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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Plastic pollution was a widespread environmental issue throughout the entire

world, and there is a vital need to fix this rapid growth of pollution in the planet. According
to Cho (2017) since the 1950s, the world produced over nine billion tons of plastic, which
165 million of them goes to the ocean, and only 9 percent of the plastic gets recycled.
Polyethylene or also known as Plastic is one of the versatile products in the 21st century
for packaging products.

Parker (2019) stated that there are millions of animals killed due to plastics, most
cases of death related to plastic is because of entanglement and starvation. Experts said
that there will be more plastics than fishes by 2050. Bio-plastics are made from the starch
of cassava or corn and it is a better alternative than polyethylene-based plastics because
it is easy to decompose and dissolve in water.

According to Woodford (2019), the bio plastic is better and effective when it is
easy to dissolve in water and decomposed. Woodford (2019) also added that bio plastics
are moldable plastic that are made up of chemical compounds that are derived from
microbes such as bacteria or plants, bio plastics are biodegradable. The first bio plastic
made by Maurice Lemoigne a French researcher was discovered on 1926 using bacterium
bacillus magetarium.

Structure and Rationale

The researchers investigated on what was feasibility of cornstarch and cassava

starch based bio plastic. Moreover, this study compared their results by conducting an
experiment that involves the different types of water where most of the people throw
their plastic waste which was the tap water and sewage water. The main objective of this
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research was to know what was the feasibility of corn starch and cassava starch based bio
plastic and which of the two was the better material in making bio plastic.

Statement of the Problem

The study was intended to determine the differences of the two materials (corn
starch and cassava starch) in making an effective bio plastic that was easy to dissolve in
the different water setups. Furthermore, the study was seek to answer the following
problems:

1. What was the level of effectiveness of the different water setups of the
cornstarch and cassava starch bio plastic in terms of:

1.1 Solubility

a) pH

b) Temperature

c) Stirring

1.2 Durability

a) Temperature;

b) Tensile Strength;

2. What was the differences in the different water setups composed of tap water
and sewage water of the corn starch and cassava starch-based bio plastic in terms of:

2.1 Solubility

a) pH
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b) Temperature

c) Stirring

2.2 Durability

a) Temperature

b) Tensile Strength

3.What was the preferred bio plastic material according to the science research
specialists?

Objectives of the Study

This study was intended to know the feasibility of corn starch and cassava starch
based bio plastic and which of the two is the better material in making bio plastic.

Specifically, the study intends to:

1. Determine the level of effectiveness of the different water setups of the corn
starch and cassava starch bio-plastic in terms of:
1.1 Solubility
a) pH
b) Temperature
c)Stirring
1.2 Durability
a) Tensile Strength
b) Temperature

2. Determine what was the differences in the different water setups of the
cornstarch and cassava starch bio-plastic in terms of:
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2.1 Solubility
a) pH
b) Temperature
c) Stirring
2.2 Durability
a) Tensile Strength
b) Temperature

3. identify the preferred bio-plastic according to the science research specialists

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study determined which of the following material between cornstarch and
cassava starch is effective in terms of Solubility; (1) Temperature, (2) Stirring, (3) pH (4)
Pressure. Durability; (1) Tensile strength (2) Temperature in different water setups: (1)
Stagnant water, (2) Tap water. The researchers conducted the study in Calamba City
because of the convenience of the researchers.

The study were limited on the following: (1) the researchers was focused on water
testing; (2) the study was conducted in the city of Calamba due to the proximity of the
researchers to the bodies of polluted water; (3) the water that was used in the experiment
were tap water and sewage water; (4) the study was focused in the dissolving of the bio
plastic and decomposition was not included.

The researchers were not able to control the following: (1) the time of dissolution
of the bio-plastic into different water setups; (2) the number of the respondents.

The setups that were used was the set up A and B that contains two water setups,
with testing of cornstarch based bio plastic while set up C and D contains two water setups
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with testing of cassava starch based bio plastic. The respondents (science research
specialists) was selected into 3. It was three respondents to ensure the transparency of
data that was collected. In this process, the researchers were able to know what is the
feasibility of the corn starch and cassava starch based bio plastic and which of the two
was the preferred material in making bio-plastics.

Importance/ Relevance of the Problem

This study investigated the feasibility of corn starch and cassava starch
based bio plastic and the preferred material between the two in making bio
plastic.

The results of this research were great benefit to the following:

Civilians - The study helped to update the public about using bio-plastics as an
alternative to conventional plastics and the effective way of reducing human
waste.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)- The agency has

known what was the preferable material to use in making bio plastic and this will
also help our country to implement laws in using plastics and encourage people
to buy bio plastic for their everyday life.

Plastic Factories- Business that produce plastics can use the preferable starches
in making bio plastic. They will also help bio plastics to have better formulation
that will make a more efficient bio plastic.

Future Researchers: Future researchers used this study to compare and contrast
information and they can explore more ideas to lead into innovation. They also
expound all the results gathered by this study to make more preferable bio plastic.
Since the study only focused on dissolving in specific bodies of waters, they can
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make a study that used decomposition process in different kinds of soil.

Definition of Terms

The following terms was used in research:

Terms Definition

Bio Plastic It refers to the plastic materials made from

renewable biomass sources.

Cassava Starch It refers to the Cassava that came from the root of
the plants, cassava starch is a natural polymer that
can be used in making bio plastics.

Corn Starch It refers to the starch derived from corn grains,

cornstarch are preferable due to its
biodegradability and it looks and feels like a normal
plastic.

Diaminohexane Monomers It is used for making polymers, it takes advantage

of the structure.
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Distilled Water It refers to the water that has been boiled into vapor
and condensed back to liquid.

Durability It refers to the ability to withstand pressure or

damage.

Glycerol It refers to the simple polyol compound, it acts as

the plasticizer which lubricates the plastic.

Polyethylene It refers to the most known plastic in the world, it is

used for plastic bags and other plastic products, the
simplest commercial polymers.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate It refers to the polyester that are produce naturally

or from bacterial fermentation.

Polylacticide Acid It refers to the thermoplastic polyester derived from

renewable biomass and starch.

Polystyrene It refers to the thermoplastic polyester derived from

renewable biomass and starch.

Rubber It refers to the material that can expand, stretched

and shrink, made from sap of some trees.
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Solubility It refers to the ability of a given substance to

dissolver in a solvent.

Stagnant It refers to the water that has no movement or not

flowing.

Sulphur It refers to the material that is used to the

vulcanization of the rubber.

Tap Water It refers to the water that came up from pipe supply.

White Vinegar It refers to the most aggressive vinegar out there, it

helps dissolved the starch.

Tap Water It refers to the water that came up from pipe supply.

White Vinegar It refers to the most aggressive vinegar out there, it

helps dissolved the starch.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter is a completion of related studies both foreign and local which have
direct bearing and relevance to the present study.

Plastics

Plastic is widely used as a conventional material in terms of packaging, synthetic

materials and other things that is essential to life Johnson (2019). According to Bradford
(2017), Plastic is made up of polymers. polymers are materials that was made up of long-
chained and repeating molecules. They are used for widely variety of products like grocery
bags, water bottles, food packaging and textile fibers.

As studied by Knight (2014), A thousand of years ago the civilizations of the Olmecs
in Mexico, played balls with a natural polymer called rubber. The medieval craftsmen
made a lantern windows out of the translucent pieces of animal horns. Horns are made
up of a natural keratin. Keratin is a mixed of carbon-nitrogen polymer and it is naturally
found in wool and human hair. In the late 1840s, the American inventor, Charles
Goodyear and the British Thomas Hancock revolutionized rubber by vulcanizing and
mixing rubber with sulphur to make it durable and it is resulted to what the people known
today as tires. In 1846, Charles Schonbein, a Swiss chemist accidentally discovered a
polymer by spilling a nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture into cotton. Alexander Parkes
introduced the first man-made plastic in 1862 at the London International Exhibition and
it was called as Parkesine. It was marketed as an alternative material to ivory and horns.
The discovery of Parkes was improved by John Wesley Hyatt in 1869 by developing the
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first synthetic polymer. His invention used Celluloid that was derived from cellulose and
alcoholized camphor and it can be molded by the use of heat. As eloquently stated by
Freudenrich (2018), in 1909, Leo Baekeland a Belgian chemist was formulated the first
true synthetic polymer from the mixture of phenol and formaldehyde and it was called as
Bakelite. In the 1930s, Wallace Carruthers invented a plastic polymer from adipic acid and
a type of diaminohexane monomers that can be formed as nylon. In the 1933s- 1945s,
many types of plastic were arisen from the market like Polyethylene and Polystyrene. In
the 1950s, plastics was innovated into a thermoplastic that can withstand any type of
temperature and this plastic also was made into plastic bags and plastic bottles.

According to Parker (2018), More than 6.9 Billion of tons of plastics are collected
each year and it accumulates our ocean. There are many species that are suffering from
excessive waste of plastic. Glazner (2015) mentioned in her study that there’s a
connection between climate change and plastic pollution. Plastic pollution is one of the
factors of sudden change in our earth’s surface as a result of climate change. The
waterways of each community was also affected by plastic pollution. When a typhoon
approaches the community, the waterways are stuck in plastics and eventually it will lead
to the obstruction of flow of water and it may result to floods that can affect the citizens,
livelihood stock and the economy. According to Subido (2019), Philippines ranks in 3rd
place in terms of plastic pollution. Filipinos use 163 million plastic sachet packets, 48
million of plastic bag and 45 million of wrappers and thin film bags in a day. The recent
study of Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA) in 2018, it was revealed that
there are many wastes of plastic used by the Filipinos each day and it was alarming. The
agency also said that the waste from plastic pollutes the waterways of each city and it
was prevalent in squatter and coastal areas. There are also landfill areas that cannot
accept a number of plastic waste and leads to more pollution. Mike Wright; Ashley Kirk;
Mark Molloy; Emma Mills (2018), indicated that it will take 1000 years in order for the
plastic to decompose and it poses a number of hazards to the environment. As studied by
Borunda (2019), plastic poses threats to the marine animals and micro particles of plastic
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ends up being eaten by the aquatic animals. In 2019, a pregnant whale was found dead
and when the scientists inspect the cadaver of the animal, they found out that there’s
have 50 pounds (ca. 23 kg) of plastic in its stomach. The environmentalists were alarmed,
and they informed people about the effects of using plastic, and they also suggest that
people should use bio plastic as an alternative to conventional plastic.

Bio- Plastic

According to Woodford (2019), bio-plastic means that the material are made of
renewable materials that are from starches of plants He also added that the bio-plastic is
better and effective when it is easy to dissolve in water and decompose. The polylactide
acid found in the starch of the plants can be resembled as a natural polymer and it also
generates polyhydroxyalkanoate, a type of microorganisms that affects the composition
of bio-plastic in making it biodegradable. According to Active Sustainability (2017), bio-
plastics are 100 percent degradable, versatile and resistant and can be used to combat
plastic pollution. Cho (2017) mentioned in her study that there have several types of bio-
plastic. First is the degradable which can be easy to decompose but it disintegrates quickly
when it was exposed in the heat. Second is the Biodegradable which can be broken down
by water, carbon dioxide and decompose by microorganisms and lastly the Compostable
type of bio plastic that can be biodegrade in a compost site and it doesn’t leave any toxic
residue.

According to Arikan, E. and, Ozsoy, H. (2015), they are advantages and

disadvantages of using bio-plastics. For the advantages: (1) Bio-plastics are made of
renewable sources than the plastics made from synthetic materials ;(2) Bio-plastics
generates fewer green-house gases and it contains no toxins and it eases the effects of
global warming ;(3) Bio-plastics are energy efficient They use less energy than
conventional plastics ;(4) Bio-plastics offers a wide variety of zero waste end of life options
;(5) Bio plastics will reduce the amount of plastic waste ;(6) Organisms can be benefit from
the nutrients of the bio-plastic after it decompose ;(7) Bio-plastic will help the
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environment to replenish its sources. As for the disadvantages: (1) Bio-plastics costs twice
the price of the conventional plastics ;(2) Bio-plastics have recycling problems and it can
contaminate the recycling process ;(3) Bio-plastics reduces the amount of raw materials
;(4) Bio plastics lacks proper legislation. Many countries have not used any law in using
bio-plastic as an alternative to conventional plastic.

Factors that Affects the Solubility of a Bio-Plastic

Solubility is a chemical property that refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve

in a solvent. The following are the factors that affects the solubility of a bio-plastic
according to C. K-12 (2018):

Temperature

Temperature can affect solubility. The solution will be made fast if the
temperature increases, the particles moves faster which make them interact more with
the solvent particles. As the temperature increases the solute particles will be more
dissolved thus making high temperature making the particles to be dissolve easily than
normal to low temperature.

Stirring

Stirring doesn’t have effects on solubility however it makes the process of

dissolving quick. If the liquid substance is constant, it will still solute but it takes longer.
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pH

Solubility depends on the pH of the water. pH varies between bases and acidic. If
the pH of the solution is such that a particular molecule carries no net electric powered
charge, the solute frequently has minimal solubility and precipitates out of the solution.
The pH at which the net charge is neutral is referred to as the isoelectric point. The testing
of pH level is usually gathered by the use of litmus paper. Litmus paper is a kind of paper
that changes its color depends on the acidity of the solution. Yellow litmus paper turns
into red under acidic exposure below 4.5 while yellow litmus paper turns into blue under
alkaline exposure above 8.3. pH scale by Helmenstine (2019). According to Chaurasia
(2018), acidic pH affects the solubility by making the solution and particles to dissolved
faster while neutral and alkaline causes the solution to be more partial and dissolved with
time.

Table 1: pH Scale

pH Scale colors according to litmus paper

Acidic Neutral Alkaline

Red Dark Green Navy Green

Orange Sky Blue

Yellow orange Cyan

Yellow Blue

Green Yellow Light Blue

Camouflage Green Indigo

Light Green Dark Blue

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Factors that Affects the Durability of a Bio- Plastic

Biodegradable plastic is also known as bio-plastic means a plastic derived from a

biological substances rather than from petroleum. According to Szaky (2015),
biodegradable plastics of any composition are not the long-term sustainable solution we
need. When we compost a biodegradable plastic product such as plastic cup, that polymer
can no longer be a reusable and maintained, means all the material and energy will be
gone or lost in the soil. Also, it can make sense in certain occurrences, mainly in a large
volume of organic landfill waste country. Durable bio plastics that can be recycled present
to with a more attainable opportunity to ease our dependence on oil-based plastics, but
lifelike offsetting our dependence the petroleum polymer first requires lessen the overall
demand for plastic. Durability is described as the capacity of a material to stay usable
without harm or unexpected maintenance in its environment during its lifespan.

The following are the factors that affects the durability of the bio plastic according to
Harunsyah, M., Yunus, M., and Fauzan, R. (2017):

Tensile Strength

Tensile is the resistance of a material to breaking under tension and the tensile
strength of the composite material diminish for up to five days, next is the gradual
decrease. Weight loss or reduction in the tensile strength of biodegradable composite
material in soil has greater significance than buried in natural soils. The biodegradability
of these composites is further enhanced in the bottom part because the area is more
vulnerable to microorganisms. According to Omotoso, M., Adeyefa, O., Animashaun, E.,
and, Osibanjo , O. (2015), the average tensile strength of cassava starch based bio-plastics
is 0.51MPa – 5.33Mpa and 0.10MPa - 5.20Mpa for cornstarch (Megapascal). The higher
the value of the Mpa, the stronger the material.
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Temperature

Temperature may affect the durability of a bio plastic. higher temperature may
cause the bio-plastic to burn and deform while colder temperature may cause the plastic
to moisten and damaged. Wahyuningtiyas, N., and Suryanto, H. (2018).

Properties and Composition of Stagnant Water and Tap Water

Sewage water

Stagnant water can be everywhere and any time, it becomes a threat especially in
summer when it becomes a breeding ground for insects. The ground can be a factor of
water stagnation when it rains, the ground cannot absorb all the water that has recently
fallen. Or sewers are not enough to sip all the water from the rain. Filter Butler (n.d)

Tap Water

Tap water has chemicals in order to kill the bacteria and other microorganisms,
however it may contain unwanted contaminants and it can be contaminated by chemicals
due to the pipes. Geoff (n.d)

Properties of Corn Starch as a Material for Making Bio-Plastic

Cornstarch is used as thickening agent in cooking and it is a fine ground corn flour.
Base on Heavenly Bath (n.d.), corn starch is powdery, gluten free fine and it is made up of
75% of amylopectin and 25% of amylose. Amylopectin is a component of starch that has
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a high molecular weight and branched structure and does not tend to gel in aqueous
solutions. Amylose is a component of starch characterized by its straight chains of glucose
units. Hermansyah, H., Carissa, R., Faiz, M., and, Deni, P. (2014) mentioned in their study
that corn is popular source of food of some people and starch. In the study, used of corn
starch as potential biopolymer for bio-plastic have been widely explored.

Corn Zea mays have many benefits to us because of its composition. Since bio-
plastic is based plastics that is made on a bio-polymer, cornstarch is much useful in making
bio-plastic because amylopectin is highly branched of polymer of a glucose that found in
plants and also the amylose that it is seems like the amylopectin. Cornstarch is an agent
wherein it can help us to produce plastics that cannot affects our nature. Marichelvam,
Jawaid, and Asim. (2019). According to Chung, Othman, and Lee (2015), corn are consists
of 75 percent of amylopectin and 25 percent of amylose.

Properties of Cassava Starch as a Material for Making Bio-Plastics

Cassava starch or also known as tapioca starch Manihot esculenta is made by the
root of cassava plant that leached and dried. Based on Oladonmoye (2014), cassava starch
is produced by the high-yielding low-cyanide improved cassava variety. According to
Girao, L., Inciong, R., Jacinto, E., Magbuhat, B., and, Sayson, S. (2017), plastics are made
up of polymers and the most favorable in making of bio-plastics are the starch. Meaning,
cassava starch is good in making bio-plastics. Tapioca is a natural polymers that is actually
used as raw material in making biodegradable plastic. It is a material that we can use
because of its polymers. Tapioca is highly producing a chemicals that is needed to make
a bioplastics. Other tapioca resin products include reusable gloves, capes, plastics and
aprons. According to Material District (2017), cassava starch based bioplastics can break
down on lands and sea over a period of months. Ruegg (2018) mentioned in his study that
cassava starch is composed of 85 percent amylopectin and 15 percent of amylose. These
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chemicals reacted with ions and polymers to produce plastic. The higher the amylose and
amylopectin, the higher its effectiveness in making bioplastics.
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Synthesis of the Related Literature

Plastic

According to Johnson (2019) plastics are essential to life, and Knight (2014) there
are various history of plastic throughout the year. Parker (2018) stated that there are
more than 6.9 billion of tons of plastic that are collected in the ocean, and Glazner (2015)
mentioned that plastic pollution is one of the factors of climate change. Subido (2019)
stated that Philippines ranks third place in plastic pollution. According to Borunda (2019)
plastic is a threat for marine animals. In relation to this, the researchers wanted to make
bio plastics as a good alternative to plastics to prevent pollution.

Bio-Plastic

According to Woodford (2019) bio plastics have natural polymer and it is easily to
dissolved and decomposed, and Active Sustainability (2017) stated that bio plastic can be
used to combat plastic pollution. Cho (2017) mentioned that there are several bio plastics,
According to Arikan E. and Ozsoy H. (2015) there are advantages and disadvantages of
using bio plastics. The researchers wanted to make a starch -based bio plastic that will
combat plastic pollution and the researchers also investigates the preferred material in
making a bio-plastic.
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Factors that Affects the Solubility of a Bio-Plastic

According to C. K-12 (2018) there are four factors that affect the solubility of a
bioplastic. The four are Temperature, Stirring, pH level, and Pressure. The present study
also wants to determine the solubility of a bio-plastic to formulate the problems of the
study.

Factors That Affects The Durability Of A Bio-Plastic

According to Szaky (2015) biodegradable plastics of any composition are not the
long term sustainable solution we need. Harunsyah M, Yunus M, and Fauzan R (2017)
stated that tensile strength and Temperature affects the durability of a bio plastic. The
present study wants to determine the durability of a bio-plastic in terms of its factors and
effectivity.

Properties and Composition of Stagnant Water and Tap Water

According to Filter Butler (N.D) stagnant water are water that stays in the ground,
while according to Geoff (N.D) tap water has chemical that can kill bacteria. The present
study venture to find if the composition of the water will affect the solubility and
durability of a bio-plastic.
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Properties of Cornstarch as a Material for Making Bio-Plastic

According to Heavenly Bath (N.D) and Hermansyah, H., Carissa, R., Faiz, M., and,
Deni, P. (2014). Cornstarch is made up of 75% amylopectin and 25% amylose, its
components are good for making bio plastics. The present study showed the composition
of corn starch, in order for the researchers to investigate the components of corn-starch
and why it is one of the ingredients that is used to make bio-plastic.

Properties of Cassava as a Material For Making Bio Plastic

According to Oladonmoye (2014) cassava starch is produced by high yielding low-

cyanide improved cassava variety. Inciong G, Jacinto R, Magbuhat E, and Sayson S.
(2017) indicate in their study that cassava starch is good at making bioplastic since
plastics are made of polymers. Material District (2017) mentioned in their study that
cassava starch based bioplastics can break down on lands and sea over a period of
months. The present study showed the composition of cassava starch, in order for the
researchers to investigate the components of cassava starch why it is one of the
ingredients that is used to make a bio-plastic.
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Theoretical Framework

The researchers will use Cornstarch and Cassava starch in making bio-plastic upon
the production of the bio- plastic, the researchers will compare the two bio-plastic in
terms of solubility, durability and dissolvability of the following water conditions.

Solubility
• Temperature
Corn starch
• Stirring
• pH
• Pressure
Cassava Starch
Durability
• Tensile
Strength
• Temperature

Dissolvability of the ff.

• Tap water
• Stagnant
Water

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 2 shows the conceptual model of the study. For the input of the study here
are the following: material and equipment that is composed of the ingredients that will
be useful in making bio-plastic and instruments that will be use in the process of making
bioplastic and conducting an experiment. The review of the literature will be synthesize
and the data obtained from the experiment and interview will be collect, analyze and
interpret so that the researchers will be able to conduct a study about “The Feasibility of
Zea Mays and Manihot Esculenta starch based Bioplastic”

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

*Materials/ Equipment *Process for making

bio-plastic
-Corn Starch

-Cassava Starch

-Stagnant Water
* Experiment
-Tap Water

-Litmus Paper

-Cooking Thermometer The Feasibility of Zea

-Vinegar Mays and Manihot
Esculenta starch
-Glycerin based Bioplastic
-Beakers
*Synthesize of the
Review of the Related
*Review of the Related Literature
Literature

*Collect, Analyze, and

*Data obtained from Interpret Data
the experiment and
interview

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides information on the methods used in this study. It includes
research design, research locale, sampling design, materials and procedures, data
gathering procedure and data analysis plan.

Research Design

The results were qualitative and quantitative. The study benefited the future
researchers in conducting experimentation of the cassava starch and cornstarch for
making bio-plastic. The study also observed the process and procedure of the experiment
and the difference of the results gathered that can answer the problem of the research.
In this study, the researchers will use a descriptive research design. According to Adi Bhat
(n.d.), descriptive research design focuses on characteristics of a phenomenon or
population that is being studied by the researchers. The focus of this kind of methodology
is to answer the “what”s of the research topic rather than the “why”s of the research
topic. In other words, the focus of a descriptive research design describes the elements
of the research topic without focusing the “why” of the research topic, or “why” a certain
phenomenon occurs. Therefore, this type of research design describes the topic that is
being studied while experimental research deals with scientific research and hypothesis
that can be manipulate by the researcher by measurement, calculation and comparation.
This study is determined to know the properties of cassava starch and corn starch as the
material in making bio-plastic and also their comparison in different water setups.
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Research Locale

The materials that which were gathered in public markets here in Calamba. The research
product that was produced in this study will help the community as well as the nature.
Therefore, the bio-plastic that was made up of starch was produced by the researchers
for the testing and production of the bio plastic, it was done in one of the researcher’s
house. The researchers chose to produce the product there because of the convenience
of materials that was needed and the availability of bodies of water that was required to
formulate this study.

Respondents for the research study were from Department of Science and
Technology- Forest Products Research Development Institute- Los Banos Laguna. The
researchers chose this place for obtaining interviews because of the knowledge of the
respondents came from these institutions that was necessary to complete this study with
their preference and opinions.

Respondents and Sampling of the Study

The samples that the researchers used are (4) setups that was consists of (2)
cassava starch-based bio-plastic and also (2) corn starch-based bio-plastic and was tested
into (2) different water setups that was composed of sewage water and tap water.

To ensure the transparency of the data in the effectiveness of cassava starch and
corn starch as a material in making bio-plastic, the researchers conducted a one on one
interview with the science research specialist respondents from Department of Science
and Technology- Forest Products Research Development Institute- Los Banos Laguna .The
overall number of the interviewees was (3).
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The respondents must have knowledge in biology and the chemical processes for
the chemical / qualitative part of the process for they can determine the preferred bio-
plastic material.

Materials and Procedures

Materials that were necessary for the study were the following: For the bio-plastic
material: (1) 1 tablespoon of cassava starch ;(2) 1 tablespoon of corn starch ;(3) 1
teaspoon of glycerol ;(4) 1 teaspoon of white vinegar ;(5) 60 mL of distilled water. For the
experiment process: (1) 1x1 sample of cassava starch based bio-plastic ;(2) 1x1 sample of
corn starch based bio-plastic ;(3) 120 mL sewage water ;(4) 120 mL tap water ;(5) litmus
paper ;(6) Cooking thermometer.

In order to produce cassava and cornstarch based bio-plastic here are the following
process:

For initial start of the process, the materials were gathered and was composed of
the corn starch, cassava starch, glycerol, vinegar, water, casserole, molding plate and
spatula

For the actual production of the product, 1 teaspoon of glycerol and 1 tablespoon
of cornstarch or cassava starch with 10mL of distilled water. Mix the mixture thoroughly
then add 1mL of white vinegar. Stir the ingredients until there are no lumps in the mixture
and it is turn into milky texture. Heat it in medium to low and stir until it thickens and
become translucent then remove the mixture from the heat when it becomes clear and
thick. The total heating time is 3 to 7minutes. Avoid prolong exposure to heat because it
may cause the bio-plastic to burn and break easily into tiny particles.

As the final steps for the production, pour the mixture into the plastic mold and
let it sit to cool and remove unnecessary bubbles with toothpick. Allow the mixture to air
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dry for at least 2 days then check it if the mold was completely dry and ready for the
experimentation process.

In order to conduct experimentation process, for the solubility test, the setup A
contains 120 mL of tap water in a glass beaker with its corresponding temperature that is
measured by a cooking thermometer and the water quality was tested by litmus paper to
determine the pH level of the water. The cassava starch based bio-plastic with a measure
of the standard length of 1x1 sample was soaked into the solution and the researchers
compared the result with setup B that also contains 120 mL of tap water in a glass beaker
with its corresponding temperature that was measured by a cooking thermometer and
the water quality was tested by litmus paper to determine the pH of the water. The corn
starch based bio-plastic with a measure of the standard length of 1x1 sample was soaked
into the solution. For the setup C, it was composed of 5120 mL sewage water in a glass
beaker with its corresponding temperature that was measured by a cooking thermometer
and the water quality was tested by litmus paper to determine the pH of the water. The
cassava starch based bio-plastic with a measure of the standard length of 1x1 sample was
soaked into the solution and the researchers compared the result with setup D that also
contains 120 mL of sewage water in a glass beaker with its corresponding temperature
that was measured by a cooking thermometer and the water quality was tested by litmus
paper to determine the pH of the water. For the durability test, the tensile strength of
cassava starch based bio-plastic and corn starch based was based on the previous related
literature of the researchers with the same procedure and setup and for the temperature,
the researchers put the samples on the casserole with heat and the researchers obtained
the temperatures showed by the thermometer to be able to determine the temperature
where the samples undergo deformity. For the stirring, after the samples were soaked
and recorded their time without stirring.
 27

Research Instrument

The researchers gathered information and research data through the constructed
key informant interview that was based in the theories that presented in the related
literature and framework. The researchers interviewed respondents from Department of
Science and Technology- Forest Products Research Development Institute- Los Banos
Laguna. The researchers used key informant interview so that the respondents would
easily answers the questions and to avoid contradiction. For this, the respondents can
answer by giving them the sample of the product and be able to express their preferred
bio-plastic material and they can answer the questions without consuming so much time.
(see appendices for the interview questions).

Methods of Data Collection

For the purposes of this research, key informant interview was used to attained
the data, the researchers decided to had an interview because the respondents can give
deeper meanings and can give personal detailed information to the questions asked.
Experimentation that is consist of (2) setups of cassava starch and (2) setups of corn starch
into water setups composed of sewage and tap water was analyzed and compare to get
the data that was required for the completion

The starch-based bio-plastic was first tested by the researchers, in every trial the
researchers improved the bio plastic, the trial differed in the two different water set ups,
and the two different starch.
 28

Treatment of Data

The data that was gathered from the experimentation will be presented by
standard table and interpretation of the data that is collected from key informant
interview and will be interpret and synthesize by the researchers to answer the objectives
of this study.

Table 2: Statistical treatment of data

STATEMENT OF THE SOURCES STATISTICAL

PROBLEM TREATMENT
1. What was the level of • Experimentation • Standard Table
effectiveness of the different • Observation
water setups of the cornstarch
and cassava starch-based bio
plastic in terms of:
1.1. Solubility
a.) pH
b.) Temperature
c.) Stirring
1.2. Durability
a.) Tensile strength
b.) Temperature?
2. What was the differences in • Experimentation • Standard Table
the different water setups of • Observation
the cornstarch and cassava
starch-based bio plastic in
terms of:
2.1. Solubility
a.) pH
b.) Temperature
c.) stirring
2.2. Durability
a.) Temperature
b.) Tensile strength?
3. What was the preferred bio • Key Informant Interview • Summarization and
plastic material according Categorization
science research specialists
 29

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the findings, interpretation, and analyses of gathered data of the
study. The results and discussion were based on the framework of the study.

1. Level of Effectiveness of the Different Water Setups of the Cornstarch and

Cassava Starch Bio Plastic in terms of:
1.1 Solubility
1.1.1 pH
1.1.1.1 pH of tap water

Since pH had an effect to dissolubility of the bioplastic, the researchers

used litmus paper in determining the pH if it was acidic, neutral or alkaline
into the water setups. The litmus paper was dipped into the water setups
that was composed of soaked corn starch and cassava starch samples
bioplastic and waited for 5 seconds until the litmus paper turned into the
color of its corresponding pH if it was acidic, neutral or alkaline. Both of
the setups that was consists of corn starch and cassava starch had the pH
of neutral.

Table 1.1.1.1 pH of tap water setup

Setups Type of water pH
Corn starch Tap water Neutral
Cassava starch Tap water Neutral
 30

According to Geoff (2015), tap water has already had chemicals to destroy
microorganisms. According to Chaurasia (2018), neutral pH causes the solution to
be more partial and dissolved with a little time.

1.1.1.2 pH of sewage water setup

The researchers also used litmus paper in determining the pH of

sewage water since pH had an effect on the dissolubility of bioplastic.
The litmus paper was dipped into the water setups that was composed
of the soaked corn starch and cassava starch bioplastic and waited for
5 seconds until the litmus paper turned into the color of the
corresponding pH. Both of the setups that was consists of corn starch
and cassava starch had the same pH which was acidic.

Table 1.1.1.2 pH of sewage water setup

Setups Type of water pH

Corn starch Sewage water Acidic
Cassava starch Sewage water Acidic

According to Filter Butler (2015), sewage water can be everywhere

and it can be a breeding ground for microorganisms that can produce
processes that can be acid According to Chaurasia (2018), acidic pH affects
the solubility by making the solution and particles to dissolved faster.
 31

1.1.2 Temperature

1.1.2.1 Temperature of the tap water setup

Temperature affects dissolubility. The researchers obtained the

temperature of the water setup (tap water) that was from the cooking
thermometer and gathered the values to compare their temperatures. The
temperature that was obtained for corn starch was 29.3 Celsius while cassava
starch had the temperature of 29.5 Celsius and they both had normal
temperature.

Table 1.1.2.1 Temperature of the tap water setup

Setups Type of water Temperature

Corn starch Tap water 29.3 Celsius
Cassava starch Tap water 29.5 Celsius

According to Foundation, C. K-12 (2018), Temperature can affect

solubility. If the temperature of the setup is low and not high, it will not
dissolve faster because of the particles moves slowly. For this setup, the
temperatures were both normal temperature.

1.1.2.2 Temperature of the sewage water setup

In this setup, the researchers were used the cooking thermometer again
to obtained the data for the temperature for sewage water since temperature
 32

affects the dissolubility of the samples. The temperature that was obtained for
corn starch was 30.1 Celsius while cassava starch had the temperature of 29.8
Celsius and they had the normal temperature .

Table 1.1.2.2 Temperature of the sewage water setup

Setups Type of water Temperature

Corn starch Sewage Water 30.1 Celsius
Cassava starch Sewage Water 29.8 Celsius

According to Foundation, C. K-12 (2018), Temperature can affect

solubility. If the temperature of the setup is low and not high, it will not
dissolve faster because of the particles moves slowly. For this setup, the
temperatures were both normal at temperature.

1.1.3 Stirring

1.1.3.1 Stirring in tap water setup

The researchers check and observed the time of dissolubility of the

water setups that was composed of soaked corn starch and cassava starch
samples. The researchers recorded the time of dissolubility upon soaking
of the samples into the water setups and recorded them with separate
stop watch. After observing if the setups were finally leave tiny particles
means that the dissolution time was done, the time of dissolution without
stirring was 29 hours for corn starch and 27 hours for cassava starch.
 33

Table 1.1.3.1 Time of dissolubility with without stirring of corn starch bioplastic and
cassava starch bioplastic in tap water setup

Setups Without stirring

Corn starch 29 hours

Cassava starch 27 hours

According to C. K-12 (2018), stirring doesn’t have much effect on

dissolubility but it will make the process quicker. Temperature and the pH of the
setups have greater effect in dissolubility.

1.1.3.2 Stirring in sewage water setup

The researchers also observed the dissolubility of the corn starch

and cassava starch bio plastic sample in the sewage water setup. The
researchers were able to determine the time of dissolubility of the corn
starch bio plastic sample with and without stirring. The duration of time
without stirring was 25 hours for corn starch and 23 hours for cassava
starch.

Table 1.1.3.2 Time of dissolubility with stirring and without stirring of corn
starch bio plastic and cassava starch bio plastic in sewage water setup

Setups Without stirring

Corn starch 25 hours
Cassava starch 23 hours
 34

According to C. K-12 (2018), stirring doesn’t have much effect on

dissolubility but it will make the process quicker. Temperature and the pH
of the setup have greater effect in dissolubility.

1.2 Durability

1.2.1 Temperature

The researchers gathered the temperature test wherein the bio plastic from
corn starch and cassava starch samples were tested into a hot casserole and
extract the temperature wherein the cassava and corn starch start to deform by
the use of cooking thermometer. Corn starch deforms at the temperature of 82.2
Celsius while cassava starch deforms at the temperature of 92.1 Celsius.

Table 1.2.1 Temperature test of the corn starch and cassava starch bio plastic
samples.

Bio Plastic Temperature (Deformity)

Corn starch 92.1 Celsius
Cassava starch 82.5 Celsius

According to Wahyuningtiyas, N., and Suryanto, H. (2018), Temperature affects

the durability of a bio plastic. Higher temperature may cause the bio plastic to burn and
deform while low temperature may cause the bio plastic to moisten and may cause
breakage.
 35

1.1 Ranking in terms of solubility

The researchers examined and analyzed the results of the setups consists of corn
starch bioplastic and cassava starch bioplastic into the different water setups that were
composed of tap water and sewage water. First, for the tap water setup that were
consists of corn starch and cassava starch bioplastic, the pH of the both setups were
neutral and the setups both ranks with the value of 3.5. The temperature of the tap water
in corn starch bioplastic was 29.3 Celsius while the cassava starch bioplastic in tap water
as 29.5 Celsius and the rank of the corn starch in tap water was 4 while the cassava starch
in tap water was 3. The without stirring of corn starch in tap water was 29 hours rank was
3 while cassava starch bioplastic in tap water without stirring was 27 hours and the rank
is 4. The overall rank of the setups for tap water as 3.5.

Corn starch bioplastic in sewage water had the pH of acidic and the rank was 1.5
while the cassava starch had also the pH of acidic and the rank was 1.5. The temperature
of corn starch bioplastic in sewage water was 30.1 Celsius with the rank of 1 while cassava
starch bioplastic in sewage water had the temperature of 29.8 with the rank of 2. The
stirring of the corn starch bioplastic in sewage water was 25 hours without stirring with
the rank of 2. The without stirring of cassava starch bioplastic in sewage water was 23
hours. The overall rank of the setups for sewage water was 1.5. Sewage water setup leads
the overall setup.
 36

Table 1.1 Ranking of Solubility

Setups Type pH Rank Temperature Rank Without Rank Overall

of Stirring rank
Water

Corn Tap Neutral 3.5 29.3 Celsius 4 29hrs 3 3.5

starch water
Cassava Tap Neutral 3.5 29.5 Celsius 3 27hrs 4 3.5
starch water
Corn Sewage Acidic 1.5 30.1 Celsius 1 25hrs 2 1.5
starch water
Cassava Sewage Acidic 1.5 29.8 Celsius 2 23hrs 1 1.5
starch water

According to C. K-12 (2018), pH, Temperature and stirring have effects on

solubility of a substance or particles.

1.2 Ranking in terms of durability

The cornstarch bioplastic deforms at the temperature of 92.1 with rank of 1 and
the cassava starch bioplastic deforms at the temperature of 82.5 Celsius with the rank of
2.
 37

Table 1.2 Ranking in terms of Durability

Bioplastic Temperature Rank Overall

Rank
Corn starch 92.1 Celsius 1 1

Cassava 82.5 Celsius 2 2

starch

According to Wahyuningtiyas, N., and Suryanto, H. (2018), Temperature affects

the durability of a bio plastic. Higher temperature may cause the bio plastic to burn and
deform while low temperature may cause the bio plastic to moisten and may cause
breakage. The material that was easy to deform at the certain temperature means it was
less durable.

2. The differences in the Different Water Setups of the Cornstarch and Cassava
Starch Bio Plastic in terms of:

2.1. Solubility

The table shows the actual differences of the setups in different water types. For
the setups with tap water type, they had the same pH but their temperature and stirring
time was different. The temperature of corn starch in tap water was 29.3 Celsius while
the temperature for cassava starch bio plastic had the temperature of 29.5. The stirring
of the corn starch bio plastic in tap water was 29 hours without stirring. The duration of
stirring of the cassava starch in tap water was 27 hours without stirring. In the tap water
setup, cassava starch bio plastic was faster to dissolve than corn starch bio plastic given
their same pH which was neutral and a minimal differences of temperature. For the
sewage water setup, the pH of the both setups were both acidic the temperature of
cornstarch bio plastic in sewage water was 30.1 Celsius and the temperature of cassava
 38

starch bio plastic in sewage water was 29.8 Celsius. The duration of stirring of corn starch
bio plastic was 25 hours without stirring. The duration of stirring for cassava starch bio
plastic was 23 hours without stirring. For the sewage water setup, cassava starch bio
plastic was faster to dissolve than cornstarch starch bio plastic. The overall setups, cassava
starch bio plastic was faster to dissolve even with different water setups.

Table 2.1 The differences in the water setups in terms of solubility

Setups Type pH level Temperature Without Stirring

of Water

Corn starch Tap water 7.0 29.3 Celsius 29hrs

Cassava Tap water 7.0 29.5 Celsius 27hrs

starch
Corn starch Sewage 5.0 30.1 Celsius 25hrs
water
Cassava Sewage 5.0 29.8 Celsius 23hrs
starch water

According to C. K-12 (2018), pH level, Temperature and stirring have effects on

solubility of a substance or particles. The researchers used these basis to examine
and analyze the differences of the setups.

2.2 Durability

The table shows the differences of the bio plastic sample of cornstarch
and cassava starch. The temperature where cornstarch bio plastic begins to
deform at 92.1 Celsius and the cassava starch begins to deform at 82.5 Celsius.
 39

Table 2.2 The differences of the different water setups in terms of

durability

Bio Plastic Temperature

Corn starch 92.1 Celsius

Cassava starch 82.5 Celsius

According to Harunsyah, M., Yunus, M., and Fauzan, R. (2017),

Temperature had a great effect on the durability of bio plastics. The researchers
use this study to formulate the durability of the bio plastics compare their results.

2 The Preferred Material of a Science Research Specialists.

The researchers conducted a key informant interview at Department of Science

and Technology- Forest Products Research and Development Institute – Los Banos. The
researchers were able to interview 3 science research specialists from the institute and
completed the goal of the study.

According to the 3 respondents that were gathered by the researchers, all of them
agreed that bioplastic can replace the conventional plastic because all of them witnessed
that bioplastics are now available in the market and they were also willing to use
bioplastic for their everyday life. 1st Respondent said that the chemical properties of the
cassava and corn starch affects its plasticity and they also differ in terms of tensile
strength, viscosity, water absorption and biodegradation and the 1st respondent also
believes that the both materials are useful in their own way. The respondent also added
that that corn starch based are more popular in supermarkets than cassava starch based
bio plastic but cassava starch based bio plastic was easy to dissolve in water due to its
 40

amount of amylose and amylopectin like what stated in the related literature where
according to Ruegg (2018) , cassava starch is composed of 85 percent amylopectin and
15 percent of amylose. These chemicals reacted with ions and polymers to produce
plastic. The higher the amylose and amylopectin, the higher its effectiveness in making
bio plastics. When she check the samples of the bio plastic from the researchers she said
she can’t decide because their transparency and texture are depend on how they are
prepared and she saw some plastic bags and cups are made from cassava. She also
suggests that decomposition can be done as early as 1 week. 2nd Respondent said that
bio plastic can be costly and he also added that some people who are in low economic
status will buy food instead of buying bio plastic just for single use only that agrees in the
related literature where according to Arikan, E. and, Ozsoy, H. (2015), one of the
disadvantages of bio plastic is that its costs twice than the conventional plastic.
Respondent 2 also agreed it still depends on the decision of a person to use it or not and
respondent 2 also added that implementing the use of bio plastic in the country can be
hard because many industries who produces plastics and the people who work in these
industries will be affected if that happen. 2nd respondent preferred material in making bio
plastic was cassava because corn starch has a greater effect on food supply because corn
is use as a staple source of food and it take longer to cultivate it unlike cassava that was
a root crop and was not a staple food like what mentioned to the study of Arikan, E. and,
Ozsoy, H. (2015), that one of the disadvantages of using bio plastic is that it affects food
supply cassava starch bio plastic is more transparency and well in texture than corn bio
plastic. He also added that it is possible for the bio plastic not to easily dissolve in water
because they can be eaten by microorganisms. According to the 3rd Respondent, he can’t
decide which of the two material was better because he need to compare it to existing
plastic materials. He also said that he prefers bioplastic made from cassava because it
doesn’t contradict the food supply unlike corn.
 41

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter of the research study provides the summary, major findings,
conclusions and recommendations which are drawn from the result of the administered
study.

The research study wished to determine the feasibility of Zea mays (corn) and
Manihot Esculenta starch based bio plastic.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Determine the level of effectiveness of the different water setups of the corn
starch and cassava starch bio-plastic in terms of:
1.1 Solubility
a) pH
b) Temperature
c)Stirring
1.2 Durability
a) Tensile Strength
b) Temperature

2. Determine if there was differences in the different water setups of the cornstarch
and cassava starch bio-plastic in terms of:
2.1 Solubility
a) pH
 42

b) Temperature
c) Stirring
2.2 Durability
a) Tensile Strength
b) Temperature

3. Identify the preferred bio-plastic according to the science research specialists

Summary of Research Findings

From the study conducted, the following results were gathered and obtained:

1. Among the level of effectiveness of water setups in solubility, cassava starch

lead among the setups particularly in sewage water setup and tap water setup.
For the durability, corn starch bio plastic lead in temperature test and cassava
bio plastic lead in tensile strength.

2. In what was the differences, cassava starch bio plastic also lead among the
setups whether the water was tap water or sewage water compared to corn
starch bio plastic and for the durability, the only differences was the
cornstarch lead in temperature test.

3. The preferred bio plastic according to the science research specialists was
cassava starch bio plastic not only it was faster in dissolving due to its high
amount of amylose and amylopectin, it doesn’t harm the food supply in
making bio plastic.
 43

Conclusion

The following conclusions are drawn from the research findings.

1. Cassava starch bioplastic leads against corn starch bio plastic in terms of solubility
and durability in tensile strength and corn starch lead in durability in terms
temperature test against cassava starch.

2. Cassava starch bioplastic leads among the water setups that are consists of tap
water and sewage water and for durability cassava starch bio plastic leads in
tensile strength.

3. The preferred material of the science research specialists in making bio plastic is
cassava starch due to its chemical properties, dissolubility and its convenience.

Recommendations

The following were the recommendations made in accordance with the findings
and conclusions of the research study.

1. The researchers recommend future researchers to conduct a study on dissolubility

that involves the different bodies of water where trash commonly found.

2. The researchers recommend future researchers to conduct a study in

decomposition of corn starch bio plastic and cassava bio plastic.
 44

3. The researchers recommend other future researchers to conduct a study with

other bio plastic materials with their starches.

4. The researchers recommend the citizens to use bio plastic instead of the
conventional bio plastic.

5. The researchers recommend the government agencies to spread awareness about

plastic pollution and the use bio plastic.

6. The researchers recommend vendors to use bio plastic as a packaging in their

products.

7. The researchers recommend factories of bio plastic to use cassava starch in

making bio plastic.
 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journal

Arikan, E. B., & Ozsoy, H. D. (2015). A Review: Investigation of Bioplastics.

Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 9(2. doi: 10.17265/1934-

7359/2015.02.007

Chung, K.-H., Othman, Z., & Lee, J.-S. (2015). Gamma irradiation of corn starches with
different amylose-to-amylopectin ratio.

Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(10), 6218–6229. doi: 10.1007/s13197-

014-1700-4

Harunsyah, Yunus, M., & Fauzan, R. (2017). Mechanical properties of bioplastics cassava
starch film with Zinc Oxide nanofiller as reinforcement.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 210, 012015. doi:
10.1088/1757-899x/210/1/012015

Hermansyah, H., Carissa, R., Faiz, M. B., & Deni, P. (2014). Food Grade Bioplastic Based on
Corn Starch with Banana Pseudostem Fibre/Bacterial Cellulose Hybrid Filler.

Advanced Materials Research, 997, 158–168

doi:0.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.158

Omotoso, M. A., Adeyefa , O. S., Animashaun, E. A., & Osibanjo, O. O. (2015). Biogradable
Starch Film from Cassava, Corn, Potato and Yam .

Chemistry and Materials Research , 7(12).

Wahyuningtiyas, N. E., & Suryanto, H. (2018). Properties of Cassava Starch based

Bioplastic Reinforced by Nanoclay.

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology, 2(1), 20–26. doi:

10.17977/um016v2i12018p020
 46

Internet Websites

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https://www.activesustainability.com/environment/what-are-bioplastics/

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from https://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic1.htm

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cassava_119701.pdf

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from https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/

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Helmenstine, A. M. (2019). What Is Litmus Paper? Retrieved

from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-litmus-paper-604559

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from https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27442625

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Parker, L. (2018, May 16). We Depend On Plastic. Now, We're Drowning in It. Retrieved

from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/plastic-planet-
waste-pollution-trash-crisis/

Ruegg, P. (2018, September 6). Cassava with improved starch. Retrieved

from https://phys.org/news/2018-09-cassava-starch.html.
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Answer. Retrieved
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durable-bioplastics-not-biodegradable-may-be-the-answer
 48

CURRICULUM VITAE

Irvin Ross J. Balagtas. A Grade 12 student from St. Philip from the Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand with major subjects in Chemistry,
Physics, General Biology and Basic Calculus He attended the Robotics Bridging Program
(2019) at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba.

Mark Anjhelo S. Garcia. A Grade 12 student from St. Philip from the Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand with a major subject in Basic Calculus,
General Chemistry, General Biology, General Physics. He attended Robotics Bridging
Program (2019) at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran-Calamba, School Writer (2017-2018)
at the Southill Montesorri School Inc.Officer of Student Body Organization at the Southill
Montesorri School Inc., Member of Boy Scout of the Philippine's (2016-2018)

Angelica P. Janoy. A Grade 12 student from St. Philip from the Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand with major subjects in Chemistry,
Physics, General Biology and Basic Calculus She attended the Robotics Bridging Program
(2019) at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran-Calamba. Officer of Letran Royal Society of
Science at Colegio de San Juan de Letran-Calamba.
 49

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Research Proposal

A. Title of the Proposed Research Study

The Better Material for Making Bio Plastic and their efficiency.

B. Eligibility of the Proponents

Proponent Department Field of Status/ Rank

Specialization

Angelica P. Janoy Senior High School Science, Technology, Student

Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM)

Senior High School Science, Technology, Student

Engineering and
Irvin Balagtas Mathematics (STEM)

C. Rationale of the Study

Polyethylene or also known as Plastic is one of the versatile product in the 21st
century for packaging products. According to Parker (2018), More than 6.9 Billion of tons
of plastics are collected each year and it accumulates in our ocean and there are many
species that are suffering from excessive waste of plastic. Bio-plastics are made from the
starch of cassava or corn and it is a better alternative than polyethylene based plastics
 50

because it is easy to decompose and dissolve in water. According to Woodford (2019),

the bio plastic is better and effective when it is easy to dissolve in water and
decompose. According to Goodall (2011), bio plastics can provide excellent
biodegradability, helping the world deal with the increasing problems of litter, particularly
in the world’s rivers and seas. Durable plant-based bio plastics can also be recycled as well
as their conventional equivalents, assisting the growth of a more sustainable world
economy. This study was conducted to investigate what is the better material in making
bio-plastics if it is cassava starch or corn starch. Moreover, this study aimed to compare
their results by conducting an experiment that involves the different types of water where
most of the people throw their plastic waste. According to Goodall (2011), bio plastics can
provide excellent biodegradability, helping the world deal with the increasing problems
of litter, particularly in the world’s rivers and seas. Durable plant-based bio plastics can
also be recycled as well as their conventional equivalents, assisting the growth of a more
sustainable environment.

D. Statement of the Problem

The study is intended to determine the differences of the two material (Cassava
Starch and Cornstarch) in making an effective bio plastic that is easy to dissolve and
decompose. Furthermore, the study will seek to answer the following problems:

1.What is the level of effectiveness of the different water setups of the cornstarch and
cassava starch bio plastic in terms of:

1.1 Solubility

a) pH level

b)Temperature

c)Stirring

1.2 Durability

a) Temperature

b)Tensile Strength
 51

2. What was the differences in the different water setups of the cornstarch and cassava
starch based bioplastic in terms of:

1.1 Solubility

a) pH

b)Temperature

c)Stirring

1.2 Durability

a) Temperature

b)Tensile Strength

3. What was the preferred bio plastic material according to the science research
specialists?

E. Significance of the Study

a. Government

b. Department of Environment and Natural Resources

. c. Consumers

e. Future researchers
 52

F. Time Table

Activities August September October November

Proposal of the
research

Collection of
related literature

Introduction

Methodology

Product testing/
collection of data

Analyze and
interpret data

Results and
discussion

Summary,
conclusion and
recommendation

Final defense

Edit and
Submission of Final
Paper
 53

G. Budgetary Requirement

Proposed Budget: Php. 1,860.50

Budgetary Requirement for Product and Research

Variety of Expenses Quantity Amount (Php) %

1.Ingredients

( Bio-Plastic)

-Cornstarch 10 Packs 100.00 7.50

- Cassava starch 10 Packs 150.00 9.60

- Glycerol 1 bottle (100 mL) 150.00 9.60

- Purified Water 200 mL 150.00 9.60

-Vinegar 100mL 79.50 2.50

2. Production Expenses

(Experiment Materials)

-Beaker 4 pcs 195.00 10.00

-Tap water/Stagnant Water - - 0.00

-Litmus Paper 1 pack 133.00 9.76

-Cooking Thermometer 1pc 103.00 8.78

3. Maintenance and
Operating Cost
400.00 13.50
- Transportation
300.00 11.50
- Printing of Research paper
100.00 7.66

- Soft-Bound

Estimated Total (Php) 1,860.50 100.00

 54

Appendix B: Request Letters

55
 56

November 13,2019

Dr. Romulo T. Aggangan

Director of DOST-Forest Products Research and Development Institute
Narra Rd., Forestry Campus, College, Los Baños, Laguna
4031

Dear Dr. Aggangan,

Greetings of Peace!

We, the researchers of Grade 12 STEM Strand of Colegio de San Juan de Letran-Calamba are requesting
from your good office if we can request an interview with any personnel who is knowledgeable in the field
of bio products. The said interview will serve as our qualitative data as it will be a huge help in our research
entitled “Feasibility of Zea mays and Manihot esculenta Starch-based Bioplastic.”

If possible, may we request for the said interview on November 18-22 at your preferred time. You may
contact us through our mobile numbers 09152846475 or 09506943991 or through our e-mail address
angelicajanoy1701@gmail.com. We look forward for your favorable response.

Thank you in supporting our letranite endeavors

Respectfully yours,

Irvin Ross J. Balagtas

Mark Anjhelo S. Garcia

Angelica P. Janoy

Noted by:

Ms. Monica V. Kawabata

Teacher- Practical Research 2

Mr. Lorenzo C. Romabilles III

Principal, Senior High School

 57

Appendix C: Validation and Interview Spiel with questionnaire

INTERVIEW SPIELS

Welcome and thank you for volunteering to take part in this key informant interview. You have
been asked to participate as your point of view is important. We realize you are busy and I
appreciate your time.

Introduction: This survey intends to know the Feasibility of Zea mays and Manihot esculenta
starch-based bio plastic

Anonymity: Despite being recorded, I would like to assure you that the discussion will be
anonymous. The recording will be kept safely until they are transcribed word per word, and then
will be destroyed. The transcribed notes of the key informant interview will contain no
information that would allow individual subjects to be linked to specific statements. You should
try to answer and comment as accurately and truthfully as possible. If there are any questions or
discussions that you do not wish to answer or participate in, you do not have to do so; however
pleases try to answer and be as involved as possible.

Ground rules
• There are no right or wrong answers.
• Does anyone have any questions? (answer)
• OK, let’s begin.

Warm up
• First, I’d like everyone to introduce themselves. Can you tell us your name?
• Second, can you tell us your age?
• Third, what is your highest educational attainment?
• Fourth, what is your current job?
• Fifth, which do you think is the better material in producing bio-plastic, the cassava or the
corn starch?

Interview Questions:

1. In your opinion, can bio-plastic replace the plastic that is made from the conventional
material?
2. Do you think the chemical properties of the two material (cassava and cornstarch) affects
its ability to be a bio plastic?
3. Can these bio-plastic be a material in making other plastic products that is useful in our
everyday life?
4. Do you recommend to others the of use bio-plastic on their daily living?
5. Upon testing our samples of bio-plastic which of the two do you think is better in texture
and transparency? and which do you think is the better material in producing bio-plastic,
the cassava or the corn starch?
58
 59

Appendix D: Consent Letters

Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba

City of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines • www.letran-calamba.edu.ph • +63(049)-5455453
______________
______________
______________

Dear Madam/Sir:

You are being asked to participate in a research study that is presently being conducted
by Balagtas, Janoy, Garcia of 12- St. Philip from Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba.
The purpose of this study is to know the feasibility of Zea Mays and Manihot Esculenta

Participation in this study will require 30 minutes of your time. The results of this research
will be presented in a colloquial presentation. While individual responses are obtained
and recorded anonymously and kept in the strictest confidence, collective data will be
presented representing averages or generalizations about the responses as a whole. All
data will be stored in a secure location accessible only to the researcher. At the end of
the study, all data recordings will be destroyed.

Your participation is entirely voluntary. You are free to choose not to participate. Should
you choose to participate, you can withdraw at any time without consequences of any
kind. However, once your responses have been submitted and anonymously recorded
you will not be able to withdraw from the study.

If you have questions or concerns during the time of your participation in this study, or
after its completion or you would like to receive a copy of the final collective results of
this study, please contact: # 09152846475 or email address:
angelicajanoy1701@gmail.com

Respectfully yours,

Balagtas, Irvin Ross J.

Garcia,Mark Anjhelo S.
Janoy, Angelica P.
Researchers
 60

CONSENT FORM

● I have read this cover letter and I understand what is being requested of me as a
participant in this study.
● I have been given opportunity to ask questions and all my questions have been
answered satisfactorily.
● I understand that participating in this project will involve:
1. attending a focus group discussion / interview
2. my voice being recorded
3. photographs / video being taken of me
● I consent to having my voice recorded / a video taken / photographs taken during
this research.
● I understand that the researchers will be able to identify me but that all
information I give will be coded, kept confidential and will be accessed only by the
researchers.
● I am aware that the information collected during this research will be stored and
will be destroyed once the research has been completed.
● I understand that I will not be identified in any report, thesis, or presentation of
the results of this research.
● I understand that I can withdraw from the research at any time without penalty.

I freely agree to participate in this research.

______________________________ ___November 21, 2019_____

Name and Signature of Participant Date
61
62
63
64
 65

Appendix E: Transcription of the interviews

1st Respondent: Ms. Rowena Ramos

Interviewer : okay po . unang question po In your opinion, can bio-plastic replace the
plastic that is made from the conventional material?

Respondent: Yes. In fact, some types of developed bioplastic material are now being
used, enhanced, made available, even exported by other countries.

Interviewer: okay po next question Do you think the chemical properties of the two
material (cassava and cornstarch) affects its ability to be a bioplastic?

Respondent: It is a fact that bioplastics can be produced from different starch materials
such as corn and cassava starches. Thus, both starches can be made into bioplastic
material although may only differ in some ways such as tensile, water absorption,
biodegradation, or at least paste viscosity. In developing a bioplastic material, either
from corn or cassava, it shall be made clear as “to what purpose will it be used”, or
“what particular industry will eventually adopt the bioplastic material product.

Interviewer: Okay po, next question po ulit, Can these bio-plastic be a material in
making other plastic products that is useful in our everyday life and Do you recommend
to others the of use bio-plastic on their daily living?

Respondent: oo naman

Interviewer: last question po , Upon testing our samples of bio-plastic which of the two
do you think is better in texture and transparency? What is your particular sample?
andwhich do you think is the better material in producing bio-plastic, the cassava or the
corn starch?
Respondent: I believe that we need to have study collaborations or agreements for an
experimental design and actual study on this, so as to have factual and more concrete
evidences/ data. However, with regards to the availability of observed bioplastic
material in the market (actual and online documentations), I have seen disposable cups
made from cassava .
Interviewer: okay po thank you ganito po nga dapat e.
Interviewer Dapat nga pongagawin namin yung decomposition kaso sabi ponjung
teacher namin matagal daw po
 66

Respondent: One week lang

Interviewer: One week lang po yun?

Respondent: Kasi nagawa na namin yun, actually na compare kona rin yung tensile
strength ng cassav vs. corn - corn yung mas matibay

Interviewer: Opo

Respondent: Nagpatensile na din ba kayo?

Interviewer: Hindi po, dun po kami magbebase sa sa RL po naming

Respondent: Anong RL yon?

Interviewer: Ano po, study din po siya ng mga researchers sa DOST-Taguig po

Respondent: Ahhh okay

Interviewer: Tapos nakita na po nila yung tensile strength

Respondent: You base your observations sa dati ng research

Interviewer: Opo, tapos ano po, ginaya na po namin yung procedure para po kasi po
yung time na ginagawa namin yung research na to hindi po namin alam na may
nagpapatensile strength pala tas io namin alam kung magkano

Respondent: Oo, actually may fees ako, eto kasi 8D, sa wood at paper pero ang pinaka
nagkaconduct ng bio plastic na ano nila yung lalo na to cater yung ganoong technology
kasi nga bago lang ito researchable field ito sa abroad 8D ang kumuha ng ganoong
responsibility

Interviewer: Ahhh okay po Rowena: So dito ang tensile ay sa paper at wood

Interviewer: Onga po paper at wood

Respondent: So kung meron bio-plastic product base on the specification pede nila yon i
tensile

Interviewer: Meron po akong nakita ang ginamit po nila ay yung sa newton po

 67

Respondent: Ah ano yon yung parang kinakabitan lang

Interviewer: tapos po itataas po nila

Respondent: Pede namn for high school, alam nio suggestion ko lang sa inyo wag na
kayo magpakahirap kasi high school pa lang naman kayo humataw kayo pag college na,
naano yung research spirit ninyo at least madali nga rin actually to research niyo
interview base lang

Interviewer: sa experimentation po din

Respondent: Pero kung talagabg may test talagang may fund syempre pag pas madali
yung research ninyo mas mababa grade ninyo syempre maliit din ang gastos ninyo
eventually yung dalawang yon naman ay gagraduate din you get your goal as a student
to graduate

Interviewer: Opo

Respondent: Kasi hindi naman kayo makikinabang diyan kundi ang school nio

Interviewers: Opo,

Respondent: Ayun so ano na haha

Interviewers: Thank you po.

2nd Respondent: Engr. Ryan Lapuz

Ange: Ano po, ilang taon napo kayo?

Respondent : 42
Ange: Ano po yung highest educational attainment niyo po?
Respondent : Sa ano lang… PhD candidate pa lang
Ange: Ano po yung degree niyo?
Respondent : Chem Eng ako tapos business management din ako tapos nag material
science din ako
Ange: Ano po yung current job niyo po?
 68

Respondent : Researcher, Senior

Ange: Doon po sa ano po, ano pong material ang mas okay sa paggawan ng bio plastic
Respondent : Mmm, ang pinaka maganda talaga ngayon ay cassava, kasi yung cassava
ay mayroong tinatawag na edible cassava at tsaka yung alam mo yung poisonous
Ange: Opo yung cyanide po
Respondent : So, ang problema usually yung naghihiwalay yung food saka alam nyo
naman yon diba?
Ange: opo
Respondent : Yung food at fuel ganito din, yung food hindi dapat natin kuhanin yung
parng food minimal lang ang makukuha mong starch cassava starch e madami yon eh
yung cassava starch ano to, and makukuha ko diyan 21,5 depende sa source mo. Pero
kasi ang maganda kung sa cassava sa tapioca kayo kukuha , so madami siya hindi siya
masyadong madaling itanim madaling icultivate so mas madali mas maganda yung
feasiibilty
Ange: oo nga po
Ange; tapos ano sila yung both pong material may amylopectin po
Respondent: dalawa siya, amylose tsaka amylopectin
Ange: siya po yung nag aano ng starch
Respondent : Siya yung… pag sinabi mong starch dalawa, isang linear Amylopectin
medyo may branch pa siya ang amylose mejo linear siya so yung amylopectin yung hindi
masyadong nagalaw, yung amylose siya yung mas nagwowork
Ange: sa tingin nyo po ba yung bio plastic po is marereplace po ang po ang gamit ng
conventional plastic
Respondent: Ahh. Ang atin kasi siya e, kung sa capability kaya naman, nagawa naman
nila nagawa na sya pero kung plastic at plastic lang nagawa na siya kaso ag problema
yung plastic e bibili ka mga 30 supot, andami dami non, tas isa pang maganda sa
synthethic mas mataas yung strength compared sa typical na bioplastiic yun ang
beauty nya at non degradability niya beauty din niya sa synthetic plastic mabilis naman
tayo mag consume bng ng single use plastic yun yung dis advantage niya
Ange: tapos may nabasa po kaming research na yung amylopectin nagrerelease ng
methsane kasi daw po pag natunaw daw po yung bioplastic parang poproduce daw po
siya ng..
 69

Respondent: Methane? Kasi yung normal naman siguro yung pag tinapon mo siya as is,
hindi siya dinegrade agad. Diba yung sa mga landfill naman kaya may nakukuhanan
silang mga methane gas.
Respondent : Pero yun yon pag deinagrade mo siya. Wala na yung form kasi unaerobic
eh nagkaroon siya ng methane. Pano kung as is lang aamagin siya, hindi naman siya nag
foform
Ange: KAsi nung nag conduct po kami ng study, gumawa na po kami ng actual product
ng cassava and corn starch. Yung cassava is mas translucent siya kaysa pa don sa corn
starch
Respondent : Kayo ba ang nag extract ng starch o bumili?
Ange: Bumili po
Respondent : Pero parehong edible
Ange: Opo edible po, tapos po binabad po naming siya sa tubig kasi po yung aim ng
study namin is malaman po is kung ano yung mas mabilis matunaw po, yun daw yung
mas affective for lessen yung environment.
Ange: Kasi karamihan po sa plastic is tinatapon po sa water
Respondent: Para matunaw?
Ange: Opo
Respondent: Biodegradable kasi yon e kinakain ng fungi, ganon
Ange: Opo solubility yon
Respondent : Yung solubility na yon depende yon sa content ng amylose at
amylopectin. Kung mabilisan na trabaho niyo lang yon, so i-little researche niyo na lang
yong kung ano pinagkaiba ng content ng amylose at amylopectin ng cassava at saka ng
corn starch
Ange: Kasi po mas mabilis mmatunaw yung sa cassava po e, e yung sa corn starch po
may patch patch po siya tas parang mas nagging whitish yung kulay niya. Tas tinake note
po namin yung pH level ng tubig since nakakaapekto po siya sa solubility. Two po yung
water na kinuha naming, tap water and sewage water. Kasi yung sewage water po nag
iba yung pH level parang medyo may pagka acid po since sewage water daw po kaya
ayon. Tas ayun po, parehas sila mabilis matunaw sa sewage water kasi may microbes po.
Respondent : Yung degredation pwedeng unaerobic aerobic
Ange: Kasi po dapat talaga mag dedecomposition kami, kaso po sabi nung research
teacher matagal
 70

Respondent : Okay naman, usually naman may basis yung ganon e, pero generally
biodegradedable naman pero pano niyo idedefense yon
Ange: Opo yun naman po, tapos tinemperature po naming siya. Yung sa cassava is
natunaw po siya in 66 degrees po
Respondent : Ano yung sample niyo? As in powder or as film?
Ange: Cassava is 66 and corn starch is 73po so mas madali po natunaw yung cassava,
given the temp po
Respondent : Tingan niyo pa rin yung amylopectin para ma support niyo
Ange: Oo nga po, If you’re given a chance to use bio plastic po, gagamit po ba kayo?
Respondent : oo naman, kasi yan ay kumbaga ditto mas maganda ditto sa Los Banos
magdala kana lang kaysa bumili
Ange: kaya po nasa recommendation po naming, ang disadvantage po ng bio plastic is
costly po siya sa normal po parang mandate po siya na lahta ng market gagamit ng bio
plastic eh hindi naman po ganon kadali iyon
Respondent : Hindi kasi ganon yon
Ange: Yung sa ano po, yung sa… eto yung sa cassava po
Respondent : Mmmm
Ange: Tas eto po ung sa corn, Tas eto po ung sa cassava
Ange: Ano po sa tingin nyo yung mas ano po yung parang mas transparent tsaka yung
parang mas ano po yung texture?
Respondent: Yung starch, yung starch ng cassava
Ange: Yung starch po nung cassava ano?
Respondent: OO yung starch ng cassava, tingnan mo o
Ange: Oo nga po ano, tas parang madali pong… nung tinanggal mo naming sa mold yan,
nag ganyan ganyan po yan
Respondent: Ano ba pinag gamitan nyong mold? Petri dish?
Respondent : Bilog to e
Ange: Opo ganon po, bilog po.
Respondent: Petri dish
Respondent: So anong condition ang ginamit nyo dito?
 71

Ange: Air dry po

Respondent: Air dry tapos?
Respondent: Uhmm, Ano ginamit nyo?
Respondent: Glycote?
Ange: Parang ano lang po
Respondent: Acetic acid? At tsaka ano pa ginamit nyo?
Researchers: Glycerin po
Respondent: Ah ayun glycerin, glycerin
Respondent: Kasi meron pang isa
Ange: Oo nga po, Pede daw po yun
Respondent: Ang ginamit nyo glycerin
Researchers: opo glycerin
Respondent: Glycerin tsaka tubig lang, tsaka acetic acid
Ange: Ay wala pong acetic
Researchers: Vinegar
Respondent: Ayun nga
Respondent: Vinegar, acetic acid yun din yon
Respondent: So ang acetic acid ay for anti fungal?
Ange: Yun ano daw po sya, yung nag ba-nond ng ions sa isang…
Respondent: Oo, OH kasi sya e
Ange: Tapos po yung glycerin is for plasticizing
Respondent: Plasticization, ahhmm yung tubig kasi as raw form mag ca-crack yon e
Respondent: So ung plasticizer, yung tubig like yung glycerin yan yung mga plasticizer
Respondent: So since parehong pareho naman ang ano nya, ang condition nyo
Respondent: Ano ba ginamit ko? Ano ang percent by weight ng water nyo? 40%?
Ange: 40Ml mga ganon po
Respondent: Sa 100 grams na lahat lahat na 40…
 72

Respondent: Halimbawa 30%, 30 grams starch, 40% water

Ange: Ahh mga 20 po to 10% po
Respondent: 10 %
Respondent: So ilang araw ito?
Ange: 2 days po
Respondent: Ahh mabilis, mabilis
Ange: Mabilis po no?
Respondent: Mabilis siya kung air dry lang, walang syang yung
Ange: Oven, oven po?
Respondent: Oo, Medyo mabilis sya
Ange: Tas napansin ko lang po , yung sa heat nya po
Ange: Uhm ano ba tawag dito, napansin ko po na pag mas humid po mas madaling
matuyo yung plastic po
Ange: May dalawa po kasi kaming ginawa, yung pinag tuyuan po, yung isa po malapit sa
likod ng aicon, tas yung isa po sa terrace or natural ano lang po
Ange: Napansin ko po, dun po sa mas malapit sa aircon mas ano po…
Ange: kahit I ano nyo po sya, hindi po sya nag be break
Ange: Tas doon po sa air dry na normal lang, ano po siya parang pag naganon nyo lang
po napupunit na
Respondent: So alin yung mas humid don?
Ange: Yung sa may aircon po ata?
Respondent: Ganon ba?
Respondent: di ko rin masabi e, check mo din yung humidity
Respondent: kasi mainit yon e, diba pag nag papatuyo tayo ng sapatos, medyas
Respondent: Minsan sa ilalim, likod ng
Ange: Aircon po, hehehe
Respondent: Ref, diba?
Respondent: So usually meron syang heat
 73

Ange: opo
Respondent: Mataas yung temperature nyan, medyo elevated yung temperature nya
so yung humidity kase
Respondent: content of moisture doon sa air, so yung isa equivalent sa moisture
content
Respondent: EMC, kung ano yung typical sa lugar natin
Ange: Ah okay po
Respondent: Siguro, so parang 2 days, kasi minsan mas elevated yun temperature
Respondent: Siguro mga 30, 34, ganon… so tingnan nyo nalang pag nag discuss kayo
Ange: Opo
Respondent: Yung isa, alam nyo naman yan pag ini enhance nyo yung ano… uhmm
Respondent: kinetic energy, kagaya nung through heat or through shaping
Respondent: pag inincrease nyo, yung mga molecules mas bibilis sila
Respondent: mas bibilis yung motion nila, kaya mas bibilis yung drying, yung isa pa
baka yung drying ang nangyari naman don, so yung water mas nag evaporate ng mas
mabilis
Ange: Tas umangat po yung ibang components po ng starch
Respondent: So yun yon
Respondent: So nung minix nyo yan, uhm malabnaw? Or parang clear na kaagad?
Ange: Ano po, Ginamitan po naming ng toothpick yan e kasi gawa po ng bubbles
Ange: para po syang ano, parang toothpaste yung itsura
Respondent: ahh toothpaste
Ange: opo parang ganon yung texture
Ange: tas na momold po sya gamit po ng spatula, ginaganyan ganyan po
Respondent: ah okay
Ange: tas ayon po na form naman po sya
Respondent: yun nga lang, ang challenge kasi dyan uneven e
Respondent: kaya minsan, pina flatten ko
 74

Respondent: ano ba kayo? Highschool?

Researchers: SeniorHigh po
Respondent: Since okay lang naman, senior high
Respondent: Pag dating nyo sa colleg, medyo I elevate naman yung pag aaral
Respondent: so meron instrumentation naman
Ange: opo
Respondent: kasama naman doon
Respondent: Pero for senior highschool level, okay naman
Ange: meron nga daw po nakagawa ng bio-plastic
Ange: gawa daw po sa mangga e
Respondent: Alam nyo naman yon, kung mangga, banana
Respondent: kasi yung anak ko, nag gawa din kami banana
Angge: banana po? Ah okay po
Respondent: So depende nga, depende sa ano…
Ange: basta po may mga starch
Respondent: oo, ung isa naman letran din yon e
Respondent: rambutan daaw, sa loob ng fillings ng rambutan
Ange: mmmm
Respondent: sabi ko, mag dala ka dito ng rambutan, tutulungan ka namin
Ange: hehehe
Respondent: mag gawa ng ano… hahaha eh sa dami non
Researchers: eh mahirap pop ag rambutan ay season lang naman po
Respondent: o diba
Ange: Oo nga po, season din po
Respondent: hindi, e sa dami non, sa dami mong kakaining rambutan
Respondent: para makakuha ng onti onti noon
Respondent: e meron daw e, sige walang basagan ng trip dito e
 75

Respondent: meron naman ano ba

Respondent: bio plastic using cellulose
Ange: ah cellulose
Respondent: kasi ako nasanay sa cellulose ako
Respondent: so okay na?
Ange: okay na po, thankyou po

3rdRespondent :Dr. Carlos M. Garcia

Interviewer: Ahhh maaari po ba naming malaman yung full name ninyo

po?

Respondent: Carlos M. Garcia

Interviewer: Ilan taon nap o kayo?

Respondent: 59

Interviewer: Ano po sa ngayon yung highest educational attainment ninyo

po?

Respondent: PhD

Interviewer: Ano po yung current job ninyo po?

Interviewer: Ano po yung sa tingin nio po ay magandang gamitin sa
paggawa ng bio-plastic, cassava starch or corn starch po?

Respondent: Pareho pero mas gusto ko ang cassava

Interviewer: Sa opinion ninyo po, marereplace po ban g bioplaastic ang

plastic na gamit natin ngayon?

Respondent: Oo, meron ng cellulose plastic material.

 76

Interviewer: .Do you think the chemical properties of the two material
(cassava and cornstarch) affects its ability to be a bioplastic?

Respondent: Yes

Interviewer: Ang bio plastic po ba na ito ay maaring gamitin sa plastic

product po na gamit natin lagi?

Respondent c: Oo

Interviewer: Mairerekomenda ninyo po ba ang paggamit ng bio plastic?

Respondent: Oo

Interviewer: Upon testing our samples of bio-plastic which of the two do

you think is better in texture and transparency?

Respondent: No idea, there is no proof for the moment. Also you need to
compare it with the existing plastic materials.
 77

Appendix F: Documentation

Making of bioplastic (Corn starch and Cassava starch)

Vinegar Corn Starch Cassava Starch

Water

Water Glycerin Mixing

Cassava Starch
Moulding Bioplastic
 78

Corn starch
bioplastic

Going to DOST-FPRDI and meeting the respondents

Experimentation Process:
79