE

LEFT-SIDED HEART FAILURE LEFT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
• Clinical signs — primarily pulmonary (lungs),
• dyspnoea on exertion
• cough
• orthopnea.
• Common causes
• myocarditis,
• degeneration of the myocardium,
• stenosis and insufficiency of the mitral and semilunar valves
• congenital heart diseases.

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University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

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HEART FAILURE HEART FAILURE

LEFT-SIDED HEART FAILURE

RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
• Clinical signs
• manifestations by generalized venous congestion,
• Include
»distention of the jugular and other superficial veins,
»liver and spleen enlargement,
»accumulation of fluid in serous cavities and in tissues
(generalized edema).

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HEART FAILURE HEART FAILURE

RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE (NUT-MEG Liver)

Hydroperitoneum Hydrothorax
http://alf3.urz.unibas.ch/pathopic/e/getpic- http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LIVEHTML/
fra.cfm?id=9134 LIVER042.html

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HEART FAILURE HEART FAILURE

RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
• blood accumulates in the vena cava
• Common causes
– leading to generalized venous congestion.
– left-sided heart failure,
– Centrilobular congestion, degeneration, necrosis, and fibrosis of the liver.
– myocardial degeneration,
– Spleenic red pulp becomes engorged,
– myocarditis,
– generalized edema (ascites, etc.).
– factors that cause increased pulmonary resistance,
– Eventually, left heart failure
– hydropericardium,
– Generalized edema is a prominent feature
– exudative pericarditis,
– endocarditis
– defective tricuspid and semilunar valves. • Cor pulmonale — heart failure due to lung disease
• Progressive dilatation of the right ventricle and atrium which may be followed
by right ventricular and atrial hypertrophy.

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DILATATION

HYPERTROPHY AND DILATATION

• Myocardial hypertrophy is an increase in bulk of cardiac muscle due to an

increase in size of component fibers.
• SIMPLE HYPERTROPHY
» hypertrophy in the absence of dilatation.
• ECCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY
» both hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart.
• CONCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY
» hypertrophy results in a decrease in size of the heart
chambers.

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Ventricular Dilatation 12
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HYPERTROPHY AND DILATATION HYPERTROPHY AND DILATATION

Right
Ventricular
Hypertrophy
and Dilatation

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

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HIGH ALTITUDE DISEASE OF CATTLE

HIGH ALTITUDE DISEASE OF CATTLE

(Bovine High Mountain Disease, Brisket Disease and Pulmonary Hypertensive Heart
Disease)
• Develops subsequent to chronic hypoxia in lungs that causes increased
pulmonary vascular resistance and increased pulmonary arterial
pressure.
• The disease is characterized by dilatation and hypertrophy of the right
ventricle and atrium with the ultimate development of cardiac
decompensation and signs related to "congestive heart failure"
• Affected cattle reside at usually above 5,000 feet.
• There is a failure of the cardio-respiratory system to adjust to the
chronic anoxia.
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• The disease develops slowly and generalized edema is a main feature.
• Oedematous swelling in the ventral pectoral region is responsible for the
term "brisket disease"
• liver - "nutmeg"
• Young cattle are more susceptible than adults
• morbidity rate is highest in animals exposed to high altitudes for the first
time, after 3-4 weeks.
• Pleural effusions and ascites are usually abundant.
• Profuse diarrhea may develop because of intestinal venous hypertension.
• Respiration is labored, and animals may appear cyanotic.
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ARTERIES
Inflammation of Arteries
• Arteritis: presence of inflammatory exudate
(neutrophils, etc.) within the layers of the vessel
wall.
• The inflammatory reaction occurs in arteries which
pass through inflammed areas, or which contain
infected thrombi or emboli.
• It is usually the smaller arteries that are involved
and the arteritis is, therefore, of little consequence
except in cases of thrombolic infarction or
embolism
EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS (RNA virus)
• is an acute contagious disease of horses characterized by extensive
necrosis in the T. media of small muscular arteries of the intestine,
lymphoid tissue, and visceral organs.
• Initially, the virus destroys the endothelium in the vascular supply (vasa
vasorum) of small muscular arteries.
• Later, there is endothelial swelling and necrosis of the T. media.
• Grossly, the lesions of equine viral arteritis are extensive hemorrhages and
http://eyepathologist.com/disease.asp?IDNU generalized edema.
M=315970

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ANEURYSM OF ARTERIES ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

• An aneurysm is a pathological, more-or-less • Literally means hardening of the arteries.
circumscribed, dilatation of an artery (or chamber of • It includes those degenerative changes characterized by fibrous thickening, loss of
the heart). elasticity, and narrowing of the lumen.
• There is a tendency for aneurysms to enlarge
progressively and to ultimately rupture.
• A false aneurysm is a blood-containing cavity that
communicates with the arterial lumen. The wall is
formed from surrounding tissues.
• A dissecting aneurysm is characterized by the presence
of blood between the layers of the arterial wall (usually
in the media).

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• The "hallmark" of arteriosclerosis is the fibrous plaque which appears as a

white, firm, glistening elevation on the luminal surface of arteries.

Arteriosclerosis
Of Coronary
Arteries

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VEINS Varicose Veins

Inflammation of Veins
• Phlebitis is characterized by the presence of
inflammatory exudate in the wall of veins.
• The condition is less common than arteritis.
• Acute phlebitis occurs in "naval infection"
(omphalophlebitis) of calves, lambs and
foals.
• The resulting bacteremia may lead to acute
death or give rise to wide-spread suppurative
lesions (abscesses).
• Dilated and elongated, tortuous veins
are referred to as varicose veins.
• Such veins follow an irregular and
tortuous course and hold an
abnormally large amount of blood.
• varicose veins are less common in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GnarlyUdderVeins4
589.JPG
animals than in man.
http://pictures.doccheck.com/de/photo
s/53725/9451/omphalophlebitis-beim-
kalb/

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LYMPHATICS
References
LYMPHANGITIS
• Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's, 2007. Pathology of Domestic Animals (Fifth Edition). Saunders Ltd.
• In most instances, the involved vessels are
• McGavin, MD and JF Zachary, 2006. Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease, 4th Edition. Mosby Elsevier,
so small as to have no significance; Elsevier Health Sciences

• Lymphangitis is associated with several

specific diseases, like cutaneous glanders
of horses (ulcerative lymphangitis).

https://www.gaitpost.com/Equestrian-
Article.aspx?ARTICLE_ID=1124

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University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.