Question: Conquest of Sind produced everlasting results not only in Sindh but also in all

over the South Asia?

Introduction:
Arab-Indian trade relations from ancient times. After the Arabs became Muslims, they
brought Islam with them. But not until the conquest of Sindh in 712AD that Muslim
influence in the sub-continent became widespread and considerable.
Arab was the great warriors of their earlier time. Jihad and war was the norm of the
culture. It was the period of expansion of Islamic civilization over the world. Disturbance
in the Arabian sea by the plunders of Sindh to loot the trade-ships, plundering of
orphans and widows of Arab soldiers who died in Ceylon, refugee to rebellions of
Umayyad Caliphate in Sind by rulers of Sind and refusing to free the captured ship and
widow women and orphans paved the way to Arab's army to invade Sind. Conquest of
Sind revealed the war in-capabilities of the ruler of South Asia and gave a golden chance
to invade the region. Muslim ruler went through successful invasions in the sub-
continent and they directly established their rule for almost 10 centuries.

Raja Dahir and the Conquest of Sindh:

During reign of Umayyad Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik, Hajjaj Bin Yousaf was governor of
eastern provinces.
Raja Dahir was ruler of Sindh. He was cruel and supported pirates that raided ships
passing Daibul.
Muslim traders died in Ceylon (modern SriLanka) and the ruler sent their wives and
children back along with gifts for Hajjaj. This small caravan of ships was looted by
pirates and everyone taken as prisoner.
Hajjaj was furious, demanded Dahir do something. Raja Dahir refused and in some
accounts aided and abetted the pirates.
Hajjaj decided to invade Sindh. First few expeditions failed then he decided to send his
own nephew and son-in-law, Muhammad bin Qasim along with 6000 men in 712 AD
Qasim captured Daibul--Nirun(near hyderabad)--Raor(where dahir made his last stand).
Qasim had conquered many areas up to multan, when he was called back by the new
caliph Suleman bin Abdul Malik.

Invasion of Mehmood of Ghanzni:

-From 1000 AD to 1030 AD
-Sindh, Punjab and different part of India.
- Different school of thoughts about Mehmood ghaznavi: Islamic intention, looting
treasure, both.
- Weakened Rajputs and gave chance to other Muslim rulers to invade India.

Dehli Sultanate:
- 5 dynasties
- 1206-1526
- Islamic Turk Civilization
- First Muslim women ruler in Sub-continent- Razia Sultan

Mughal Rule:
- 1526-1857
- 6 powerful Mughal Rulers
- Muslim-hold in South Asia
- Hindu participation in Mughal rule

Impact of Muslim rule on the sub-continent

Social Influence (caste system, rule system, women empowerment, education )

Religious Influence (Islam helped Hinduism evolve, Shankarachariya (Organizer of
modern Hinduism) greatly influenced by Islam, Baba Guru Nanik (founder of sikhism)
was educated by both Hindu Pandits and Muslim Ulama, Chaitanya of Bengal was
influenced by Islamic teaching, Ramananda (leader of Bhagti Movement) redesigned the
Hindu caste system after discussions with muslim scholars.
Political and Administrative influence
Cultural influence (poetry, art, architecture, literature)
Philosophical influence
Lingual influence
Economic and financial administrative influence
Influence on trade and relations with other empires
Influence on the South Asian Identity

Conclusion
Few people could have predicted at the time how important and wide-reaching the
impacts of this single event would be. The Conquest of Sindh in 712 AD proved to be the
catalyst for great change in the region...