FLUID MECHANICS-II

FIGURES
EGL AND HGL IN A STRAIGHT PIPE

Fig. 1
RISE IN EGL AND HGL DUE TO PUMP

Fig. 2
DROP IN EGL AND HGL DUE TO TURBINE

Fig. 3
CHANGE IN EGL AND HGL DUE TO CHANGE IN DIAMETER OF PIPE

Fig. 4
CHANGE IN HGL AND EGL DUE TO FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE

Fig. 5
SUBATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WHEN PIPE IS ABOVE HGL

Fig. 6
Development of
boundary layer and
distribution of shear
stress along a thin, flat
plate.
(a) Flow pattern in
boundary layers above
and below the plate.
(b) Shear-stress
distribution on either
side of the plate.
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER
VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION IN
A TURBULENT
BOUNDARY LAYER

Fig. (a)
VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION IN A
TURBULENT
BOUNDARY LAYER –
LINEAR SCALES

Fig. (b)
VELOCITY-DEFECT
LAW FOR
BOUNDARY LAYERS

Fig. (c)
VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION FOR
SMOOTH PIPES
a

Fig. (a)
a
VELOCITY-DEFECT LAW FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN SMOOTH AND ROUGH PIPES

Fig. (b)
Resistance coefficient f versus Re. [Moody Diagram]
TABLE: EQUIVALENT SAND-GRAIN ROUGHNESS, ks , FOR VARIOUS PIPE MATERIALS

Boundary Material ks millimeters

Glass, plastic Smooth
Copper or brass tubing 0.0015
Rubber pipe (straight) 0.025
Wrought iron, steel 0.046
Asphalted cast iron 0.12
Galvanized iron 0.15
Cast iron 0.26
Concrete 0.3 to 3.0
TABLE : LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TRANSITIONS AND FITTINGS

Pipe entrance V2
hL  K e
2g

r/d Ke
d V
0.0 0.50
r 0.1 0.12
>0.2 0.03
TABLE : LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TRANSITIONS AND FITTINGS

Contraction D2/D1 KC KC
 = 60  = 180
2
V
hL  KC 2
0.0 0.08 0.50
2g
0.2 0.08 0.49
0.4 0.07 0.42
D1  D2 V2 0.6 0.06 0.27
0.8 0.06 0.20
0.9 0.06 0.10
TABLE : LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TRANSITIONS AND FITTINGS

Expansion
D1/D2 KE KE
V12  = 20  = 180
hL  K E
2g 0.0 1.00
0.2 0.30 0.87
0.4 0.25 0.70
V1 D1
 D2 0.6 0.15 0.41
0.8 0.10 0.15
TABLE : LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TRANSITIONS AND FITTINGS

90 miter bend V2

hL  K b
2g
Vanes
Without vanes Kb = 1.1

With vanes Kb = 0.2

TABLE : LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TRANSITIONS AND FITTINGS

90 smooth bend V2

hL  K b
2g
d r/d Kb
1 0.35
r
2 0.19
4 0.16
6 0.21
8 0.28
10 0.32
TABLE : LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TRANSITIONS AND FITTINGS
Threaded pipe fittings

Globe valve─wide open Kv =10.0

Angle valve─wide open Kv = 5.0
Gate valve─wide open Kv = 0.2
Gate valve─half open Kv = 5.6
Return bend Kb = 2.2
Tee
straight-through flow Kt = 0.4
side-outlet flow Kt = 1.8
90 elbow Kv = 0.9
45 elbow Kv = 0.4
PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES
TABLE A.1
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW TABLES FOR AN IDEAL GAS
WITH   1.4
M or M1  local number or Mach number upstream of a
normal shock wave; p/pt  ratio of static pressure to total
pressure; /t  ratio of static density to total density; T/Tt
 ratio of static temperature to total temperature; A/A* 
ratio of local cross-sectional area of an isentropic stream tube
to cross-sectional area at the point where M  1; M2 
Mach number downstream of a normal shock wave; p2/p1 
static-pressure ratio across a normal shock; T2/T1  static-
temperature ratio across a normal shock wave; pt2/pt1  total
pressure ratio across normal shock wave.
Table A.1 (continued)
Table A.1 (continued)
Table A.1 (continued)
Table A.1 (continued)
Table A.1 (continued)