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1. Cells - are the structural 11. Nucleoli - Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
units of all living (nucleolus) - Sites of ribosome assembly
things - Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm
- 50 to 100 trillion through nuclear pores to serves as the site
in human body of protein synthesis
2. 1. A cell is the basic structural and Four concepts of 12. Chromatin - Composed of DNA and protein
functional units of living organisms. the cell theory - Present when the cell is not dividing
2. The activity of an organism depends - Scattered throughout the nucleus
on the collective activities of its cells. - Condenses to form dense, rod-like bodies
3. According to the principle of called chromosomes when the cell divides
complementarity, the biochemical
13. Plasma - Transparent barrier that contains cell
activities of cells are dictated by the
membrane contents
relative number of their specific
- Separates cell contents from surrounding
subcellular structures.
environment
4. Continuity of life has a cellular
basis. 14. Fluid mosaic - Phospholipids
model is - Cholesterol
3. 1. Carbon Most cells are
constructed of: - Proteins
2. Hydrogen composed of four
- Sugars
3. Oxygen elements:
4. Nitrogen 15. Fluid Mosaic
Model
4. Cells are about ____% water 60%
5. In general, a cell has three main 1. Nucleus
regions or parts: 2. Cytoplasm
3. Plasma
membrane
6. The Nucleus - Control center of
the cell
- Contains genetic
16. fluid mosaic - Phospholipid arrangement
material known as
model of cell - Proteins
deoxyribonucleic
membrane - Sugars
acid, or DNA
17. Phospholipid - Hydrophilic ("water-loving") polar "heads"
7. DNA is needed for building proteins
arrangement are oriented on the inner and outer
8. DNA is necessary for cell reproduction surfaces of the membrane
- Hydrophobic ("water-hating") nonpolar
9. Three regions of the nucleus: 1. Nuclear
"tails" form the center (interior) of the
envelope
membrane
(membrane)
- The hydrophobic interior makes the
2. Nucleolus
plasma membrane impermeable to most
3. Chromatin
water-soluble molecules
10. Nuclear envelope (membrane) - Consists of a
18. Proteins - Responsible for specialized functions
double membrane
- Roles of proteins (Enzymes, Receptors,
that bounds the
Transport as channels or carriers)
nucleus
- Contains nuclear 19. Sugars - Glycoproteins
pores that allow - Glycocalyx
for exchange of
20. Glycoproteins branched sugars attached to proteins that
material with the
abut the extracellular space
rest of the cell
- Encloses the 21. Glycocalyx fuzz, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell's
jellylike fluid surface
called 22. membrane vary depending on their role
nucleoplasm junctions
23. Cells are 1. Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an 33. Cytoplasmic
bound adhesive or cellular glue Organelle
together in 2. Wavy contours of the membranes of Diagram
three ways: adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-
groove fashion
3. Special membrane junctions are formed,
which vary structurally depending on their
roles
24. Plasma
Membrane
Junctions
87. Types of phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated 99. Mitosis gone is the basis for tumors and cancers
endocytosis endocytosis wild
88. Receptor- - Method for taking up specific target 100. Prophase - First part of cell division
mediated molecules - Chromatin coils into chromosomes
endocytosis - Receptor proteins on the membrane surface - Chromosomes are held together by a
bind only certain substances (highly selective) centromere
such as enzymes, some hormones, - A chromosome has two strands
cholesterol, and iron - Each strand is called a chromatid
- Both the receptors and target molecules are - Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct
in a vesicle and contents of the vesicles are assembly of mitotic spindle fibers
dealt with in one of the ways shown in the -Mitotic spindles are made of
next figure microtubules
- Spindle provides scaffolding for the
89. Cell life is a series of changes the cell experiences
attachment and movement of the
cycle from the time it is formed until it divides
chromosomes during the later mitotic
90. Cycle has 1. Interphase stages
two major - Cell grows - Nuclear envelope breaks down and
periods: - Cell carries on metabolic processes disappears
- Longer phase of the cell cycle
101. Metaphase - Chromosomes are aligned in the center
2. Cell division
of the cell on the metaphase plate
- Cell replicates itself
- Metaphase plate is the center of the
- Function is to produce more cells for
spindle midwayd between the centrioles
growth and repair processes
- Straight line of chromosomes is now
91. DNA - Genetic material is duplicated and readies a seen
Replication cell for division into two cells
102. Anaphase - Centromere splits
- Occurs toward the end of interphase
- Chromatids move slowly apart toward
92. DNA uncoils into two nucleotide chains, and each side the opposite ends of the cell
serves as a template - Anaphase is over when chromosomes
stop moving
93. Nucleotides complementary
are - Adenine (A) always bonds with Thymine (T) 103. Telophase - Reverse of prophase
- Guanine (G) always bonds with cytosine (C) - Chromosomes uncoil to become
For example, TACTGC bonds with new chromatin
nucleotides in the order ATGACG - Spindles break down and disappear
- Nuclear envelope reforms around
94. Mitosis division of the nucleus
chromatin
- Results in the formation of two daughter
- Nucleoli appear in each of the daughter
nuclei
nuclei
104. Cytokinesis (NOT - Division of the cytoplasm 115. Ribosomal Helps form the ribosomes where proteins
PART OF - Begins during late anaphase and RNA (rRNA) are built
MITOSIS) completes during telophase
116. Messenger Carries the instructions for building a
- A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the
RNA (mRNA) protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
cells into two parts
- Cleavage furrow is a contractile ring 117. Protein transcription and translation
made of microfilaments synthesis
involves two
105. Mitosis diagram
major phases:
118. Transcription making of mRNA from DNA
119. Translation all 3 RNAs working together to build the
amino acid chain
120. Tissues - Group of cells with similar structure and
function
- Four primary types:
1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
106. Protein synthesis - DNA serves as a blueprint for making 121. Epithelial - Locations:
proteins Tissues - Body coverings
- Body linings
107. Gene: DNA segment that carries a blueprint - Glandular tissue
for building one protein or polypeptide - Functions:
chain - Protection
108. Proteins have - Fibrous (structural) - building materials - Absorption
many functions for cells - Filtration
- Globular (functional) proteins - - Secretion
enzymes (biological catalysts) 122. Epithelium - Cells fit closely together and often form
109. DNA information is coded into triplets Characteristics sheets
- Triplets - The apical surface is the free surface of
- Contain three bases the tissue
- Call for a particular amino acid - The lower surface of the epithelium rests
- For example, a DNA sequence of AAA on a basement membrane
specifies the amino acid phenylalanine - Avascular (no blood supply)
- Regenerate easily if well nourished
110. Most ribosomes, are located in the cytoplasm
the 123. Number of - Simple - one layer
manufacturing cell layers - Stratified - more that one layer
sites of proteins, 124. Shape of cells Squamous - flattened, like fish scales
111. DNA never in interphase cells Cuboidal - cube-shaped, like dice
leaves the Columnar - column-like
nucleus 125. Simple - Single layer of flat cells
112. DNA requires a decoder and a messenger to build squamous - Location - usually forms membranes
proteins, both are functions carried out - Lines air sacs of the lungs, forms walls of
by RNA (ribonucleic acid) capillaries, and forms serous membranes
(serosae) that line and cover organs in
113. How does RNA - Is single-stranded
ventral cavity
differ from DNA? - Contains a ribose sugar instead of
- Functions in diffusion, filtration, or
RNA: deoxyribose
secretion in membranes
- Contains uracil (U) base instead of
thymine (T)
114. Transfer RNA Transfers appropriate amino acids to the
(tRNA) ribosome for building the protein
126. Simple cuboidal - Single layer of cube-like cells 134. Gland - One or more cells responsible for secreting
- Locations: a particular product
- Common in glands and their ducts, - Secretions contain protein molecules in an
forms walls of kidney tubules, covers the aqueous (water-based) fluid
surface of ovaries - Secretion is an active process
- Functions in secretion and absorption;
135. Two major endocrine gland and exocrine gland
ciliated types propel mucus or
gland types
reproductive cells
136. Endocrine - Ductless; secrete hormones that diffuse into
127. Simple - Single layer of tall cells
gland blood vessels
columnar - Goblet cells secrete mucus
- Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and
- Location:
pituitary
- Lines digestive tract from stomach to
anus, and other mucus membranes 137. Exocrine - Secretions empty through ducts to the
(mucosae) that line body cavities opent to gland epithelial surface
the exterior - Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and
- Functions in secretion and absorption; pancreas
ciliated types propel mucus or - Includes both internal and external glands
reproductive cells 138. Connective - Found everywhere in the body
128. Pseudostratified - All cells rest on a basement membrane Tissue - Includes the most abundant and widely
columnar - Single layer, but some cells are shorter distributed tissues
than others giving a false (pseudo) - Functions:
impression of stratification - Provides protection
- Location: - Binds body tissues together
- Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and - Supports the body
known as psuedostratified ciliated - Variations in blood supply
columnar epithelium - Some tissue types are well vascularized
- Functions in absorption or secretion - Some have a poor blood supply or are
avascular
129. Stratified - Named for cells present at the free
- Extracellular matrix
squamous (apical) surface, which are flattened
- Nonliving material that surrounds living
- Functions as a protective covering
cells
where friction is common
- Locations - lining of the: 139. Extracellular - Two main elements
- Skin (outer portion) Matrix 1. Ground substance - mostly water along
- Mouth with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide
- Esophagus molecules
2. Fibers
130. stratified two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in
- Produces by the cells
cuboidal protection
- Three types
131. Stratified surface cells are columnar, and cells 1. Collagen (white) fibers
columnar underneath vary in size and shape; 2. Elastic (yellow) fibers
functions in protection 3. Reticular fibers (a type of
collagen)
132. Stratified - Rare in human body
cuboidal and - Found mainly in ducts of large glands 140. Connective - From most rigid to softest, or most fluid:
columnar Tissue Types - Bone
- Cartilage
133. Transitional - Composed of modified stratified
- Dense connective tissue
epithelium squamous epithelium
- Loose connective tissue
- Shape of cells depends upon the
- Blood
amount of stretching
- Functions in stretching and the ability to 141. Bone - Composed of:
return to normal shape (osseous - Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae
- Locations: urinary system organs tissue) (cavities)
- Hard matrix of calcium salts
- Large numbers of collagen fibers
- Functions to protect and support the body
142. Cartilage - Less hard and more flexible than bone 150. Reticular - Delicate network of interwoven fibers with
- Found in only a few place in the body connective reticular cells (like fibroblasts)
- Chondrocyte (cartilage cells) is the tissue - Locations:
major cell type - Forms stroma (internal framework) of
organs, such as these lymphoid organs:
143. Hyaline cartilage - Hyaline cartilage is the most
- Lymph nodes
widespread type of cartilage
- Spleen
- Compose of abundant collagen fibers
- Bone marrow
and a rubbery matrix
- Locations: 151. Blood - Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
- Larynx (vascular known as blood plasma
- Entire fetal skeleton prior to tissue) - Soluble fibers are visible only during
birth clotting
- Epiphyseal plates - Functions as the transport vehicle for the
- Functions as a more flexible skeletal cardiovascular system carrying:
element than bone - Nutrients
- Wastes
144. Elastic Cartilage - Provides elasticity
- Respiratory gases
- Location:
- Supports the external ear 152. Muscle - Function is to contract, or shorten, to
tissue produce movement
145. Fibrocartilage - Highly compressible
- Location: 153. Three types skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Forms cushionlike discs between of muscle
vertebrae of the spinal column tissue
146. Dense - Main matrix element is collagen fiber 154. Skeletal - Voluntarily (consciously) controlled
connective tissue and fibroblasts are cells that make muscle - Attached to the skeleton and pull on bones
(dense fibrous fibers or kin to produce gross body
tissue) - Locations: movements/facial expressions
- Tendons - attach skeletal muscle to - Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
bone - Striations (stripes)
- Ligaments - attach bone at joints and - Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
are more elastic than tendons - Long, cylindrical shape
- Dermis - lower layers of the skin
155. Cardiac - Involuntarily controlled
147. Loose connective areolar, adipose, reticular Muscle - Found only in the heart; contracts to pump
tissue types blood into blood vessels
- Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
148. Areolar tissue - Most widely distributed connective
- Striations
tissue
- Uninucleate, short, branching cells
- Soft, pliable tissue like "cobwebs" that
- Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to
functions as a universal packing tissue,
connect cells together
holding organs in place
- Layer of areolar tissue called lamina 156. Smooth - Involuntarily controlled
propia underlies all membranes (visceral) - Found in walls of hollow organs such as
- All fiber types form a loose network muscle stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
that can soak up excess fluid (causes - Peristalsis, a wavelike activity, is a typical
edema) activity
- Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
149. Adipose tissue - Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
- No visible striations
globules predominate
- Uninucleate
- Many cells contain large lipid deposits
- Spindle-shaped cells
with nucleus to one side (signet ring
cells)
- Functions
- Insulates the body
- Protects some organs
- Serves as a site of fuel storage
157. Nervous tissue - Composed of neurons and nerve 167. Development Aspects - Growth through cell division
support cells of Cells and Tissues continues through puberty
- Function is to receive and - Cell populations exposed to
conduct electrochemical impulse friction (such as epithelium)
to and from body parts replace lost cells throughout life
- Irritability - Connective tissue remains mitotic
- Conductivity and forms repair (scar) tissue
- Support cells called neuroglia - With some exceptions, muscle
insulate, protect, and support tissue becomes amitotic by the end
neurons of puberty
- Nervous tissue becomes amitotic
158. Tissue repair (wound 1. Regeneration
shortly after birth
healing) occurs in two - Replacement of destroyed tissue
ways: by the same kind of cells 168. Injury can severely handicap amitotic
2. Fibrosis tissues
- Repair by dense (fibrous)
169. The cause of aging is chemical and physical insults, as
connective tissue (scar tissue)
unknown, but well as genetic programming, have
159. Whether regeneration 1. Type of tissue damaged been proposed as possible causes
or fibrosis occurs 2. Severity of the injury
170. Neoplasms, both represent abnormal cell masses in
depends on:
benign and cancerous, which normal controls on cell
160. Clean cuts (incisions) heal more successfully than ragged division are not working
tears of the tissue
171. Hyperplasia (increase tissue is strongly stimulated or
161. Inflammation - Capillaries become very in size) of a tissue or irritated
permeable organ may occur when
- Clotting proteins migrate into the
172. Atrophy (decrease in the organ is no longer stimulated
area from the bloodstream
size) of a tissue or normally
- A clot walls off the injured area
organ occurs when
162. Granulation tissue - Growth of new capillaries
forms - Phagocytes dispose of blood clot
and fibroblasts
- Rebuild collagen fibers
163. Regeneration of - Scab detaches
surface epithelium - Whether scar is visible or
invisible depends on severity of
wound
164. Tissues that - Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous
regenerate easily membranes)
- Fibrous connective tissues and
bone
165. Tissues that - Skeletal muscle
regenerate poorly
166. Tissues that are - Cardiac muscle
replaced largely with - Nervous tissue within the brain
scar tissue and spinal cord